CCTV Training Workbook Final

CCTV & Access Control System - Training Workbook

Issue 2.0

© Olive Group 2011

All trademarks are acknowledged.

Every effort has been made to ensure that the information contained in this document is true and correct at the time of going to press. However, the networks, systems, products, processes, specifications and content in general described in this document are subject to continuous development and Olive Group is entitled to change them at any time and to expand on them. Olive Group cannot accept liability for any loss or damage of any nature whatsoever arising or resulting from the use of or reliance on information

or particulars in this document.

All names and other data used in examples are fictitious.

The information contained in this document is of a general nature. Should you require further advice for your particular business requirements, please refer to the contact details below.

No part of this document may be reproduced by any means, other than with the express written permission of the copyright holder.

© Copyright Olive Group 2011. All rights reserved.

CCTV & Access Control System

Training Course

Training Workbook

Table of Contents Introduction ...................................................................................................... 4 Aim of the Workbook ............................................................................................................... 4 Course Objectives .................................................................................................................... 4 Course Aims ............................................................................................................................. 4 Course Performance Objective ............................................................................................... 5 Course Performance Conditions............................................................................................. 5 Training Methods ..................................................................................................................... 5 Training and Demonstration.................................................................................................... 5 Lesson Exercises ..................................................................................................................... 5 Course Audience...................................................................................................................... 6 Evaluation criteria .................................................................................................................... 6

Chapter 1 The Purpose of a CCTV & Access Control Training .................................................. 8 Security Awareness Training.............................................................................. 13 Crime Awareness Training ................................................................................ 19 Threat Awareness Training ................................................................................ 26 Overview of CCTV System ................................................................................. 37 Chapter 2

The Evolution of CCTV System ............................................................................................. 46

Getting Started ....................................................................................................................... 49

Components ........................................................................................................................... 49

DVR SYSTEM SURFACE OVERVIEW.................................................................................... 49

System Operation................................................................................................................... 51

Chapter 3 IP based CCTV Systems .................................................................................... 60 Introduction to Video Management Software ...................................................................... 67

Aimetis Symphony Video Analytics...................................................................................... 74

Aimetis Symphony Functions ............................................................................ 77

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� Copyright Olive Group 2011. All rights reserved. Page 3 of 108

Chapter 4 Introduction to Access Control System………….………………………………………………94

Types of Access Control Systems ………………………………………………………………..98

Access Control Technologies……………………………………………………………………..104

New Technologies……………………..…………………………………………………………….106

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Introduction Aim of the Workbook This workbook is designed for use in conjunction with the CCTV System Operator training course. The course is structured so that the facilitator presents all modules using slides. Where relevant and possible, the participants then have the opportunity to complete exercises to consolidate their learning. A training environment has been set up with training data provided, allowing participants to practice in a safe environment. The aim of the workbook is to be a working document, reinforcing the information presented by the facilitator. Each participant will have a copy of this workbook, which can be taken away and can be referred to at a later date. It is not designed to provide a detailed explanation of all aspects of a technology or application, moreover a working document where each delegate can make their own notes.

Course Objectives By the end of this course, you will be able to: � Explain the purpose of a CCTV & Access control system. � Identify features and functions of a CCTV & Access control system. � Develop effective monitoring, camera patrolling and control skills. � Be able to identify suspicious activities and behaviors. � Understand recorded footage formats, retrieval and archiving of images and storage of recordings for

evidence � Describe codes of practice and policies relating to the role of a CCTV operator & technician. � Understand Health and Safety within a CCTV operational environment and be able to identify

potential Safety hazards through camera views. � Be fully versed in the day-to-day responsibilities for an operative of a CCTV & Access control system.

Course Aims � To introduce security personnel to CCTV & Access control System. � To understand why we use CCTV & Access control System. � To understand what makes up a System and where it is used. � To understand how CCTV & Access control works. � To develop threat awareness. � To develop a competent and confident CCTV Operator & Technician

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Course Performance Objective At the end of this course, you will have been provided with comprehensive training to use CCTV & Access control system competently to assist operations and security personnel as well as local authorities in the management and response to an incident or emergency situation.

You will take part in Group activities, Group discussions, paper-based quizzes, practical based exercises and assignments on how to use the capabilities of CCTV & Access control equipment, which will provide you with an opportunity to practice and review the information presented in the course.

Course Performance Conditions

To successfully complete the stated performance goal, you will have access to:

� Assistance from Trainer � Training Workbook

� Demos and exercises � Practical-Lab environment � Training Workbook � Training Manual Training Methods

During the course of this training, different training approaches will be used. In this course an emphasis is placed on explaining fundamental concepts and demonstrating different system functions which are pertinent to your job.

Training and Demonstration

This course has time allotted for training, demonstrations, activities, exercises and case studies. Care will be taken to maintain your active involvement. Straight lecturing will be kept to a minimum. Some of the exercises in this course involve case studies with instructor-led walkthroughs. They allow you to become familiar with the course content and other source material made available to you during the lesson. Demonstrations will precede individual practice.

We will solicit information from you to facilitate discovery and verify your grasp of the information already presented. You will be encouraged to make notes to summarize the process and take down references.

Lesson Exercises

Exercises will be used to simulate task sequences which combine functions already taught with the new function just demonstrated. You will use CCTV & Access Control Student Unit and case studies to practice scenarios which allow you to gain knowledge of how to use the system.

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Course Audience

This course is exclusively designed for the Access Control & CCTV System Operator & Technician responsibility.

Evaluation criteria

You will be evaluated on a regular basis to check your understanding of the topics covered. A Written quiz/Practical assessment will be taken at the beginning of each day, and its scores will be added up into the final assessment

Here are the parameters for Course Evaluation

Activity Weightage

1. Quizzes/Practical Assessments 20%

2. Class Participation 20%

3. Assignments 10%

4. Final Assessment 50%

Total 100%

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Chapter 1

In this chapter you will learn about: • The purpose of CCTV & Access Control training • Security Awareness • Crime Awareness • Threat Awareness • Overview of CCTV system

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The Purpose of CCTV & Access Control Training Mission of the CCTV & Access Control capability To, in conjunction with other organisations and departments, notify, activate, deploy and/or employ resources in response to the threat of an event.

The vision of the CCTV & Access Control capability � Employed for the prevention of crimes, as aid in investigations. � For facilities maintenance support. � CCTV & Access Control operators are regarded as highly knowledgeable regarding their use of the

system. � They are extremely familiar with the system layout and operations. � They continually contribute to identify system weaknesses & make suggestions for improvement. � The CCTV capability is viewed by all stakeholders as an integral part of infrastructure management. Objectives This capability is deployed to: 1. Restricted Crime 2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Group Discussion Where do we Use CCTV?

Usages of CCTV Notes:

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Why do we use CCTV? � Deterrent � To protect area/building � ………………………………………………… � ………………………………………………… � …………………………………………………

What are we searching for?

1. IED’s (Bombs) 2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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What are the areas we are searching?

� Approaches and driveways � ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… � ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… � ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… � ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… � ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… � …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

Group Discussion How the criminals operate?

Notes:

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Security Awareness – Overview Criminals tend to follow a set pattern prior to action: 1. Information gathering 2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… Recap Things to Remember!

1. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Security Awareness Training Aspects of Security

Security consists of 3 important aspects 1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1. ............................ Security

Notes:

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2. ............................ Security

Notes:

3. ............................ Security

Notes:

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Four Pillars of Security

1. DETER 2. ……………………………... 3. ……………………………… 4. ……………………………… 1. DETER

Notes:

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2. DETECT

Notes:

3. ………………………..

Notes:

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4. ………………………..

Notes:

State of the art security

The best technology will not give you security without the correct implementation of the four pillars of security!

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RECAP Things to Remember! 1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 9. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 11. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 12. …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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Crime Awareness Training We live in a world where there is sadly a growing culture of petty crime!

Team Exercise

Notes:

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The 5 “A”s

1. APPRECIATE 2. ASSESS 3. …………………………… 4. …………………………… 5. …………………………... 1. Appreciate the threat Notes:

Opportunity theft

Notes:

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Small scale theft

Notes:

Large scale robbery

Notes:

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Coercion

Notes:

Compliance

Notes:

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2. Assess your weaknesses

Notes:

3. ……………………………………………..

Notes:

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Warning indicators

Notes:

4. ………………………………………………………………

Notes:

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5. ………………………………………………………………

Notes:


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Threat Awareness Training Threat Awareness – What is it?

The goal of this training is to increase your awareness and combat complacency. Goals: 1. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 2. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 5. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 6. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 7. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8. ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… What are the threats? 1. Theft and shoplifting

� ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… � ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… � ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… � ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… � …………………………………………………………………………………………………………

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2. Destruction of Property

Notes:

3. Robbery

Notes:

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4. Terrorism

Notes:

What does an IED look like?

Think Again!

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What does an IED look like?

Notes:

5. Fire

Notes:

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6. Waterway Issues

Notes:

7. Traffic

Notes:

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Threat Awareness – Principles

Effective use of the following principles should ensure you have a good awareness of the threats that face your location 1. Observation 2. …………………………………. 3. …………………………………

1. Observation

� Body Language � Shapes of Clothing � Dress Sense � Accessories

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Group Exercise

Body Language

Understanding behaviour pattern recognition

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Body Language Notes:

Shape of Clothing

Notes:

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Dress Sense

Notes:

Accessories

Notes:

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2. …………………………………………..

Notes:

Groups and Gangs

Notes:

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3. …………………………………………………….

Notes:


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Overview of CCTV System What makes up a CCTV system?

Notes:

How CCTV Works

Notes:

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Components of CCTV System

Notes:

Types of Cameras 1. Fixed Cameras 2. ………………………………………. 3. ………………………………………. 4. ………………………………………. 1. Fixed Cameras Notes:

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2. ……………………………………………….. Notes:

3. …………………………………………………… Notes:

4. …………………………………………………… Notes:

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Camera Specifications

Notes: � Analogue or Digital

Resolution

Notes:

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Lenses

There are two main lens mount standards 1. C-mount Lens 2. ………………………………………………

1. C-Mount Lens Notes:

2. ……………………………….. Notes:

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Types of Lenses

Notes: � Fixed lens Notes: � Fixed Lens

Keyboard

Notes:

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Control Panel

Notes:

Monitor

Notes:

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Chapter 2

In this chapter you will learn about:

• The Evolution of CCTV system • Analogue CCTV system with DVR • DVR surface overview • System Operations

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The Evolution of CCTV System CCTV systems began as 100% analogue system and have gradually evolved into modern digitized systems. Today’s CCTV systems have evolved a great deal since the early analogue tube cameras connected to a Video Cassette Recorder (VCR). They now use network cameras and PC servers for video recording in a fully digitized system. However, in between the fully analogue and the fully digital systems, there are a number of solutions which are partially digital; these solutions include a number of digital components but do not represent fully digital systems.

An analogue CCTV system using a VCR represents a fully analogue system consisting of analogue cameras with coax output, connected to the VCR for recording. The VCR uses the same type of cassettes as the ordinary old home VCR. The video is not compressed, and if recording at full frame rate, one tape lasts a maximum of 8 hours. In larger systems, a quad or multiplexer can be connected in between the camera and the VCR. The quad/multiplexer makes it possible to record several cameras to one VCR, but at the cost of a lower frame rate. To monitor the video, an analogue monitor is used.

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An analogue CCTV system using a DVR is an analogue system with digital recording. In a DVR, the videotape is replaced with hard drives for the video recording, which requires the video to be digitized and compressed in order to store as many day’s worth of video as possible. With early DVR’s, hard disk space was limited – so recording duration was limited, or a lower frame rate had to be used. Recent development of hard disks means space is no longer a major problem. Most DVR’s have several video inputs, typically 4, 9, or 16, which means they also include the functionality of the quad and multiplexers.

VCR

Analogue Camera Analogue Monitor

Quad/ Multiplexer Coax Cable

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The DVR system adds the following advantages:

� No need to change tapes

� Consistent image quality

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�An analogue CCTV system using a network DVR is a partly digital system which includes a network DVR equipped with an Ethernet port for network connectivity. Since the video is digitized and compressed in the DVR, it can be transported over a computer network to be monitored on a PC in a remote location. Some systems can monitor both live and recorded video, while some can only monitor recorded. Furthermore, some systems require a special Windows client to monitor the video, while others use a standard web browser; the latter making the remote monitoring more flexible.

The network DVR system adds the following advantages:

� Remote monitoring of video via a PC

� Remote operation of the system

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�A network video system using video servers includes a video server, a network switch and a PC with video management software. The analogue camera connects to the video server, which digitizes and compresses the video. The video server then connects to a network and transports the video via a network switch to a PC, where it is stored on hard disks. This is a true network video system.

A network video system using video servers adds the following advantages:

� Use of standard network and PC server hardware for video recording and management.

� The system is scalable in steps of one camera at a time.

� Off-site recording is possible.

� It is future-proof since the system can easily be expanded by incorporating network cameras.

Analogue Camera

DVR Monitor

Analogue Camera

DVR

Coax Cable

PC

Coax Cable Network Switch

LAN LAN/ Internet

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� A network camera combines a camera and computer in one unit, which includes the digitization and compression of the video, as well as a network connector. The video is transported over an IP-based network, via network switches, and recorded to a standard PC with video management software. This represents a true network video system, and is also a fully digital system, where no analog components are used.

A network video system using network cameras adds the following advantages:

� High resolution cameras (mega pixel).

� Consistent image quality.

� Power over Ethernet and wireless functionality.

� Pan/tilt/zoom, audio, digital inputs and outputs over IP along with video

� Full flexibility and scalability.

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Analogue Camera

Video Server Network Switch

PC with Video Management

Software

LAN LAN/ Internet Coax Cable

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1 Getting Started This chapter provides information on how to get started with a standalone “Analogue CCTV System with DVR”

1.1 Components

� Analogue Camera

� Lens

� Digital Video Recorder (DVR)

� Coaxial Cable

� BNC Connector

� Monitor

1.2 DVR SYSTEM SURFACE OVERVIEW

1.2.1 Front

� USB PORT - Port for USB devices, for mouse and backup

� POWER - Turn on power of system

� DISPLAY - Shift display mode between split and full mode

� SEARCH - Enter to search more

� MENU -Enter to system configuration menu

� NAVIGATION KEY -Use for navigating on menu or control PTZ

1.2.2 Rear

Video Input Connect the coaxial cables from the video sources to the BNC video in Connector

Monitor Out Connect AV monitor for main system OSD

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Audio In/ Out Connect Mic to Input / Connect Speaker to Output

Video Out Provide for RGB monitor output

Alarm in/ Relay/ RS-485 Alarm in: Connect Sensor devices

RELAY: Connect Relay device for Alarm out

RS-485: Connect PTZ camera or Keyboard controller.

PS/2 Connect PS/2 type mouse

Network Connect RJ-45 for local network or Internet

DC-12V Connect Power Source from Power Adapter

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1.3 System Operation

1.3.1 Split Screen & Full Screen Mode

To display the entire Image window in full-screen mode:

� Double click the mouse button to change between Split screen and Full screen mode.

1.3.2 Sequence Mode

With sequence mode, a group of cameras are displayed one after the other.

To start a sequence mode:

� Click the right mouse button on the Live Display screen and Click the SEQUENCE TAB

You can configure the dwell time for these sequences in the SYSTEM SETUP >>> DISPLAY TAB

Under the following conditions, a sequence is not being displayed:

� Video loss

� Connection to the camera lost

� Camera not configured

1.3.3 Manual Recording

Panic recording will override all standard recording settings to provide, by default, continuous recording on all channels.

To Start Manual recording mode:

� Click the right mouse button on the Live Display screen and Press the REC START button. The top right of the display will show a red square with P to indicate that the DVR is in panic recording mode.

To Stop Manual recording mode:

� Click the right mouse button on the Live Display screen and Press the REC STOP button to return to normal recording mode.

1.3.4 System Setup

To Access the System Setup: Click the right mouse button on the Live Display screen and Click the SYSTEM SETUP menu

Note: Only operators with ADMIN rights can configure the DVR.

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1.3.4.1 Display

The DISPLAY menu tab contains two sub menus. The first tab is OSD (On Screen Display) and the second is MONITOR

OSD � STATUS BAR: Turns the status bar ON or OFF at the bottom of the live display.

� CAMERA TITLE: Determines whether the camera title is displayed.

� EVENT ICON: Determines whether the DVR recording status is shown at the top right of each channel display window.

� BORDER: Determines whether there is a border around each channel in multi screen display mode.

� MOTION SENSOR DISPLAY: If false motion recording is occurring, the operator can use this feature to determine and rectify the cause in real-time.

� MOTION COLOR: The color of the blocks displayed when MOTION SENSOR DISPLAY

� LANGUAGE: Provides multi language feature.

Monitor � SEQUENCE DWELL: The time that each screen is displayed in a sequence operation.

� ALARM POP-UP MODE: When set to ON, an alarm input will cause the associated channel to display full screen.

� ALARM POP-UP DWELL: Determines how long the full screen popup is displayed after an alarm input. If the alarm condition continues, the popup screen is displayed constantly.

� MOTION POP-UP MODE: When set to ON, motion detection will cause the associated channel to display full screen.

� MOTION POP-UP DWELL: Determines how long the full screen popup is displayed after motion detection. If motion continues, the popup screen is displayed constantly.

1.3.4.2 Camera

The CAMERA menu tab contains four sub menus. The first tab is CAMERA TITLE, the second tab is COLOR SETUP, the third is PTZ SETUP and the last tab is MOTION SENSOR.

Camera Title

� COVERT: This option is used to hide the video feed of a camera. When set to ON, the camera video is not displayed in live display but the video continues to be recorded.

� TITLE: This option is used to change the camera name. For each camera, a title of up to 11 characters can be set using the virtual keyboard.

Color Setup � Click the COLOR SETUP menu and click the value on the BRIGHTNESS, CONTRAST, TINT

and COLOR menu.

� Brightness, contrast, tint and color can be adjusted for each individual channel.

� Highlight which channel to modify and press ENTER.

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Motion Sensor Click the MOTION SENSOR menu and click the value on the SENSITIVITY menu.

� SENSITIVITY: Between 1 (Lowest) and 10 (Highest) and determines the degree of motion required before recording is activated.

� AREA SETUP: Choosing this option allows the operator to define which areas of the image are monitored for motion detection.

1.3.4.3 Sound

The SOUND menu tab contains two sub menus. The first tab is AUDIO and the second tab is BUZZER.

1.3.4.4 Audio

� LIVE AUDIO: When set to ON, the selected audio channel can be monitored on the AUDIO OUTPUT.

� AUDIO MONITORING CHANNEL: Specify which one of the 4 AUDIO INPUTS is routed to the AUDIO OUTPUT.

� NETWORK AUDIO TX: When set to ON, live and playback audio is transmitted to a remote PC connection.

� NETWORK AUDIO RX: When set to ON, allows a remote PC connection to send audio back to the DVR.

1.3.4.5 Buzzer

� KEYPAD: When set to ON, each front panel button press is confirmed by a beep.

� IR REMOTE: When set to ON, each command received from the IR remote is confirmed by a beep.

1.3.4.6 System

Date/Time � DATE TIME: Allows the operator to set or modify the current date & time.

� DATE FORMAT: Determines how the date is displayed.

� TIME FORMAT: Determines how the time is displayed.

� NETWORK TIME SERVER SETUP: If the DVR is connected to the Internet, the time and date can be accurately set by selecting SYNC and pressing ENTER.

� TIME ZONE SETUP: should be set according to the region that the DVR is used in.

Network

� DHCP: When enabled, the DVR will obtain an IP address automatically if connected to a DHCP server or router.

� DDNS: When enabled, the DVR can be accessed through a Dynamic DNS server. Commonly

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used if a broadband connection does not have a static IP address.

� WEB SERVICE: When enabled, allows remote connections using Internet Explorer or other web browsers.

� IP ADDRESS: If DHCP is not being used, the IP address can be manually set.

� GATEWAY: If DHCP is not being used, the gateway IP address can be manually set.

� SUBNET MASK: If DHCP is not being used, the subnet mask can be manually set.

� 1ST DNS SERVER: If DHCP is not being used, the first DNS server can be manually set.

� 2ND DNS SERVER: If DHCP is not being used, the second DNS server can be manually set.

� DDNS SERVER: If DDNS is enabled, the host DDNS server is specified here.

� NET CLIENT PORT: The port number that the DVR uses to support remote connection from the client software.

� WEB SERVER PORT: The port number that the DVR uses to support remote connection from Internet Explorer or other web browsers.

� MAX TX SPEED: Specifies the maximum bandwidth that the DVR can use during a remote connection

Mail � DEFAUT SERVER: Use default mail server for sending email notification.

� SERVER: The SMTP outbound email server that should be used to send email notifications.

� PORT: The outbound email port number.

� SECURITY: Set to OFF if the SERVER does not require a username and password to connect.

� USER: Enter a username to identify the DVR in email messages.

� PASSWORD: If SECURITY is set to ON, enter the password here.

� TEST E-MAIL: Send a test email to registered users.

User Management Click the USER MANAGEMENT menu and double click the ADMIN on the GROUP menu. By default, the DVR is configured with a user ID of ADMIN, belonging to the ADMIN group and with a password of 1234. As well as the ability to add new users, existing user details can be modified. To modify user details, highlight the user with the cursor then double click. 4.5 SYSTEM MANAGEMENT Click the SYSTEM MANAGEMENT menu.

And click the PRESS menu for FW Upgrade, Factory Default and System Data.

Click PRESS button on SYSTEM INFORMATION.

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� IP ADDRESS: Shows either the manual IP address entered in NETWORK setup or the IP address assigned by a DHCP server if enabled.

� MAC ADDRESS: Shows the MAC (Media Access Control) address of the DVR. It is unique – no other network device has this MAC address.

� DISK CAPACITY: The first value shows the amount of hard drive capacity used by recorded footage, the second value shows the total hard drive capacity installed.

� F/W version: Shows the firmware version of the DVR.

� H/W version: Shows the hardware version of the DVR.

� VIDEO SIGNAL TYPE: The DVR automatically switches between PAL and NTSC depending on the channel 1 input signal at power on.

� SYSTEM NAME: A system name of up to 10 characters can be defined. It is used so that notification emails can be identified.

� F/W UPDATE: Firmware updates may be released periodically to enhance system performance and add extra features. The operator can upgrade the firmware using a USB memory stick.

� FACTORY DEFAULT: If settings have been changed which cause erratic behavior, the factory default settings can be loaded.

� SYSTEM DATA: System settings can be saved to a USB memory stick. The settings can be reloaded in case of accidental factory reset or can be transferred to another DVR if multiple units need to be installed with the same settings. All information is saved apart from network settings and system name.

1.3.4.7 Control Device

� Click the CONTROL DEVICE menu.

� Select the SYSTEM ID, PTZ Protocol and camera BAUD RATE.

� This will allow up to 254 DVRs to be controlled from the same keyboard.

� SYSTEM ID: If more than one DVR is connected on the same RS485 bus, each one must have a unique ID.

� PROTOCOL: Must be set by Control Device.

� BAUD RATE: Must be set to match the baud rate of the PTZ controller.

1.3.4.8 EVENT /SENSOR

HDD Event

� DISK FULL EVENT: Makes alarm when disk full to recording data

Alarm Input It determines the behavior of each alarm inputs

� OPERATION: Alarm inputs can be enabled or disabled.

� TYPE: Alarm inputs can be set as normally open or normally closed.

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Alarm Output � OPERATION: The selected alarm output can be enabled or disabled.

� MODE: Can be either TRANSPARENT (the output is active only when the trigger criteria is present) or LATCHED (the output is active for a set period of time after a trigger)

� DURATION: In LATCHED mode, the time that the alarm output remains active after it has been triggered.

� HDD EVENT: Determines whether a hard drive event triggers the alarm output.

Action settings

� ALARM: Determines whether alarm inputs will trigger the alarm output.

� VIDEO LOSS: Determines whether video loss on any of the selected channels will trigger the alarm output.

� MOTION: Determines whether motion detection on any of the selected channels will trigger the alarm output.

Buzzer Out

� OPERATION: The internal buzzer can be enabled or disabled.

� MODE: Can be either TRANSPARENT (the buzzer sounds only when the trigger criteria is present) or LATCHED (the buzzer sounds for a set period of time after the trigger).

� DURATION: In LATCHED mode, the time that the buzzer sounds after it has been triggered.

� HDD EVENT: Determines whether a hard drive event sounds the buzzer

Action settings

� ALARM: Determines whether alarm inputs will sound the buzzer.

� VIDEO LOSS: Determines whether video loss on any of the selected channels will sound the buzzer.

� MOTION: Determines whether motion detection on any of the selected channels will sound the buzzer.

E-Mail Notification Determines the behavior and actions that will send an email to a remote user

Behavior settings � NOTIFICATION: Email notification can be turned ON or OFF.

� HDD EVENT: Determines whether a hard drive event sends an email.

� BOOTING EVENT: Determines whether a reboot event sends an email.

Action settings

� ALARM: Determines whether alarm inputs will send an email.

� VIDEO LOSS: Determines whether video loss on any of the selected channels will send an email.

� MOTION: Determines whether motion detection on any of the selected channels will send an email.

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Disk Manage OVERWRITE/ MANUAL OVERWRITES: When set ON, the DVR will start overwriting the earliest recorded footage once the hard drive becomes full. In this case, the percentage of hard drive used shown in live display will always be 99%. When set to OFF, the DVR will stop recording when the disk becomes full.

� FORMAT: If necessary, all footage can be erased from the DVR using this option.

1.3.5 Record Setup

1.3.5.1 Simple Recording

� Click the RECORD SETUP menu.

� Select SIMPLE on RECORDING TYPE.

� SIMPLE recording provide same recording configuration for all cameras.

� SCHEDULE MODE: Either DAILY (one schedule will apply to every day of the week) or WEEKLY (each day of the week has its own schedule).

� PRE EVENT RECORDING TIME: When the DVR is not in continuous recording mode, this setting determines the amount of footage that is always recorded before an event occurs. (Motion detection, alarm input etc.)

� POST EVENT RECORDING TIME: When the DVR is not in continuous recording mode, this setting determines the amount of footage that is always recorded after an event occurs. (Motion detection, alarm input etc.)

Set recording quality, record size and FPS properly. Only one recording type supports for simple recording.

1.3.5.2 Advance Recording

� Click SETTING tab.

� Select and drags mouse on the time line.

� Set the size, fps, quality, audio and alarm per each camera.

� Click ACTIVATION tab

� Drag area for setting and select recording types. Multi choice allow on recording type (CONTINOUS, MOTION, ALARM).

1.3.5.3 Manual Recording

Set recording configuration for Panic Recording.

During panic recording mode, the DVR will override all other recording settings and record continuously on all channels at the settings configured here.

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1.3.6 Search

1.3.6.1 Search By Time

� Click the right mouse button on the Live Display screen and Click the SEARCH menu.

� Click the date that you want.

� Drag the time bar by left mouse.

� Click the PLAY TAB.

Controls play mode by control box

1.3.6.2 SEARCH BY EVENT

� Click the SEARCH BY EVENT menu and each value for query.

� Click the START menu.

� Double click event on the list.

� Now system will show play back mode.

1.3.7 Archive

� Click the right mouse button on the Live Display screen and Click the ARCHIVING menu.

� Select time and data then press PREVIEW button.

� Backup information windows will be popped up.

� Press ok to continue backup to external media.

� Input title name for backup file and select device then press start.

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Chapter 3

In this chapter you will learn about: • IP based CCTV system • Introduction to Video management software • Aimetis Symphony Video Analytics • Aimetis Symphony Functions

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IP Based CCTV Systems Modern video surveillance offers an increasingly wide range of systems and devices for video monitoring with the aim to safeguard people and property. In order to understand the scope and potential of an integrated, fully digitized system, you must understand the fundamentals of the technology incorporated in such a system. This document covers the core components of a network video system, these being:

• The network camera. • The video server. • The video management software.

In order to select the appropriate surveillance system, it is recommended to make comparison of the various technologies with reference to the planned application area and requirements in terms of cost-effectiveness, scalability, usability and flexibility. CCTV (Closed Circuit Television) is still a term in use today; however it is more accurate to describe modern digital systems as Network video systems. These are also often referred to as IP-Surveillance. For specific applications within security surveillance and remote monitoring, IP-Surveillance is a system which gives users the ability to monitor and record video over an IP network (LAN/Internet).

Figure: IP based CCTV Network

Unlike analogue video systems, network video uses the network, rather than dedicated point-to-point cabling, as the backbone for transporting information. The term network video refers to both the video and audio sources available throughout the system. In a network video application, digitized video streams are transferred via a wired or wireless IP network, enabling video monitoring and recording from anywhere on the network. A network or IP camera can be described as a camera and computer combined in one device. It captures and transmits live images directly over an IP network, enabling authorized users to locally or remotely view, store, and manage video over standard IP-based network infrastructure.

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An IP camera has its own unique IP address. It is connected to the network and has a built-in web server, FTP server, FTP client, e-mail client, alarm management, programmability, and much more. A network camera does not need to be connected to a PC; it operates independently and can be placed wherever there is an IP network connection.

*Note – A network/IP camera is completely different to a web camera. A web camera is a camera that requires connection to a PC via a USB or IEEE1394 port and a PC to operate. In addition to video, a network camera also includes other functionalities and information being transported over the same network connection, i.e. digital inputs and outputs, audio, serial port(s) for serial data or control of pan/tilt/zoom mechanisms.

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Comparison of network and analogue cameras Analogue cameras are one-directional signal carriers which terminate at the Digital Video Recorder (DVR) and operator level, whereas a network camera is fully bi-directional and integrates with and drives the rest of the system to a high degree in a distributed and scalable environment. A network camera communicates with several applications in parallel, to perform various tasks, such as detecting motion or sending different streams of video. A video server makes it possible to move toward a network video system without having to discard existing analogue equipment. It brings new functionality to analogue equipment and eliminates the need for dedicated equipment such as coaxial cabling, monitors and DVRs – the latter becoming unnecessary as video recording can be done using standard PC servers. A video server typically has between one and four analogue ports for analogue cameras to plug into, as well as an Ethernet port for connection to the network. Like network cameras, it contains a built-in web server, a compression chip and an operating system so that incoming analogue feeds can be converted into digital video, transmitted and recorded over the computer network for easier accessibility and viewing. Besides the video input, a video server also includes other functionalities and information which are transported over the same network connection: digital inputs and outputs, audio, serial port(s) for serial data or control of pan/tilt/zoom mechanisms.

A standard web browser provides adequate viewing for many network video applications, utilizing the web interface built into the network camera or video server especially if only one or a few cameras are viewed at the same time. To view several cameras at the same time, dedicated video management software is required. In its simplest form, it offers live viewing, storing and retrieving of video sequences. Advanced software contains features like:

• Simultaneous viewing and recording of live video from multiple cameras. • Several recording modes: continuous, scheduled, on alarm and on motion detection. • Capacity to handle high frame rates and large amounts of data. • Multiple search functions for recorded events. • Remote access via a web browser, client software and even PDA client.

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• Control of PTZ and dome cameras. • Alarm management functions (sound alarm, pop-up windows or e-mail). • Full duplex, real-time audio support. • Video intelligence.

Image Generation Image quality is clearly one of the most important features of any camera, if not the most important. This is especially true of security surveillance where lives and property may be at stake. Unlike traditional analogue cameras, network cameras are equipped with the processing power not only to capture and present images, but also to manage and compress them digitally for network transport. Image quality can vary considerably and is dependent on several factors such as the choice of optics and image sensor, the available processing power and the level of sophistication of the algorithms in the processing chip.

CCD sensor CMOS sensor The image sensor of the camera is responsible for transforming light into electrical signals. When building a camera, there are two possible technologies for the camera's image sensor:

• CCD (Charged Coupled Device). • CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor).

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CCD sensors are produced using a technology developed specifically for the camera industry, while CMOS sensors are based on standard technology already extensively used in memory chips, inside PCs for example. CCD technology CCD sensors have been used in cameras for a long time and present many quality advantages, among which a better light sensitivity than CMOS sensors. This higher light sensitivity translates into better images in low light conditions. CCD sensors are however more expensive as they are made in a non-standard process and more complex to incorporate into a camera. Besides, when there is a very bright object in the scene (such as a lamp or direct sunlight), the CCD may bleed, causing vertical stripes below and above the object. This phenomenon is called smear. CMOS technology Recent advances in CMOS sensors bring them closer to their CCD counterparts in terms of image quality, but CMOS sensors remain unsuitable for cameras where the highest possible image quality is required. CMOS sensors provide a lower total cost for the cameras since they contain all the logics needed to build cameras around them. They make it possible to produce smaller-sized cameras. Large size sensors are available, providing megapixel resolution to a variety of network cameras. A current limitation with CMOS sensors is their lower light sensitivity. In normal bright environments this is not an issue, while in low light conditions this becomes apparent. The result is either a very dark or a very noisy image. Image and video compression Image and video compression can be done either in a lossless or lossy approach. In lossless compression, each and every pixel is kept unchanged resulting in an identical image after decompression. The price to pay is that the compression ratio, i.e. the data reduction, is very limited. A well-known lossless compression format is GIF. Since the compression ratio is so limited, these formats are impractical for use in network video solutions where large amounts of images need to be stored and transmitted. Therefore, several lossy compression methods and standards have been developed. The fundamental idea is to reduce things that appear invisible to the human eye and by doing so being able to increase the compression ratio tremendously. Compression methods also involve two different approaches to compression standards: still image compression and video compression.

Still image compression standards All still image compression standards are focused only on one single picture at a time. The most well known and widespread standard is JPEG. JPEG JPEG, a well-known image compression method, was originally standardized in the mid-1980s in a process started by the Joint Photographic Experts Group. With JPEG, decompression and viewing can be done from standard web browsers. JPEG compression can be done at different user-defined compression levels, which determine how much an image is to be compressed. The compression level selected is directly related to the image quality requested. Besides the compression level, the image itself also has an impact on the resulting

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compression ratio. For example, a white wall may produce a relatively small image file (and a higher compression ratio), while the same compression level applied on a very complex and patterned scene will produce a larger file size, with a lower compression ratio. The two images below illustrate compression ratio versus image quality for a given scene at two different compression levels.

Compression level “low” Compression level “high” Compression ratio 1:16 Compression ratio 1:96 6% of original file size 1% of original file size No visible image quality degradation Image quality clearly degraded

JPEG2000 Another still image compression standard is JPEG2000. It was developed by the same group that also developed JPEG. Its main target is for use in medical applications and for still image photographing. At low compression ratios, it performs similar to JPEG but at really high compression ratios it performs slightly better than JPEG. The price to pay is that the support for JPEG2000 in web browsers and image displaying and processing applications is still very limited. Video compression standards Motion JPEG is the most commonly used standard in network video systems. A network camera, like a digital still picture camera, captures individual images and compresses them into JPEG format. The network camera can capture and compress, for example, 30 such individual images per second (30 fps – frames per second), and then make them available as a continuous flow of images over a network to a viewing station. H.263 The H.263 compression technique targets a fixed bit rate video transmission. The downside of having a fixed bit rate is that when an object moves, the quality of the image decreases. H.263 was originally designed for video conferencing applications and not for video surveillance where details are more crucial than fixed bit rate.

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MPEG One of the best-known audio and video streaming techniques is the standard called MPEG (initiated by the Motion Picture Experts Group in the late 1980s). MPEG’s basic principle is to compare two compressed images to be transmitted over the network. The first compressed image is used as a reference frame, and only parts of the following images that differ from the reference image are sent. The network viewing station then reconstructs all images based on the reference image and the “difference data”. Despite higher complexity, applying MPEG video compression leads to lower data volumes being transmitted across the network than is the case with Motion JPEG. This is illustrated below where only information about the differences in the second and third frames is transmitted. H 264 The two groups behind H.263 and MPEG-4 joined together to form the next generation video compression standard. AVC for Advanced Video Coding, also called H.264. The intent is to achieve very high data compression. This standard is capable of providing good video quality at bit rates that are substantially lower than what previous standards would need, and to do so without so much of an increase in complexity as to make the design impractical or expensive to implement. The leading IP video solutions almost always use H264 these days.

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An Introduction to Video Management Software

What is video management software?

Video management software running on a Windows or Unix/Linux server, supplies the basis for video monitoring, analysis, and recording. A wide range of software is available, based on the users' requirements. A standard Web browser provides adequate viewing for many network video applications, utilizing the Web interface built into the network camera or video server especially if only one or a few cameras are viewed at the same time.

To view several cameras at the same time, dedicated video management software is required. A wide range of video management software is available. In its simplest form, it offers live viewing, storing and retrieving of video sequences. Advanced software contains features such as:

• Simultaneous viewing and recording of live video from multiple cameras • Several recording modes: continuous, scheduled, on alarm and on motion detection • Capacity to handle high frame rates and large amounts of data • Multiple search functions for recorded events • Remote access via a Web browser, client software and even PDA client • Control of PTZ and dome cameras • Alarm management functions (sound alarm, pop-up windows or e-mail) • Full duplex, real-time audio support • Video Intelligence

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Aimetis Symphony Video Management Software

Aimetis Symphony is an advanced video management software product with integrated video analysis. Symphony simultaneously enables digital video recording, intelligent video analysis and remote access to live and recorded images from any networked computer. Symphony analyzes incoming video against user-defined policies and initiates counter measures when an event violates a Rule. By using Symphony’s advanced business intelligence reporting and query tools, users can quickly access information or locate specific video in seconds, saving hours of forensic work. Sample content analysis applications include: • Perimeter breach protection • Virtual fence • Object stolen/left-behind • Flow control • People/vehicle counting • Vehicle starting/stopping/moving • Camera obstruction

Figure: Aimetis Symphony Video Management Software

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Symphony Client User Interface Symphony Client acts as the user interface for all server configuration as well as alarm and report management. This section will outline the key functions of Symphony Client to help you get started. The Main Console is the main window that you will be using within Symphony Client. The Main Console consists of typical Windows application items such as the Title Bar, Menu, Toolbars, and controls for minimize, maximize, and close. Also included are Video Panels used for live mode, historical playback, and analyzing still frames. To fully manage Symphony and take advantage of all its many features there are several other panels available:

Main Console Address Bar The Address Bar contains a Symphony link to the last selected video position. Symphony links are very useful. If you have already installed Symphony Client on a computer you can simply do Start - Run, and paste in a Symphony link, and Windows XP will automatically start Symphony Client and position to the link's location.

Figure: Address Bar

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Using the Forward and Back buttons on the Toolbar on the Main Console will bring you to places you have just visited. For example, each time you click on the Timeline or navigate to a different camera on a different server, this information is being recorded, so it is easy to navigate backwards or forwards from where you are. To view a location you have just visited, clicking the Back button will return you to the camera and time you were just viewing. Timeline The Timeline is a powerful way to view everything that has happened in a day at a glance. The Timeline is integrated in the main view of Symphony Client. It can be turned on and off via the Toolbar Timeline button, and via Menu item View > Timeline. The Timeline is also available in every Video Panel, accessible by right-clicking on the Video Panel and choosing Timeline.

Figure: Timeline

If you click anywhere on the Timeline, a still image for that time will appear in the main view. Meaning of the bar colors: Green - No relevant foreground activity was detected. Yellow - There is activity (ignores weather conditions and shadows). Red - A Rule was broken that resulted in an alarm being raised. Gray - No video signal. The purple circle always indicates the Timeline position for what is currently being viewed in the Video Panel. Video Panels Video Panels are used to show live video, recorded video, and analyze still frames. All Video Panels, including the Main Video Panel, can optionally include a Timeline and a Navigation Bar. These options and others are available via the context menu by right-clicking on the Video Panel (as seen below). Live View Mode By default, cameras are playing live in the Main Console. To navigate to different cameras, click on the Camera Tree or Site Map to switch cameras. By clicking on Timeline will automatically exit live mode and enter playback mode.

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Video Playback mode If Timeline or Alarm log is clicked, video playback mode begins. Below is an example of playback mode. If right clicking on playback mode, other configuration options exist.

Figure: Video Panel

Navigation Menu Usage (in video playback mode)

Navigates forward and backward by alarm, activity (motion), 10 seconds, 1 second, 1 frame

Controls video playback speed as well as reverse playback speed

Switches back to Live mode from playback mode. Multi View Multi View allows you to view multiple cameras' views at the same time. Multi View can be configured to display 1 to 64 cameras at once. It is possible to have more than one multi view dialog open. Since the Multi View is made up of individual Video Panels, it is possible to configure them individually for appearance, the activities to perform upon alarm events, whether or not to have Timelines, Navigation Bars, etc. Simply drag cameras from the Map or Camera Tree onto panes in the Multi View.

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Camera Tree The Camera Tree is the default method of navigating between cameras. By default, all cameras are listed in order of camera ID. Each camera has a unique ID and is set automatically by the system as cameras are added. If the camera tree is not visible, from Symphony Client click View > Camera Tree.

PTZ Controls When working with PTZ cameras, you have the ability to set multiple home positions (camera tour), pan, tilt and zoom right from Symphony Client using a standard keyboard and mouse. To move the camera you have three options. You can use the Navigation control (PTZ button on the toolbar), or use the mouse to drag a box around the region you wish to zoom in on.

Navigation Menu Usage To open the control dialog of the dome or PTZ camera, click on the PTZ toolbar button, or click View > PTZ Controls.

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The PTZ Navigation dialog is summarized below. The arrows move a dome or PTZ camera up and down, left and right. If it's a fixed camera, will digitally move camera (must be digitally zoomed first). The +/- allows you to digitally zoom in or out (fixed camera), or optically zoom in and out (dome or PTZ cameras). Clicking Home will automatically bring camera back to its user defined Home Position. The numbers represent camera tour locations and provide easy navigation. Server List The Server List is a panel on the right side of the main console that lists the servers that are in the current server set along with their connection status. The menu item View > Server List Panel toggles its visibility.

By right clicking on the top title bar (i.e. Server) the context menu appears where the Column Chooser allows you to customize which fields are displayed. By right clicking on a server from the Server List panel, a context menu pops up that includes menu items to Add, Edit, Delete, Enable, Disable, and view properties of the selected servers.

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Aimetis Symphony Video Analytics Introduction With Aimetis' video analytics it is possible to detect specific events and activities automatically from your cameras without human intervention. Video analytics makes it possible to filter video and only notify you when user defined events have been detected, such as vehicles stopping in an alarm zone, or a person passing through a digital fence. Today's robust video analytics produce far fewer false alarms than the previous motion detection methods employed in earlier DVRs or cameras. Aimetis offers video analytics add-ons on a per camera basis in the form of Video Engines (VE). How to select video analytics Some Video Engines (VE) can be run concurrently per camera with others (such as VE150 Motion Tracking and VE350 Left Item Detection) but others cannot be run concurrently (such as VE160 People Counting with VE150 Motion Tracking). If the desired video engine is not selectable, de-select the current engine in order to select any other. To run other video engines, perform the following steps: 1. From Symphony Client, click Server > Configuration to load the Configuration dialog. This will allow you to configure devices for the currently selected server 2. Select Devices from the left pane. 3. Select the camera you wish to configure for use with video analytics and click Edit. 4. Click the Analytics Engines tab. Un-check whatever is currently checked (default is VE130) and select the desired video analytic to run on the current camera. 5. Finally, click OK to save settings and continue (to configure the chosen analytics), or click OK to close dialog (and use the default settings for the chosen analytics).

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How to configure video analytics: After cameras have been added and analytics have been enabled for cameras, the analytics themselves need to be configured. The Analytics Configuration dialog allows users to configure the analytics. 1. From Symphony Client, click Server > Configuration to load the Configuration dialog, and then select Devices from the left pane. 2. Select the camera you wish to configure for use with video analytics and click Edit. 3. Next, click the Analytics Configuration tab to configure the analytics. Each video analytic may have slightly different configuration options, however there are many commonalities. Typically Mask, Analysis FPS / Analysis Resolution and Perspective must be set at a minimum. Masks Masks define where Symphony can track objects. Anytime an object is tracked through the scene, Symphony will colour that portion of the Timeline yellow. By default, the entire scene is covered in the yellow mask, meaning everything in the field of view of the camera will be analyzed. Symphony has been designed to work well in dynamic outdoor environments. Rain or snow would not normally result in Symphony falsely tracking objects. However, in some cases, you may wish to remove certain portions of the screen from analysis (such as a neighbor's property, or a swaying tree which is causing false alarms). The Motion Mask dialog allows you to modify where tracking should and should not occur. Analysis and Resolution Additional features of the analytic can also be configured. The Analysis FPS field allows you to modify the frames per second (FPS) that the analytic should analyze. Normally this field should be left at the default value. It is possible to record at a higher frame rate than what is analyzed by the analytic engine, to reduce CPU utilization (it is unnecessary to analyze 25 frames per second, for example). The Capture Resolution text box displays the original video size, while the Analysis Resolution combo box allows you to specify the image size to be analyzed. To reduce CPU utilization it is common to record at higher frame rates and resolutions than what the video engine is receiving for analysis Summary of Video Analytics: Engine License Required Description

VE130

Standard

Simple video motion detection which can be used indoor/outdoor but does not classify object class and does not provide good object segmentation capability (which is required for object counting)

VE140 Standard Camera loss detection VE141

Standard

Detects if camera's field of view is obstructed (such as spray painting the lens).

VE150

Enterprise

Good choice for outdoor applications given its ability to classify the object type (vehicle/human) and minimize false alarms caused by shadows, snow, etc.

VE160 Enterprise Designed for indoor environments where primary application is people counting

VE161 Enterprise Designed for indoor environments where accurate object segmentation is required for people counting

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VE250

Enterprise

No configuration required. Designed for indoor/outdoor environments and is more accurate than VE130 at detecting motion, however object counting not as accurate as VE160/161. This is the default engine when Enterprise license is used.

VE350 Enterprise Outdoor object removal/left.

PT090 Enterprise Auto PTZ tracking

VE352 Enterprise Indoor object removal/left.

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Aimetis Symphony Functions Rules A Rule is user-definable and is responsible for creating Alarms in Symphony. Alarms can occur as a result of a video event (such as video motion detection) or a signal from another device (such as alarm IO devices). The Rules Summary dialog lists all the current Rules and allows you to add, edit, delete, disable and enable each one. To access the Rules Summary dialog, click Server > Configuration and select the Rules pane. Events The first Rule Element to configure is the Event. An Event may comprise of one or more sub-events. For example, the Event may involve a car stopping and a person loitering within 30 seconds before the Event is triggered. The Event could also be an input from an Alarm IO device, or VMD detected on a network camera. To configure the Event dialog when selecting a camera as an input, complete the following steps: 1. Select a camera to assign to this Rule in the dialog shown below

2. Select which video engine to configure from the select video engine from those running on camera. 3. Next, define what alarming attributes this rule will have, such as an alarm zone, or class of object (i.e. people, vehicles). Depending on the video engine, different options will be available. 4. If only one event will be used in the Rule, click Next to continue. If other events are to be included, click New. 5. Repeat steps 1-3 above. It is possible to pick a different analytic engine for the same camera to combine the Events in the Rule. Now in the Sub Events dialog you will notice 2 events listed (by clicking inside the Sub Events dialog and selecting the sub-event, it can be renamed to something more descriptive).

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6. In the Sub Events must occur section, it is possible to define what order or what period of time all the sub-events must occur in before the alarm will take place. 7. Click Next to configure the Actions Caused by Alarm Input Alarm Inputs include Video Motion Detection (VMD) from network cameras, external IO devices, and many others. To configure the Events dialog when selecting the IO and Camera Motion Detection as an input, complete the following steps: 1. Select which Digital I/O Devices (DIO) to assign to this Rule in the dialog shown below 2. Select which Input Number to control, and then define if it should be Activated or Deactivated to trigger the event.

3. Click Next to configure the Actions. Actions

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While the Events Element defines what causes an alarm, the Actions Element specifies what Symphony should do as a result. By default, the Alarm tab is shown.

Alarm Tab If Raise Alarm checkbox is selected, the Timeline and Alarm Log will reflect an alarm has occurred. When this is unchecked the opposite is true. However, all other actions specified will still occur. This is useful in the case of zooming with PTZ cameras since it may be unnecessary to show an alarm every time the camera automatically zooms. The Record checkbox will ensure video recording for this camera occurred, even if the default setting for the camera is No Recording as defined in the Device Setup. Choose a camera is required in cases an alarm IO event has been selected as the event, and here it is required to define with camera will be associated with this alarm, for the purposes of adding the event to the camera's Timeline. Relays Use this to automatically send an electrical signal to an external device whenever an alarm occurs. This would be useful if you setup a Rule that detected when cars were stolen and you wanted Symphony to automatically close a gate or turn on a light. Symphony has been designed to work with alarm relays to connect via the serial port of the Symphony Server. The Trigger Relay dialog enables you to set if the relay should be turned on, off, or toggled, and the Relay # field allows you to define which address of the relay board to control. The Restore state after field allows you to specify how long the relay should be in its current state before being reset. FTP You can specify Symphony to automatically send a jpg to a FTP site after a Rule is broken. The jpg features and filenames can be configured in this dialog. The filename can be automatically generated based on the date, time, Rule and camera information using the symbols shown in the FTP tab. Examples of filename patterns are shown here: %d 2004_06_30.jpg %t 14_01_45_050.jpg %d-%t 2004_06_30-14_01_45_050.jpg %m-%a-%h 05-30-14.jpg

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%h_%i_%s_%l_%p 14_01_45_050_My_Rule.jpg Email In the Email Tab, you can configure Symphony to automatically send email messages whenever an alarm occurs. You may specify multiple recipients. Each recipient will receive an email with a picture attached of the event which caused the alarm. Symphony runs its own internal SMTP server, so you do not need to configure Symphony with another external mail server. The email will include a hyperlink to the Aimetis Symphony Web Access application that will navigate to the alarm in question. The email will also include a hyperlink to the alarm's actual jpg file on the server. Blackberry You can configure Symphony to send alerts to Blackberry devices when a Rule is broken. Symphony sends an email to the Blackberry device which includes a hyperlink. After clicking the hyperlink, it loads a specially formatted web page for the Blackberry and displays the Alarm information. TCP It opens a TCP socket to some IP & port, and sends the specified ASCII message. This is a generic way to interface with any access control system or other device. Sounds In this tab you can configure Symphony to play a pre-recorded sound when a Rule is broken. You can upload files to Symphony and select which sound file (such as a .wav file) to play when the current Rule is broken. This might be useful to automatically warn trespassers that the property is under surveillance. Zoom The Zoom tab allows you to specify actions for a dome (PTZ) camera after the current Rule Trigger is detected. By selecting the Zoom radio, the camera will leave its Home Position and automatically zoom and track the object. If you select the Force a PTZ camera to a location radio, you must specify a preprogrammed position for the camera to move to. This is useful if you want to create an alarm Rule where the trigger is a Hardware Alarm input (specified in the Alarm on section). For example, perhaps a motion detector or even a fixed camera caused an alarm; you could force the PTZ camera to automatically move to its location for further investigation. This will not work if the Trigger Rule element is not region specific (such as a Cord Cut alarm). Instructions You can bind specific instructions to a Rule. This tells a monitoring agent or operator what to do in case of alarm. When an alarm occurs it appears in the alarm log of the main console. If the user right clicks on the alarm in this log, there is an option for viewing the alarm instructions. If there are any instructions set for the Rule that caused the alarm, it will be shown there. Otherwise the default instructions from the Server Instructions will be displayed. Rule After an alarm occurs, one of the Actions can be to automatically enable or disable other Rules Schedule The last Rule Element we define is the Schedule, or time period(s) when this Rule is active. The New Schedule dialog allows you to specify on a weekly basis when the new Rule should be active or inactive. You set different alarm schedules for different Rules. If the Rule is disabled (in the Rules Summary), the schedule is ignored and Actions for that Rule will not be triggered.

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The alarm schedule is set in 30 minute intervals only. By default, the schedule is completely red (armed). You can modify this by performing the following steps: 1. Click the Armed or Unarmed radio button, and drag over the alarm schedule to set the schedule. 2. Give the new Schedule a descriptive name in the Name field. 3. Click View Exceptions to set an exception to this weekly schedule. An example might be holidays.

The Exceptions dialog allows you to set special exceptions to the main weekly schedule.

To set exceptions, mark each half hour increment in red or green. Red means it is armed, green means it is disarmed. If a day already has exceptions it will be displayed in bold in the calendar. The current day is highlighted in blue. Click OK to save your changes, or the X at the top of the form to close it without saving changes to the current day. 4. Click Next to move to the next dialog in the wizard.

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Camera Tour By default, each Pan-tilt-Zoom (PTZ) camera has a Home Position, where it is positioned unless a user manually controls the camera, or if the camera is automatically controlled by Symphony (for more information on auto control, please see the Rule element Actions). Using the Camera Tour function, the camera can be configured to have multiple Home Positions. This effectively allows the camera to cover more area. To configure a Camera Tour, perform the following: 1. Access the Camera Tour dialog. Select the PTZ camera you wish to configure, and right click on the live view of the camera and click Camera Tour and then click Edit. The Camera Tour dialog opens.

3. By default, there is one Camera Tour configuration. It is possible to have multiple Camera Tour configurations with different tour locations and schedule. Select which Tour to modify. 4. Move the camera to the desired location by using the arrows and the + and - buttons to configure the zoom level. To save location, click Add Current Live View PTZ Location To The List. 5. By default, Symphony will move the camera between the different Locations every 600 seconds. To change this value, modify the Pause Time text box. 6. Click Change Motion Mask to modify the Motion Mask for the new Camera Tour location. This enables you to define where Symphony should track or not track objects. Symphony treats each Camera Tour location much like a separate camera, since it has its own field of view. As a result, you need to define the Motion Mask are for each Camera Tour location. 7. Click Change Perspective Settings to modify Perspective information for the new Camera Tour location (as required, not all video analytic engines require this). As in step 4 above, the Camera Tour location requires its own Motion Mask and Perspective information (to classify objects properly). 8. Click Set Schedule for This Tour to define when this Camera Tour is active. Since many Camera Tours can be configured you may decide to have a Camera Tour sequence that is different during the day than at night, for example. The Set Schedule for this Tour dialog allows you to configure the Schedule for this specific Camera Tour. Each Camera Tour can run on a separate schedule.

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Camera Setup/Configuration Three kinds of device types can be added to Symphony Server. 1. Network (IP) cameras or video servers 2. Analog cameras 3. External I/O Modules To add or modify devices, click Server > Configuration. The Configuration dialog appears with the Devices pane by default. Adding and modifying cameras (and configuring their respective video analytic engines) is explained below Adding Network Cameras 1. To add a new network camera or video server, click New from the Devices pane. The device configuration interface opens

On the Network tab, enter the Name you wish to call the camera, URL which is normally the IP Address, Username and Password and click Connect to Camera to detect the camera type and settings. The model, resolution, Record FPS and Video Format will be auto-detected. If you wish to manually add the camera, do not click Connect to Camera but instead manually select the Manufacturer, Camera Type and set the Resolution, Record FPS and Video Format appropriately. You may also click Discover Devices to locate devices on the network. The Movability option specifies whether the device will automatically move to a redundant server under a failover condition. If it is set to movable then this device can move to another server in the farm during failover. If it is set to unmovable then the device can't be moved. Recording Setup

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The Recording section is where video recording is configured and where the Symphony Codec can be enabled. Enabling the Symphony Codec could be useful in cases where the network camera only records MJPEG video and Symphony is to recompress the video as MPEG-4. The Record Video combo box allows users to specify when Symphony should record video on the specific camera. Options available are:

Always:

Symphony will also record video for this specific camera

Schedule:

will record video on the schedule specified by the user

Schedule & Tracked Motion:

will record video on motion but only during the time period specified by the user

Pixel Changes:

video is recorded whenever pixel changes are detected (a tree moving in heavy wind could cause pixel changes and therefore cause Symphony to record video)

Tracked Motion:

video is recorded if objects are tracked through the scene (normally a person or vehicle moving through the scene is tracked as motion, but moving tree branches should not be tracked and therefore video would not be recorded)

Motion on Camera:

video is recorded using motion detection capabilities inside network camera itself, not using a video analytic engine from Symphony (quality of motion detection similar to Pixel Changes)

Schedule & Motion on Camera:

Same as Motion on Camera option, however recording will occur if motion is detected during a specific time interval as defined by user.

Never: video is not recorded, unless specified to be recorded in a Rule

If the network device allows, additional network video streams can be added from the same physical device. This is useful in the situation where one level of quality of video is defined for recording and another for live video, for example. To add another video stream for the current network device, click Add a new Stream. The video recording options available are the same as to what was defined by the default stream. Further, video resolution can also be defined independently for the additional stream(s). Finally, the Panoramic Settings section allows users to configure settings related to 360-degree camera

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lenses. Currently Immervision and IPIX 360-degree camera lens technology is supported. By enabling panoramic technology and selecting the appropriate camera type, users can de-warp 360-degree video in Symphony Client. Analytics Engines By selecting the tab, the individual video engines can be added to the camera. An Enterprise license is required to enable video engines in the Analytics Engines tab. This step is only necessary if video analytics are to be configured on this camera.

The default engine is the VE130. Different video (analytic) engines detect different events. When configuring Rules, the type of analysis available or "Event" is determined by which engine is selected here. Not all analytic engines can be run in parallel. By selecting the VE250 for example, it will disable other similar engines (such as VE150 or VE160). If an engine you wish to enable is disabled, try disabling other engines to allow the selection of the desired engine. Click Apply to save your settings and move onto the Analytics Configuration tab, or click OK to save settings and close the dialog without configuring the selected video analytics engines (default configuration settings will be used). Video Motion Detection Overview The VE130 is a general purpose video motion detection engine and is good choice for static environments (such as indoors or certain outdoor environments). The VE130 is a good alternative over camera based motion detection due to its simplified configuration and higher accuracy. Working Scenarios The VE130 is a good choice in indoor and simple outdoor environments where only motion is to be detected and the class of object or object count is not required. Camera position, unlike other video engines, is not heavily constrained, making VE130 a good general purpose video engine in many applications. If object counting or dwell time is required, use the VE160 or VE161. For outdoor environments, use VE150 as shadows, lighting changes, etc will cause VE130 to function inaccurately. VE130 Analytic Configuration Steps 1. Select Server > Configuration. 2. Select a camera from the Devices branch of the left pane.

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3. In the Analytics Engines tab, select VE130. 4. In the Analytics Configuration tab, select Intel_VE130 from the Analytics Engines combo box. 5. In the Motion Analysis tab, define the area in yellow where objects should be detected. Select the Erase radio to erase the yellow mask, and select the Draw radio to draw the mask. The Size slider adjusts the pen thickness. 6. Select the Grid View tab. Normally the default settings and grid spacing is adequate.

7. Click OK to save settings. Create a Rule using VE130 Configuring the VE130 is required before creating a Rule that uses the VE130. To configure a Rule using the VE130, follow the steps below: 1. Open Server > Configuration > Rules and click New. 2. Select the camera (if it is a PTZ camera, select the camera tour position). 3. Pick the VE130 from the video engine combo box. 4. Mark the Alarm zone using the Draw and Erase options. The Size slider changes the drawing or erasing thickness.

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5. Click Next to continue to next step in wizard. Camera Loss Overview The VE140 analytic is designed to detect if video signal loss occurs. Working Scenarios It is a good idea to run the VE140 on all cameras. This analytic is environment independent. VE140 Configuration Steps 1. Add the VE140 Cord Cut analytic to the camera(s) where you wish to detect signal loss (cord cut) events. 2. No configuration is required for the VE140 from the Analytics Configuration tab. 3. Click Apply to save settings. 4. Create a Rule to alarm on signal loss events. Create a Rule using VE140 Configuring the VE150 (see above) is required before creating a Rule that uses the VE150. To configure a Rule using the VE150, follow the steps below: 1. Open Server > Configuration > Rules and click New. 2. Select the camera 3. Pick the VE140 from the video engine combo box. No further configuration is required. 4. Click Next to continue to next step in Rule wizard.

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Camera Obstructed Overview The VE141 Camera Obstructed Vide Engine is designed to detect when the field of view is obstructed. This can occur if the camera has been moved, if the lens is spray painted, or if a large object is placed in front of the camera. Working Scenarios This is a general purpose analytic and should normally run on each camera. VE141 Configuration Steps 1, Add the VE141 Camera Obstructed analytic to the camera(s) where you wish to detect camera obstructed events. 1. No configuration is required for the VE141 from the Analytics Configuration tab. 2. Click Apply to save settings. 3. Create a Rule to alarm on camera obstructed events. Create a Rule using VE141 Configuring the VE150 (see above) is required before creating a Rule that uses the VE150. To configure a Rule using the VE150, follow the steps below: 1. Open Server > Configuration > Rules and click New. 2. Select the camera 3. Pick the VE141 from the video engine combo box. No further configuration is required. 4. Click Next to continue to next step in Rule wizard. Searching Video

Symphony provides two methods of searching video: using the Timeline or the Search Tool. The Timeline is integrated in the main interface of Symphony Client and summarizes a full day's activity. This is useful if you want an overview of the entire day on the current camera. The Search Tool allows your to query video for specific events in specific parts of the video. Search Search allows you to search recorded video for motion or alarms in specific areas. Symphony will search based on your criteria and create a mini movie and thumbnails showing the results. For example, you may search for all activity around a car for the last 24 hours. Symphony will create a video only containing activity which occurred in the blue highlighted area (which may result in a 5 minute movie, depending on how much activity was found). To access the Search dialog, select Search > Search from Symphony Client or click CTRL-F from the keyboard.

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To perform a search perform the following: 1. From the Analytics Engines section, select the engine. Depending on which engine is selected, different search options will be available. 2. Using VE130 as an example, select Draw to mark the area of interest for searching. The area in blue will be searched for activity. To erase the blue area, select Erase. The Size slider adjusts the size of the brush when marking or unmarking the image. Alternatively, digital fences can be used as the search criteria. Select Any fence to draw a digital fences. Selecting All fences denotes that the object must pass through all fence lines to result in resulting search video. 3. Optional: Select the Class of object you wish to search for, such as People, Vehicles or Unknown objects (unknown objects are objects that were tracked but were not classified as people or vehicles). 4. Optional: Select the Behavior to filter by, such as loitering. 5. Specify your Search Type. Enter the date and time range. Other Advanced settings: 6. If the Search is being conducted against a PTZ camera, select the Home Position to search in. Home Positions are configured in the Camera Tour. 7. Click Search to start search. The View Search Results dialog will now open. View Search Dialog After you perform a Search or export video using the Save Clip option, the View Search Results Dialog automatically opens. To manually open this dialog, click Search > View Search Results.

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The View Search Results dialog shows all your previous searches. There are several operations you can perform on a search result once it is selected from the list: • To play a search click the Play button in the toolbar. Symphony Player will automatically open and will play the video of the selected result. • To delete a search click the Delete button (X) in the toolbar. The corresponding .aira and .mpeg files will be deleted from the server. • To save a search to your computer click the Save button in the toolbar. The video will be saved in .aira format to your PC. You will require Symphony Player to play .aira files. • To save as an .mpeg format right-click the search from the list and choose the Convert to MPEG option. This will save it as MPEG4v2 format which can be played in a wide variety of media players including Microsoft Media Player. • To email a search result video right-click the search from the list and choose the Email option. The right pane of the View Search Results window shows snapshots of each event for the currently selected search. Clicking on a snapshot will force Symphony Client to navigate to that same frame. Exporting Video You can export video from the Symphony server two different ways. 1. You can perform a Search and save it to disk from the View Search Results dialog. 2. You can export video by selecting a time period to export using the Save Clip button in the Toolbar. Option 1 Using Search Perform your search in the normal way, right-click a search result from the list, and select either Save to save in .aira format, or Convert to MPEG to save as .mpeg format. Option 2 Using Save Clip Button to Export Video 1. Click on the Timeline to the location you wish to begin the export. 2. Click the Save Clip button in the toolbar.

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3. By default it sets up the parameters for a movie clip starting 60 seconds before the timeline clicked time, until 60 seconds after it. 4. Alter these settings as necessary. 5. Enter the Clip Name and Click Save Clip. Alternatively, 1. Choose the Pick start time by clicking on timeline radio button, then click on the timeline at the location you wish to start the export. 2. Choose the Pick end time by clicking on timeline radio button, then click on the timeline at the location you wish to end the export. 3. Enter the Clip Name and Click Save Clip. Carousels (Sequence) Carousels allow you to loop through multiple cameras across multiple servers, pausing on each camera for a defined period of time. To access Carousels, click Server > Configuration and select Carousels. Creating or Modifying Carousels To create a new Carousel, perform the following: 1. From the Carousels menu, click New 2. Give the Carousel a descriptive name in the Sequence Name field 3. Add cameras from the Available Cameras on Servers tree into the Cameras in Current Carousel tree 4. Note: The same camera can be added multiple times 5. Define a pause time in seconds 6. Click OK to save

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Working with Carousels Carousels can be accessed from Symphony Client by clicking View > Carousels > select your Carousel name. Carousels can also be docked directly inside a Multi View by selecting Carousel from the Multi View navigation bar. Registering Symphony client New Symphony Server Registration allows Symphony Client to connect to a Symphony Server over a network. You need at least one server registered.

Address Enter the address of the Symphony Server you want to connect to. You can enter the IP address of the Symphony Server, or the Symphony Dynamic name, which was defined during installation. If the Symphony Server is running on a nonstandard TCP port, you can suffix the address with a colon followed by the TCP port number. If you do not suffix with a port, it will try the default port, 50,000. Name This is the name that will appear in Symphony Client for this address. This information is not actually used to connect. Type any descriptive name here. User A username with access to connect to the server. Password The password that is set up for the User.

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Chapter 4

In this chapter you will learn about: • Introduction to Access Control systems • Types of Access Control systems • Access Control Technologies • Types of Locks • New Technologies

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Introduction to Access Control Systems From the earliest dawn of mankind we have recognized a need to restrict access to our home, place of business, or any place that is not completely public and welcome to all who would enter. You could consider that the first access control system was a rock or some other obstruction placed at the entrance to man's domicile. Doors, bars, locks, fences, gates, or any number of obstacles to prevent free ingress have been employed throughout time. In today's world we speak of access control as the system or device that actively grants or denies entry; usually to a commercial, industrial, or governmental structure. Today's systems usually consist of electronic locks, keypads, card readers, or biometric devices. Although these systems do much more than keep the wrong people out, that is still their basic function.

Why do we need it The need for some type of access control in every building is generally accepted. Consider the number of buildings that do not have so much as a locking door; very few, if any, such structures exist in civilized society. The obvious reasons for controlling access - to prevent unauthorized access of someone that may steal or damage property or harm people - is just the beginning of the rational that justifies the expense of an access control system. Improving productivity of employees and limiting exposure to liability are two additional reasons that these systems are commonly deployed.

Improved Productivity If employees are restricted to those areas of a building that they need to access in order to accomplish their purpose for the company will, in many cases, help them be more productive. You can imagine that if the employees assigned to the shop floor or warehouse have access to the administrative or accounting areas of the business, productivity in both areas may decrease. By streamlining the distances between the entry points, work areas, break areas, and rest facilities you can increase the amount of time spent actually performing the employee's assigned tasks. A system that limits access to certain areas during certain times of day can accomplish this streamlining and facilitate the desired affect.

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Principles of Access Control System There are four processes that make up the foundation of access control. These processes are: 1. Identification 2. Authentication 3. Authorization 4. Accountability Regardless of the methods employed to execute these processes, they must always be included in order to construct a reliable access control system. Identification Simply stated, identification is the process by which a person provides information, unique to himself, as the basis of his request to be granted access.This unique identifier can be generated and presented in a number of ways, but it's purpose is always the same; it says "this is who I am and this is how you can tell me from any other individual." This is often a card number or PIN that has been assigned to a single individual and is recorded in a database Authentication The authentication process intends only to determine if the individual requesting access is telling the truth about who they say they are. There are four methods of authentication, namely: • Something you know (PIN) • Something you have (card) • Something you are (fingerprint) • Something you produce (signature) For higher security applications these methods are often used in a cascading hierarchy. For example, during normal working hours a building access control system may allow entry using only an access card (something you have) but after hours the authentication process may escalate to require both a card and a PIN (something you know). The combination of any two authentication methods will provide a higher level of security than the use of only one method Authorization Authorization can take place after the identification and authentication processes have determined who you say you are and that you are telling the truth. Authorization is often based on complex rules. Using parameters such as the time of day, the day of the week, the entry point in question, and other criteria, the access system will either grant (authorize) access or deny it. The ability to input complex and customized rules of authorization is routinely what makes the difference between a commercially popular or unpopular system. Accountability Accountability ensures that a record is kept of what actions were allowed or denied by the system. It should also record and report how the authorization rules were created and by whom.

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The process of accountability is the adhesive that guarantees all other processes are adhered to and are compliant with the system's overall objective. Components of Access Control System The basic components of any access control system are: 1. Credential 2. Reader or Keypad 3. Locking Device 4. Door Position Switch 5. Request to Exit Device (REX) 6. Controller 7. User Interface (Software 1. Credentials Credentials are typically the familiar access card but can also include a personal identification number (PIN) or a biometric such as a finger print, hand geometry, or iris pattern. Whatever credential is used, it serves as a method by which identification of an individual is presented to the system for authentication 2. Reader or Keypad A reader or keypad is used to receive the information presented by the credential. Most common is the proximity card reader whereby an access card is presented to within a few inches of the reader so that the reader can read the identification information from the access card. The identification information, or card number, is sent upstream to the controller for processing

3. Locking Device Locking devices are electrified locks, electric strikes, or even electromagnetic devices All designed to hold a door closed until such time that the controller has authenticated the identification information presented via the credential and determined that the circumstances warrant authorization to access a door or gate.

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4. Door position switch A door position switch keeps the system apprised as to the status, open or closed, of the entry point at all times. Without this sometimes neglected device the access system will never know if the door has been propped open. 5. Request-to-exit Device Request-to-exit devices are used to alert the system to the fact that someone is about to egress the secured area. This information is necessary to differentiate between a door forced open alarm condition and a routine egress opening

6. The controller The controller is the intelligence of the system and all access decisions are made by the controller. The controller firmware and database make every decision and remember every user A well designed access system will distribute all intelligence throughout the controllers in the system such that the system does not rely on the user Interface software for routine operation. 7. User interface (Software) The user interface is software that is used for human interaction with the access system Software can include simple set up and reporting commands or very sophisticated graphical representations of a building with device icons, alarm indications, and even live video feeds. Regardless of the complexity of the software, its purpose is to allow people to input information, create authorization rules, and review accountability information about the system.

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Types of Access Control System

Standalone access control

Standalone systems are ideal for controlling access on one or many independent doors in a building. Access is gained by using a numeric code, PIN with a keypad, or by presenting a proximity or magnetic stripe token, depending on the reader type fitted.

These systems are programmed at each door. If tokens need to be barred or codes changed, this action must be completed at every door on the system.

Typical applications:

1. Small business premises 2. Sports clubs 3. Storage units 4. Any small or medium sized site requiring access control

Standalone systems are great for smaller sites with a relatively small number of users, token management is simple, and the system can be extended easily as your requirements change.

PC based / Networked access control.

These systems control one or many doors in a building. Access is gained by using a numeric code, PIN with a keypad, by presenting a proximity or magnetic stripe token, or by 'possession' with hands free tokens depending on which type of reader fitted. PC based access control offers central control, via a network.

Instructions given at the PC are sent to each of the doors. A token can be barred from all of the doors instantly. Flexible control allows you to set up different access permissions for individuals or groups of users.

Reports may also be generated to track movement, who went where and when. Many systems allow control of additional buildings via existing LAN/WAN. PC based systems are increasingly being used to control other services within buildings, for example intruder alarms, fire doors, lifts and lighting.

Typical applications:

1. Small/medium premises 2. Large corporate premises

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3. Multiple-site premises 4. Government buildings 5. Universities 6. Sports clubs 7. Car parks

PC based systems are ideal for medium to large sites providing simple management control of users and large numbers of doors. The system can be extended very easily, and advanced features such as event reporting and integration with CCTV and other systems make such a system much more than just a replacement for a bunch of keys.

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Access control technologies

Magnetic Strip

Magnetic strip technology consists of a ferrite strip affixed to a card. The strip may have several ‘tracks’ containing binary data to a length of up to 128 bits. Not all magnetic strips are the same. The properties of the magnetic strip define things such as; the signal strength of the encoding of the strip, the ability to resist erasure and the wave shape of the recording. The magnetic strip is read by physical contact and swiping past a reading head.

Proximity Card

Proximity Cards have embedded integrated circuits which can process and store data. A Proximity Card Reader radiates an electrical field which excites a coil in the card. The coil charges a capacitor and in turn powers the integrated circuit (microchip). The microchip then outputs the card number to the coil which transmits to the reader. The microchip has only one function: to provide the reader with the card’s identification number. All user details related to the card number are stored on the Access Control System’s user database.

Smart Card

Smart Cards have embedded microprocessors with an operating system that can handle multiple applications such as a cash card, membership card and access control card. Smart Cards can be either contact or contactless. Contact smart cards must be inserted into the reader where contacts on the card will physically touch contacts on the reader. Contactless smart cards use the same radio-based technology as proximity cards. Smart Cards have a much larger storage capacity than proximity cards.

Contact Smart Card

Contactless Smart Card

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Access cards

Security managers have never had more options for access control cards and other badging and credentialing applications. Magnetic stripe, Wiegand and proximity technology all remain popular and effective.

One new technology many security and IT managers are evaluating is contactless smart cards. Just as proximity technology brought advantages over Wiegand card technology 20 years ago, contactless smart card technology today is bringing new advantages over proximity for physical access control as well as other applications.

Benefits of Smart Cards

Whether installing a new or expanding an existing system, or undertaking a major upgrade, there are several considerations for using contactless smart cards instead of proximity or other access control card technologies. The following are the most important benefits of contactless smart cards.

• Contactless smart cards achieve a higher security level of the credential and the overall access control system

• Contactless smart card technology is optimized to provide highly-secure devices by using cryptography, encryption and the internal computing power of the smart chip.

Access control data in the card may be protected using 64-bit diversified security keys based on a unique card serial number. This security can be further customized by the end-user with a card programmer. The reader never transmits this unique card serial number to the control panel, because it is used exclusively for key diversification and to prevent data collisions when reading several cards at the same time.

RF data transmission between the cards and readers is encrypted using a secure algorithm so that with certain contactless technology, the transaction between the card and reader cannot be “sniffed” and replayed to a reader. By using diversified unique keys and industry standard encryption techniques, the risk of compromised data or duplicated cards is reduced. Even if an unauthorized person obtains a reader, without the keys the reader will not authenticate with the card and data will not be transmitted.

Contactless physical access control credentials can carry secure IT applications such as secure logon to networks, digital signature, and encryption

Contactless smart card memory capacity ranges from 64 to 64k Bytes while proximity card memory ranges from eight to 256 Bytes (2k bit).

As a result of contactless reading and writing the chances of failure due to wear are very limited. The technology of the card ensures 100,000 writing cycles and a ten-year data retention under normal operating conditions. The capability to add other applications to the card is one of the most important advantages of contactless smart cards over proximity technology

Depending on the amount of memory available and the number of memory areas, contactless smart cards can serve as multi-application credentials that are used for many purposes. Since the memory can securely store any kind of information, physical access control credentials based on contactless technology can be used for just about anything. These application examples may include:

• Biometrics Time and Attendance. • Secure Authentication Guard Tour Information. • Health Records Equipment and Material Check-out. • Transit Passes Loyalty and Membership Programs. • Digital Cash Lighting and HVAC Control and Billing. • Information Access Authorized Access to Office Equipment.

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Advantages over smart cards

Contact smart cards never gained acceptance for use in physical access control systems for these main reasons:

• A contactless presentation of the card is much more user friendly and convenient for physical access control.

• With contact smart cards, users must properly orient the card to put the contact in the correct position, find the opening in the reader, insert the card and leave it there until the end of the transaction before removing it.

• Contactless smart cards and readers are much more durable in harsh, dirty, or outdoor environments such as those typically found in access control applications.

• Contactless card transactions are designed to be faster than contact transactions.

Contact smart cards were not optimized for fast transactions, but for very high-security applications like financial services and debit card PIN protection. Since contactless card were targeting high-throughput applications like transit fare collection and ticketing, fast transactions were mandatory while still maintaining high levels of security. For that reason, as contactless technology developed it was optimized for fast reading and authentication, an advantage in access control systems as well.

Access Control Reader

Card Readers read a credential that allows access through control points. Access control readers include: magnetic strip readers, proximity readers, smart card readers and a biometric reader. Biometric readers can be either biometric only or a combination of card and biometrics.

Biometric Reader

Widely used forms of biometric identification include:

• Fingerprint, • Iris. • Facial recognition.

Biometrics significantly increases the level of security provided by a system. The readers compare a template stored in memory to the scan obtained during the process of identification. With biometric only readers, the templates are stored in the reader itself or on a central database. In comparison a combined smart card/biometric reader will read the template from the smart card.

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Facial Recognition

A facial recognition system is a computer application for automatically identifying or verifying a person from a digital image or a video frame from a video source. One of the ways to do this is by comparing selected facial features from the image and a facial database.

Fingerprint recognition

Fingerprint recognition or fingerprint authentication refers to the automated method of verifying a match between two human fingerprints. Fingerprints are one of many forms of biometrics used to identify an individual and verify their identity. A fingerprint sensor is an electronic device used to capture a digital image of the fingerprint pattern. The captured image is called a live scan. This live scan is digitally processed to create a biometric template (a collection of extracted features) which is stored and used for matching. This is an overview of some of the more commonly used fingerprint sensor technologies.

Optical fingerprint imaging involves capturing a digital image of the print using visible light. This type of sensor is, in essence, a specialized digital camera. The top layer of the sensor, where the finger is placed, is known as the touch surface. Beneath this layer is a light-emitting phosphor layer which illuminates the surface of the finger. The light reflected from the finger passes through the phosphor layer to an array of solid state pixels (a charge-coupled device) which captures a visual image of the fingerprint. A scratched or dirty touch surface can cause a bad image of the fingerprint. A disadvantage of this type of sensor is the fact that the imaging capabilities are affected by the quality of skin on the finger. For instance, a dirty or marked finger is difficult to image properly. Also, it is possible for an individual to erode the outer layer of skin on the fingertips to the point where the fingerprint is no longer visible.

Retinal Scan

During a retinal scan, the user must stare at a specific point, and hold their head still. A retinal scan is very difficult to fake because no technology exists that allows the forgery of a human retina, and the retina of a deceased person decays too fast to be used to fraudulently bypass a retinal scan.

Retinal scanning is part of biometrics, the field of science and engineering which develops ways to uniquely identify individual persons. The most popular form of biometrics employed today is of course the fingerprint, though the error rate for fingerprint identification is sometimes as high as 1 in 500. A retinal scan, on the other hand, boasts an error rate of 1 in 10,000,000. Its close cousin, the iris scan, is slightly less precise, maintaining an error rate of approximately 1 in 131,000.

Traditionally used to block physical gateways, such as those guarding the cores of power plants or military installations, the retinal scan has been employed in recent times to safeguard critical computers and their data. The retinal scan retails at a low price, making it affordable to anyone wanting to maintain high levels of security. Furthermore, it is probably the most accurate biometric available, far surpassing the fingerprint in both reliability and accuracy.

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Types of lock The lock originated in the Middle East; the oldest known example was found near Nineveh. Possibly 4,000 years old, it is of the pin tumbler type, otherwise known as an Egyptian lock. The Romans were the first to use metal locks and to make small keys for them. They also invented wards, projections in the keyhole that prevent a key from turning unless it has slots that avoid the projections. Probably the most familiar lock today is the cylinder lock, a pin tumbler lock opened by a flat key with a serrated edge; the serrations raise pins in the cylinder to the proper heights, allowing the cylinder to turn. Also common are the unit lock, housed within a rectangular notch cut into the edge of a door, and the mortise lock, housed in a mortise cut into the door edge, the lock mechanism being covered on both sides. Electronic locks that open with a magnetic card key are popular for banks, hotel rooms, and offices.

Mortise lock

The two main parts of a mortise lock. Left: the lock body, installed in the thickness of a door. This one has two bolts: a sprung latch at the top, and a locking bolt at the bottom. Right: the box keep, installed in the door jamb.

A mortise lock is one that requires a pocket—the mortise—to be cut into the door or piece of furniture into which the lock is to be fitted. In most parts of the world, mortise locks are generally found on older buildings constructed before the advent of bored cylindrical locks, but they have recently become more common in commercial and upmarket residential construction.

The parts included in the typical mortise lock installation are the lock body (the part installed inside the mortise cut-out in the door); the lock trim (which may be selected from any number of designs of doorknobs, levers, handle sets and pulls); a strike plate, or a box keep, which lines the hole in the frame into which the bolt fits; and the keyed cylinder which operates the locking/unlocking function of the lock body. However, in most other countries, mortise locks on dwellings do not use cylinders, but have lever mechanisms.

Mechanical Locks

There are two basic types of mechanical locks, each with variations. The oldest and simplest is the warded lock, which is essentially a spring-loaded bolt in which a notch has been cut. The key fits into the notch and slides the bolt backward and forward. The lock takes its name from the fixed projections, or wards, inside the lock and around the keyhole. The correct key has notches cut into it that match the wards, which block the wrong key from operating the lock. The ward lock is the easiest to pick and now is used only for cheap padlocks.

The tumbler lock contains one or more pieces of metal (called tumblers, levers, or latches) that fall into a slot in the bolt and prevent it being moved. The proper key has serrations that raise the metal pieces to the correct height above the slot, allowing the bolt to slide. There are three types of tumbler locks, pin-

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tumbler, disk-tumbler, and lever-tumbler. Pin-tumbler locks are the most common. The tumblers in this type of lock are small pins. The modern door lock is a compact pin-tumbler cylinder lock of the type developed (1860) by the American inventor Linus Yale. Door locks on automobiles and most high-security locks have pin tumblers. Disk- or wafer-tumbler locks, use flat disks, or wafers, instead of pins. When the proper key is inserted, the disks retract, releasing the bolt. Disk-tumbler locks are often used in desks and file cabinets. Lever-tumbler locks employ a series of different-sized levers resting on a bolt pin to prevent the bolt from moving. When the proper key is inserted, all the levers are raised to the same height, enabling the bolt pin to release the bolt. Lever-tumbler locks are often used in briefcases, safe-deposit boxes, and lockers.

Electric and Magnetic Locks

Recent lock developments include the magnetic-key lock, in which the pins are actuated by small magnets on the key, which has no serrations. When the key is inserted into the lock, these magnets repel magnetized spring-loaded pins, raising them in the same way that the serrations on a tumbler-type key would. The card-key lock is actuated by a series of magnetic charges; the card-key is popular where security is vital, because a new series may be electronically defined for each new user, without having to change the lock itself. Similarly, electronic card access systems are used in many hotels and office buildings.

In an electromagnetic lock a metal plate is attached to the door and an electromagnet is attached to the doorframe opposite the plate. When the current flows, the electromagnet attracts the plate, holding the door closed, When the flow of current is stopped, the door unlocks. A variation places the plate and electromagnet so that the door is held open when current flows, enabling the door to be closed automatically when the current stops.

Keyless entry systems, which are common in motor vehicles, rely on a keychain fob that contains a remote-control unit consisting of an integrated circuit and a radio transmitter. The fob sends a low-powered radio signal to a receiver in the motor vehicle, and, if the received code is the correct one, the receiver in the vehicle relays the signal to a microprocessor, which opens the lock. The acceptance of such entry systems has led to devices that allow additional functions within the vehicle to be activated remotely.

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New Technologies Millimetre-wave Millimetre-waves lie in the spectral region between radio waves and infrared. This band possesses a unique property of passing transparently through lightweight materials such as clothing fabrics. Millimetre-wave imagers have evolved over the past 50 years to live video-like images for use as advanced people screening portals. Recently developed is the imager that is suitable for mass people screening.

Millimetre-wave Portals � Takes about 2 seconds. The rest of the time is spent for the screener to observe the resultant

pictures and make a judgment. � Disadvantages - False alarm rates are very high (about 50%) mainly due to people not understanding

that they should empty their pockets completely. � Another problem is the visibility of human genitalia on the images. Even though the face is completely

obscured, the remaining visible genitalia evoke objections in certain areas of the world (mainly Middle East). This can be solved through software modifications.

� Passive Millimetre-wave “Open Space” screening machines do exist. Raman Spectroscopy Raman spectroscopy is a technique that identifies unknown chemicals by recording how they scatter laser light into distinct frequencies. Key advantage is its ability to penetrate glass and plastic containers to identify potentially dangerous unknown substances. Extensive Raman libraries allow chemicals to be identified on the basis of their distinct molecular fingerprint.

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X-Ray Technology Modern X-ray inspection units unite the benefits of scanning with state-of-the art image processing. Data gathered by ultra-sensitive detectors is digitally stored. The detailed and high-contrast image is shown on a colour monitor.

HI-MAT The HI-MAT feature allows colour representation unlike the pseudo colour representation, which simply changes gray values into colours. HI-MAT offers the advantage of an improved detection of items inside a piece of luggage due to its colour representation as compared to other systems or to the black and white representation.

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HI-SPOT HI-SPOT illuminates dark image areas; it automatically detects sections of high absorption. The detected area is analyzed by means of special enhancement filter software and then locally illuminated. HI-SPOT allows an automatic evaluation of dense areas. It works online and in real time without loss of evaluation time for the operator. HI-SPOT does not require any operator manipulation or stopping of baggage flow. It allows automated conveyor stops in case of detection of suspicious areas. It also improves the detection of objects in high absorption areas without deteriorating the image quality of lower absorption image sections.

Documents

CCTV Training Workbook Final