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Cinema Craft, Inc.

P.O.Box 16233Irvine, CA 92623-6233U.S.A.

e-mail : [email protected] site : http://www.cinemacraft.com/

Custom Technology Corporation

3-18-14 Shin-Yokohama, Kouhoku-ku,Yokohama, Kanagawa 222-0033Japan

web site : http://www.ctech.co.jp/

web site : http://www.cinemacraft.com/Cinema Craft Encoder SP Users GuideVersion 2.70

Edition2004 September First edition2005 February Revised with amendments and program enhancements2005 September Typo correction

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, electronically

or mechanically, in any form or by any means, including copying, recording or byany information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing fromCustom Technology Corporation.

Information contained in this publication is believed to be accurate and reliable.However, Custom Technology Corporation shall not be responsible for any in-fringement of patent rights or other rights of a third party arising out of use ofthis information.

Cinema Craft is a registered trademark of Custom Technology Corporation.

Microsoft, Windows and Windows NT are registered trademarks of MicrosoftCorporation. Adobe and Premiere are registered trademarks of Adobe SystemsIncorporated. Intel, Pentium and MMX are registered trademarks of Intel Corpo-ration. Celeron is a trademark of Intel Corporation. AMD and AMD Athlon areregistered trademarks of Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. QuickTime is a trademarkof Apple Computer, Inc. HASP is a registered trademark of Aladdin KnowledgeSystems Ltd. Company names and product names contained in this publicationare trademarks or registered trademarks of respective companies. The symbolsTMand rare not indicated in this publication.

The specifications on this software and information contained in this manual may

be changed without prior notice.

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Contents

1 Getting started 51.1 How to run Cinema Craft Encoder SP . . . . . . . . . 51.2 Main window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.3 Command line options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81.4 Precautions on input files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2 Encoder setting 112.1 Title . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.2 Input files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112.3 Video trimming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142.4 Chapter setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.4.1 Chapter setting on File settings window . . . . 172.4.2 Chapter setting on Chapter list window . . . . 18

2.5 Specifying an audio file separately . . . . . . . . . . . 212.6 Timecode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212.7 Output files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.7.1 Video file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232.7.2 Video information file (VAF file) . . . . . . . . 232.7.3 Pulldown information file (i32 file) . . . . . . . 252.7.4 Audio file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

2.8 Audio setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.8.1 Bitrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.8.2 Add CRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.8.3 File size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262.8.4 Mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

2.8.5 Sampling frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

i

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ii CONTENTS

2.9 Encoding mode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272.9.1 Output type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2.9.2 Encoding method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302.9.3 Output stream type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312.9.4 V/C (VBR/CBR) : Fluctuation of the bit allo-

cation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 312.9.5 Pass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

2.10 Frame size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322.11 Frame rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332.12 File size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332.13 Bitrate and Q.factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

2.14 Video information file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352.14.1 Creating video information file . . . . . . . . . 362.14.2 Renewing the video information . . . . . . . . 362.14.3 VBR bit allocation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

2.15 Pulldown setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382.15.1 Pulldown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382.15.2 Inverse 3:2 pulldown . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 392.15.3 Auto 2-pass detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

2.16 Aspect ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 412.17 Deinterlacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422.18 4:1:1 4:2:2 interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

3 Advanced video setting 433.1 Setting GOP configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

3.1.1 Picture type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433.1.2 GOP sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453.1.3 GOP header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

3.1.4 SEQ header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463.2 Add sequence end code . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463.3 Encode the last frame as an I frame . . . . . . . . . . 463.4 DVD Video multiangle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463.5 Close all GOPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473.6 Disable auto I frame insertion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473.7 Equalize each GOPs bit length . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483.8 Disable adaptive Q-matrix switching . . . . . . . . . . 483.9 Panscan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

3.10 Output top field first stream . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

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CONTENTS iii

3.11 Offset line . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493.12 Luminance level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

3.13 Quantization scale type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503.14 Quantization matrices setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 513.15 Blanking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533.16 Packet size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

4 VBR bit allocation 554.1 Bitrate / Quantization scale graph . . . . . . . . . . . 55

4.1.1 Bitrate graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 564.1.2 Quantization scale graph . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

4.1.3 Operation of graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584.2 Bitrate settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

4.2.1 Global bitrate settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614.2.2 Local bitrate settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624.2.3 Keep the previous bit allocation . . . . . . . . 634.2.4 Apply the changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634.2.5 Cancel the changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634.2.6 Update the graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

4.3 GOP information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

5 Picture settings 675.1 Entry list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

5.1.1 Adding an entry to the list . . . . . . . . . . . 675.1.2 Operation buttons for the list . . . . . . . . . . 705.1.3 Saving/Loading the entry list . . . . . . . . . . 70

5.2 Simple setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 705.2.1 Material types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

5.2.2 Complexity of material . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715.2.3 Parameter sets of Simple setting . . . . . . . . 725.3 Detailed setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

5.3.1 Caption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735.3.2 Low and High filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735.3.3 Vertical filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755.3.4 Dithered quantization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 755.3.5 Quantizer characteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . 765.3.6 Letterbox . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

5.3.7 Intrablock DC precision . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

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iv CONTENTS

5.3.8 Block scan order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775.3.9 Fades on a static scene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

5.3.10 Black screen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 775.3.11 Progressive frame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785.3.12 Monochrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785.3.13 Save/Load a parameter set . . . . . . . . . . . 78

6 Inverse 3:2 pulldown setting 796.1 Overview of the setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

6.1.1 How to find the pulldown phase . . . . . . . . . 796.1.2 Pulldown list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

6.2 Modifying the pulldown list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816.2.1 Explanation of the pulldown list . . . . . . . . 816.2.2 Operation buttons for the list . . . . . . . . . . 836.2.3 Viewer windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 846.2.4 Current point and its phase . . . . . . . . . . . 84

6.3 Phase calculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 876.4 Threshould setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

6.4.1 Pulldown information file (i32 file) . . . . . . . 886.4.2 Progressive frame pairing . . . . . . . . . . . . 896.4.3 Repeat field tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 896.4.4 Initial setting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906.4.5 Apply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 906.4.6 Detail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

6.5 Saving/Loading the pulldown list . . . . . . . . . . . . 906.6 Effects of chapter points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

6.6.1 Improper frame for a chapter point . . . . . . . 91

7 Optional settings 957.1 Setting default output file destination . . . . . . . . . 957.1.1 Output folder for encoded data . . . . . . . . . 967.1.2 Logfile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

7.2 Setting extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 977.3 Setting AVI decoding format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987.4 Reading method for QuickTime files . . . . . . . . . . 997.5 Action when encoding is finished . . . . . . . . . . . . 997.6 Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

7.7 Version number of the program . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

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CONTENTS v

8 Template settings 1018.1 Creating template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

8.2 Editing template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1048.3 Deleting template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1058.4 Editing template list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1058.5 Exporting a template to a file . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1068.6 Applying template . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

9 Encoder control list 1079.1 Saving encoder control list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079.2 Editing encoder control list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

9.3 Executing encoder control list . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109

10 Adobe Premiere plug-in 11110.1 The basic operation of plug-in program . . . . . . . . 11110.2 Encoder settings for plug-in program . . . . . . . . . . 113

10.2.1 Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11310.2.2 Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

11 Uninstallation 119

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2 CONTENTS

Specifications

Compression method

System ISO/IEC 13818-1 | ITU-T Rec. H.222.0(Program Stream only)ISO/IEC 11172-1

Video ISO/IEC 13818-2 | ITU-T Rec. H.262 (MP@ML)ISO/IEC 11172-2

Audio ISO/IEC 11172-3 (Layer 2)

Output video format

Encoding method Constant Bitrate (CBR) (One pass)Constant Bitrate (CBR) (Multipass)Variable Bitrate (VBR) (One pass)Variable Bitrate (VBR) (Multipass)

Bitrate maximum 15 Mbits/secFrame rate 23.976/24/25/29.97/30 (frames/sec)

Aspect ratio SAR 1:1, DAR 4:3, DAR 16:9 or DAR 2.21:1GOP configuration I, P frame interval (M) : 1 3

I frame interval (N) : max. 15 (a multiple of M)

Output audio format

Bitrate 2 64/96/112/128/160/192/224/256/320/384 (kbits/sec)

Sampling frequency 32/44.1/48 (kHz)Quantization bits 16 bitsMode Stereo, Joint Stereo, Dual channel and Monaural

Input file format

The following descriptions are for the standalone version.

2

In the case of one channel, the bitrate is half of each.

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Chapter 1

Getting started

1.1 How to run Cinema Craft Encoder SP

This section focuses on standalone version. See page 111 for AdobePremiere plug-in version.

Figure 1.1: Cinema Craft Encoder SP Startup Screen

The basic steps for encoding files with Cinema Craft Encoder SPare as follows (explanations for each parameter are described in thefollowing chapter).

Start Cinema Craft Encoder SP. To start the program, do one

of the following:

5

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6 CHAPTER 1. GETTING STARTED

Double-click the icon of Cinema Craft Encoder SP.

From Programs of the Start menu, select Cinema Craft

Encoder SP.

Start Cinema Craft Encoder SP from command prompt.See 1.3 Command line options on page 8.

Select files you would like to encode (AVI, QuickTime, etc) andload them in the main window of Cinema Craft Encoder SP. Toload the files, do one of the following:

Select a file (or files) from Explorer, and drag it (them)

onto the main window of Cinema Craft Encoder SP. From the File menu, choose Open to show the OpenFile

dialog box, then select a file.

Right-click on the main window and choose Add.

Open Encoder setting window and set the parameters for encod-ing. To open Encoder setting window, do one of the following:

Double-click a file in the list of the main window.

Drag a file onto the main window while holding down theSHIFT key. Then the file is loaded in the list and Encodersetting window appears at once.

Start encoding. To start encoding, do one of the following:

Click Encode button on the main window. All of the filesloaded in the main window will be encoded.

Select a file (or files) in the list of the main window, and

right-click and choose Encode. Only the file(s) selected inthe list will be encoded.

Click Encode now button on the Encoder setting window.Only the file now editing the parameters will be encoded.

When you try to start encoding on main window, you will beasked if you save your encoding information to a file. If youclick Yes, your encoding information will be saved in an ECLfile. ECL stands for Encoder Control List. About Encoder

Control List, see page 107.

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8 CHAPTER 1. GETTING STARTED

the entries in the list. (See also how to start encoding in Section 1.1described above.)

The columns of the list show the information listed below. Andyou can change the order of the columns by dragging one.

Title Shows the name of the entry. Initially,the source file name is displayed.

Files Shows how many files are input for an output.Frames Shows how many frames are to be encoded.

Duration Shows the duration to be encoded.Video Encoding mode and bitrateAudio Encoding mode and bitrate (for MPEG Audio)

About The operations of Encoder Control List, see Chapter 9(page 107).

1.3 Command line optionsYou can also start Cinema Craft Encoder SP by typing cct2.exe orcct2.com from command prompt, and the following command lineoptions are provided. (cct2.com outputs the encoding informationon the console window.)

-auto Starts a program and encoding immediately.-batch Starts a program and encoding immediately

and quits a program when finished.-ecl filename Loads specified ecl file1.-t template name Specifies a template.-verbose Displays verbose information onto standard output.

filename Specifies an input file.-a filename Specifies an input audio file.

1

About an ECL (Encoder Control List) file, see page 107.

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1.4. PRECAUTIONS ON INPUT FILES 9

USAGE:

Case 1 It starts a program and encoding f:\a.avi and f:\b.avi 2

with a template NTSC DVD3.

cct2 -t "NTSC DVD" f:\a.avi f:\b.avi -auto

Case 2 It starts a program and encoding with the direction off:\c.ecl 4,and quits a program when finished.

cct2 -ecl f:\c.ecl -batch

Case 3 It outputs verbose log to log.txt in addition to the act ofcase 2.

cct2.exe -ecl f:\c.ecl -batch -verbose > log.txt

1.4 Precautions on input filesCinema Craft Encoder SP accepts AVI files or QuickTime files asinput, but there are some exceptions listed below.

Larger frame size than 720 576

The Codec5 used for the source file is not registered in Windows.

A video stream is generally compressed by a video codec.

If the codec used has not been installed in the machine,Cinema Craft Encoder SP cannot decode and encode thefile.

A source file dose not include video data.

2If an input movie is located in a current folder, the full path description isnot necessary.

3Templates should be created in advance, see page 101.4ECL file should be created in advance.5

Codec is an abbreviation for Coder-Decoder.

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12 CHAPTER 2. ENCODER SETTING

Figure 2.1: Encoder setting window

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2.2. INPUT FILES 13

Combining multiple source files to make one MPEG file

You can combine multiple source files for an output MPEG file. Thefirst source file should be registered on the main window. The otherfiles should be added on the sub window which appears by clickingSetting button on the right of the text box. (Fig. 2.2) You can addthe source files in the sub window as well as in the main window,dragging them onto the sub window or choosing Add command fromthe right-click menu. (However, sub window does not have the filemenu.) After adding all files to be combined, click OK to go back to

the main window. Then you can see how many files are registered foran output MPEG in the Files column of the list.

In Fig. 2.3, 4 files are registered to be combined. In Fig. 2.4Filescolumn of the list on the main window shows 4.

Figure 2.2: Sub window to add extra files

Figure 2.3: 4 files are added in the sub window.

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Figure 2.4: Files column of the list on the main window shows 4.

2.3 Video trimming

If you would like to encode a part of a source file, you can trim thevideo by specifying In and Out points. A trim point will be specifiedby a frame number or a timecode. (To change the base unit, seeSelecting a base unit described later.)

To trim the video, open the File settings window shown in Fig. 2.5by double-clicking a source file in the list of the sub window. Whenyou open the File settings window, the viewer window to search thetrim points in the source also appears. On the title bar of the viewerwindow, the file name of the source is shown. When you select time-code as a base unit for Frame search, a frame number of a referencepoint (frame number 0 indicates the first frame) is shown as well.

To find a trim point, move the slider ofFrame search or type a framenumber or a timecode, then confirm the picture on the viewer. Whenyou find the point, click In or Out to set the trim point.

When you set Out point, be careful that the point specified will notbe encoded. The video will be encoded from the In point frame to

just before the Out point frame. For example, if you set 0 as In pointand 300 as Out point, encoding will start from the first frame (framenumber 0) and stop at frame number 299. Frame number 300 willnot be encoded.

When you specify the point by a frame number0 indicates the

first frame.

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2.3. VIDEO TRIMMING 15

Figure 2.5: File settings window

Selecting a base unit

You can use a frame number or a timecode as a base unit of thetime point in File settings window. To select a base unit, open Optionwindow (Fig. 2.6from Options menu in the sub window, then chooseone at The base unit of the time.

Viewer setting

On File settings window, the viewer window also opens and shows you

the source image of the time point. If you need a play back button ofFrame search, open Option window (Fig. 2.6from Options menu inthe sub window, then choose Enable movie play if possible at Viewer.

The playback button works with AVI files which can be playedback on Windows Media Player in the machine where CinemaCraft Encoder SP runs, and .mov, .dv, .dif files which can beplayed back on QuickTime Player in the machine where Cin-ema Craft Encoder SP runs. It does not work with still image

sequence.

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Figure 2.6: Option setting of the sub window

The backward playback and changing playback speed function-alities are provided for QuickTime files. To change playbackspeed during forward play, one click of + button makes thecurrent speed double. You can change it up to 32 times fasterby clicking the button several times. If you would like to play-back at slower speed, button makes the current speed half.You can reduce the speed up to 32 times slower. During back-

ward play, you should use + button for slower playback and

for faster playback.

The backward playback and changing playback speed function-alities do not work with AVI files.

2.4 Chapter setting

What is Chapter ?

DVD players offer random playback using an index called chapter.In MPEG, since a playback starts only at I frame, a chapter point

should be encoded as I frame. And a sequence header and a GOPheader will be inserted and a closed GOP (each frame in the GOPdoes not refer to the data outside the GOP) will be made up to playback at a chapter point smoothly.

This setting is to insert an I frame for a chapter at any location

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2.4. CHAPTER SETTING 17

you would like. To use it as a DVD chapter, you need to set itin your authoring software.

When you apply 3:2 pulldown of Cinema Craft Encoder SPand select timecode for the base unit, you should set a chapterpoint by original timecode used in the source (23.976 fps or 24fps). And a chapter point should be set 6 frames apart from theprevious one. If closer than 6 frames to another, it can happenthat Cinema Craft Encoder SP refuses the location of the point.

About the cautions for chapter setting when applying inverse

3:2 pulldown, see page 91.

2.4.1 Chapter setting on File settings window

Double-click the file entry you would like to set chapter points on thesub window to open File settings window (Fig. 2.5 on page 15).

When you open File settings window, the viewer window will alsoopen to show the source image of the specific time point. On the titlebar of the viewer window, the file name of the source is shown. When

you select timecode as a base unit for Frame search, a frame number ofa reference point (frame number 0 indicates the first frame) is shownas well.

The base unit for searching a frame or setting the point canbe chosen between a frame number and a timecode. About thebase unit setting, see Selecting a base unit described above.

To use the playback button of Frame search, see Viewer setting

described above.

You can search the time point only in the file currently selectedon the sub window.

If you would like to save/load the chapter list to/from a file,click Chapters button to open Chapter list window. Chaptersetting on Chapter list window is described later. Thechapter points you add are shared on both setting window, so

you can choose whichever setting window you like.

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Adding a chapter point

To search a chapter point with the viewer, move a slider of Framesearch or type the time point in the text box on the right of theslider. When you find the time point of the chapter, type a chaptername in the text box of Chapter setting and click Set button. Thenthe time point is set as a chapter point.

To confirm the chapter points you set, click M in the right of thebox under the text box for the chapter name, then you can see thelist of them.

A chapter name you enter here will not be embedded in outputMPEG file. It is just to help you follow a chapter list.

A chapter name is not essential item for chapter setting.

Modifying a chapter name

Click M next to the box under the text box for the chapter nameto list the chapter points and select a chapter point in the list. Thenmodify the name at the text box and click Set button.

Deleting a chapter point

Click M next to the box under the text box for the chapter nameto list the chapter points and select a chapter point in the list. Thenclick Delete button.

2.4.2 Chapter setting on Chapter list window

Click Chapters button at the bottom ofEncoder setting window (Fig. 2.1on page 12) to open Chapter list window (Fig. 2.7). You can also openChapter list window on Picture settings window and Inverse 3:2 pull-down setting window.

When you open Chapter list window, the viewer window will alsoopen to show the source image of the specific time point. On thetitle bar of the viewer window, the file name of a source and a framenumber (frame number 0 indicates the first frame of a source file) are

shown.

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2.4. CHAPTER SETTING 19

Figure 2.7: Chapter list window

The base unit of the time is timecode only.

There are not a slider for the viewer and a playback buttonhere. To search a source image of a time point, click up and

down arrow buttons next to the box for the timecode or type aspecific timecode in the box.

When the multiple files are input for an output, Chapter listwindow will show you combined timecode of them. However,note that a frame number on the title bar of the viewer windowis not combined one, but shows a frame number in each sourcefile.

Adding a chapter point

To search a chapter point with the viewer, click up and down arrowbuttons next to the box for the timecode or type a specific timecodein the box. When you find the time point of the chapter, type achapter name in the text box on the right of the timecode box andclick Set button. Then the time point is set as a chapter point andadded to the chapter list. To apply changes you have made, clickApply button. OK button will also apply changes and then close the

window.

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A chapter name you enter here will not be embedded in outputMPEG, however, it will help you follow a chapter list.

A chapter name is not essential item for chapter setting.

Modifying a chapter name

Select a chapter point in the list, then modify the name in the textbox and click Set button.

To apply changes you have made, click Apply button. OK buttonwill also apply changes and then close the window.

Deleting a chapter point

Select a chapter point in the list, then modify the name in the textbox and click Delete button.

To apply changes you have made, click Apply button. OK buttonwill also apply changes and then close the window.

Saving a chapter list

You can export a chapter list to a file in a text or CSV format. Toexport a list, click Save button, and type a file name.

Loading a chapter list

You can load a chapter list exported to a file using Load button.When you know the timecodes for chapter points in advance, it willbe efficient that you make a chapter list in a text or CSV format andload it.

In a chapter list file, a timecode and a chapter name (not essential)should be in a line. The formats are the following:

text format CSV format

01:00:00:00 Chap1 01,00,00,00,Chap1

01:00:01:00 Chap2 01,00,01,00,Chap2

01:00:02:00 Chap3 01,00,02,00,Chap3

If you load a chapter list when some entries are already on the

list, the points in a file are added leaving the existing points.

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2.5. SPECIFYING AN AUDIO FILE SEPARATELY 21

2.5 Specifying an audio file separately

In case video and audio are stored in different files, the audio file(uncompressed Wave/AIFF file) can be specified separately.To specify an audio file, open File settings window (page 15 Fig. 2.5)

double-clicking the file entry you would like to set an audio file on thesub window.

Select Input audio from another file at the bottom of the window,and enter the audio file name into the text box below.

If you need to keep video and audio in sync even with the In pointsetting for the video trimming, select Sync with video as Offset. If you

set 0 as Offset, audio will start at the beginning of the file.

2.6 Timecode

Since a timecode is not generally included in both AVI and QuickTimefiles, Cinema Craft Encoder SP generates a timecode internally andembeds it in MPEG stream.

Timecode should be tied to a frame number at Timecode setting in

the Encoder setting window shown in Fig. 2.1.Initially, the first frame (frame number 0) is tied to the timecode

01:00:00:00. Although you can change this setting, you should avoidusing the timecode 00:00:00:00 since this value has special meaningto Cinema Craft Encoder SP especially when you perform Pulldownor Inverse 3:2 Pulldown.

If you need a dropped frame timecode, select DF check box.

2.7 Output filesFile types of the output and their names should be specifed here.

There are 4 types of output files listed below.

Video file

Video information file

Pulldown information file

Audio file

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To select output files, select the check box on the left side andspecify the file names in the text boxes. To set or change the name

of output files, click button to show a dialog box and specify thefile name there, or directly type the file name in the text box.

You can change the extensions for the output files. How tochange an extension is described at 7.2 Setting extensionson page 97. However, concerning audio files, only the extensionof MPEG-1 audio can be changed.

Figure 2.8: Encoder setting window

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2.7. OUTPUT FILES 23

Figure 2.9: Output files setting

2.7.1 Video file

Specify a file name of video stream. When putting mouse pointer onthis text box, you can see the frame size and frame rate of the outputMPEG as a pop-up note.

When Multipass VBR is selected in encoding mode, you can savethe video output into two files alternately. One is for an odd numberof times of encoding (1,3,5,... passes), another is for an even number

of times (2,4,6,...). If you specify different names for two video files,you can at least keep the encoding result of the previous pass even ifa cancellation of encoding before completing happens.

The file name for 2,4,6,...passes should be specified in the text boxof (Second Pass).

2.7.2 Video information file (VAF file)

Specify a file name of video information file. Video information file isused when multipass encoding and VBR bit allocation setting.

This file will be automatically created when multipass encoding, oryou can create it before VBR bit allocation setting. If you need thevideo information file in advance, select 1-pass CBR or 1st pass of VBR(1-pass VBR also will do.) in encoding mode, and set the parametersas similarly as possible to ones for multipass encoding which will bedone later.

See page 36 Create the video information file for more detail.

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Figure 2.10: Frame size and frame rate of the output MPEG

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2.7. OUTPUT FILES 25

2.7.3 Pulldown information file (i32 file)

Specify a file name of pulldown information file. Pulldown informa-tion file holds the information for inverse 3:2 pulldown.

It will be used when you carry out Auto 2-pass detection (see page 41Auto 2-pass detection). You also need this file to apply the changes ofThreshold setting of Inverse 3:2 pulldown setting (see page 39 Inverse3:2 pulldown).

The pulldown information file (i32 file) will be created automati-cally when you carry out encoding with Inverse 3:2 pulldown option.

2.7.4 Audio file

Specify a file name of audio stream.

Figure 2.11: Audio output destination file setting dialog box

Either MPEG-1 (Layer2) audio, Wave, or AIFF file can be selectedas the output audio format. If you select Wave or AIFF file, theoutput audio stream will not be compressed.

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2.8 Audio setting

2.8.1 BitrateSet the bitrate for an MPEG Audio stream. The initial value is 256kilobits/sec. (half for monaural).

2.8.2 Add CRC

Select whether to add CRC data to an MPEG Audio stream. WhenSVCD or VCD is selected in encoding mode, you cannot change this

setting.

2.8.3 File size

The estimated file size for the output audio is shown here. When yououtput System Stream, please look at the File size of Video setting(see also page 33 2.12 File size).

2.8.4 ModeChoose the channel mode for an MPEG Audio stream.

Monaural

The left and right channels are mixed and encoded as monaural.

Joint stereo

Encoded in joint stereo format. Joint stereo is a special stereo

format for MPEG Audio. In this mode, the differential informa-tion on sound volume between the left and right is encoded as abalance signal. Encoding quality is slightly better than stereo.

Stereo

Encoded in stereo.

Dual channel

Encoded in dual channel mode.

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2.9. ENCODING MODE 27

In plug-in version, channel mode should be set on Premiere.Stereo mode on Cinema Craft Encoder SP works when stereo is

set on Premiere.

2.8.5 Sampling frequency

Specify the sampling frequency for the output MPEG Audio stream.The default value is the same as that of source file. Since conversion ofsampling frequency will cause deterioration in quality, do not changeit except when necessary.

In plug-in version, sampling frequency should be set on Pre-miere.

2.9 Encoding mode

Figure 2.12: Video encoding mode

The video encoding mode can be set by selecting option buttonslocated in upper right of Encoder setting window. The alternativesare the following:

2.9.1 Output type

Choose one from the output types listed below.

MPEG-2

MPEG-2 for DVD

MPEG-1

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SVCD

VCD

MPEG-2

Outputs MPEG-2 video stream. Image quality is better than that ofMPEG-1, but MPEG-2 decoder or software DVD player is needed toplay it back. It is especially appropriate for interlaced sources.

MPEG-2 for DVD

Outputs DVD compatible stream. If the resolution of the source file(frame size and frame rate) does not match with DVD standard, itwill be automatically converted. If the frame size of a source is smallerthan DVD standard and Resize is not selected, the image will be puton black background. IfResize is selected, the image will be stretched.

In plug-in version, the parameters listed below should be seton Premiere. When you apply Inverse 3:2 pulldown against720486 source file, see also 10.2 Encoder settings for plug-

in program / Parameters / Inverse 3:2 pulldown on page116.

NTSC PALFrame size 720 480 720 576Frame rate 29.97 fps 25 fpsSampling frequency 48,000 Hz 48,000 Hz

In DVD mode, when you select VBR, 9,800 kbps is alwayswritten as maximum bitrate in the sequence header of outputMPEG files whatever value you may set. It is for more flexiblebit allocation to achieve higher quality. However, some author-ing softwares seem to calculate the bitrate for a DVD using this9,800 kbps as video bitrate. And when multiplexing with PCMaudio, they consider the total bitrate out of DVD acceptablerange 10.08 Mbps. If your authoring software has this problem,

please choose MPEG-2 mode. Then the maximum bitrate in the

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sequence header will be the value you specified. Note that ac-tual bitrate does not exceed your maximum bitrate setting even

if 9,800 kbps is written in the sequence header.

MPEG-1

Outputs MPEG-1 video stream. Windows media player can playback MPEG-1 files without additional DLLs, but image quality isnot as good as that of MPEG-2. MPEG-1 does not support interlaceencoding.

SVCD

Outputs Super Video CD compatible stream. If the resolution of thesource file does not match with SVCD standard, it will be automati-cally converted.

In plug-in version, the parameters listed below should be seton Premiere. When you apply Inverse 3:2 pulldown against

720486 source file, see also 10.2 Encoder settings for plug-in program / Parameters / Inverse 3:2 pulldown on page116.

NTSC PALFrame size 480 480 480 576Frame rate 29.97 fps 25 fpsSampling frequency 44,100 Hz 44,100 Hz

VCD

Outputs Video CD compatible stream. If the resolution of the sourcefile does not match with VCD standard, it will be automatically con-verted.

In plug-in version, the parameters listed below should be set on

Premiere.

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NTSC PALFrame size 352 240 352 288

Frame rate 29.97 fps 25 fpsSampling frequency 44,100 Hz 44,100 Hz

2.9.2 Encoding method

Choose one from the encoding methods listed below.

1-pass VBR

1-pass CBR

Multipass VBR Multipass CBR

1st pass of VBR

1-pass VBR

Outputs VBR (variable bitrate) stream encoded in a single pass. Thismode allows you to specify Q.factor and minimum and maximum

bitrates, however, average bitrate cannot be specified. The bitrate ofeach GOP will be varied, and quantization scale will be kept constant.However, certain movements of quantization scale may occur to keepthe bitrate limits.

File size in 1-pass VBR mode shows you possible largest size.

About Q.factor, see 2.13 Bitrate and Q.factor described later.

1-pass CBR

Outputs CBR (constant bitrate) stream encoded in a single pass. Thebitrate will be kept constant throughout the stream.

Multipass VBR

Outputs VBR (variable bitrate) stream encoded in multiple passes.The bitrate will be varied to keep constant quality of the image . Itcan be selected only when you choose MPEG-2 or MPEG-2 for DVD.

See also 2.14 Video information file on page 35.

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Multipass CBR

Outputs CBR stream encoded in multiple passes. It is provided tocreate the stream for multiangle DVD.

See also 2.14 Video information file on page 35.

1st pass of VBR

It is provided to create the video infomation file for Multipass VBR.This mode allows you to specify minimum and average and maximumbitrates.

2.9.3 Output stream type

Choose between the two output stream types listed below.

Elementary Stream (ES)

System Stream (SS)

Elementary Stream (ES)

Outputs a video file and an audio file separately without multiplexing.It cannot be selected when you choose SVCD or VCD.

System Stream (SS)

Outputs a single file with multiplexed video and audio. IfMPEG-2 isselected, the output is a program stream. It cannot be selected whenyou choose one of VBR modes.

2.9.4 V/C (VBR/CBR) : Fluctuation of the bitallocation

In VBR streams, Cinema Craft Encoder SP performs bit allocationbalancing the quality of image on its own valuation basis. The val-uation basis can be changed by V/C value between 0 and 100. Theinitial value is 30. As V/C becomes smaller, a stream becomes more

like VBR keeping the quality of the image with heavily up and down

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2.14. VIDEO INFORMATION FILE 35

An upper bitrate limit for SVCD is 2460 kbps.

A bitrate for VCD is always locked at 1150 kbps.

Q.factor

Q.factor is a parameter unique to Cinema Craft Encoder, and can beset only when 1-pass VBR mode. Cinema Craft Encoder calculatesquantization scales for each picture type (I,B,P) using Q.factor.When you set Q.factor, refer to the following table.

Q.factor Description

1 40 achieves a higher quality of imagebut a lower compression rate

40 80 Standard80 120 achieves a higher compression rate

but a lower quality of image120 disregards a quality of image

2.14 Video information file

The video information file (VAF file) is necessary for multipass encod-ing. The information in this file is used for the calculation describedbelow. And when you open VBR bit allocation window (see page 55),the video information file should be created in advance.

Multipass VBR

Generally at least two passes are required to create a VBR streamfit the average bitrate to the specified one. On the first pass, thecomplexity of images is scanned and recorded to the video informationfile. Then on the next pass, encoding will be carried out calculatingthe bit allocation for each frame using the video information gatheredduring the first pass. In multipass encoding, this information will be

modified again and again to achieve the higher quality of image.

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Multipass CBR

In CBR mode, the more passes will result more constant and stablerbit allocation for GOPs, and also the bit allocation for each picturein a GOP will have been modified to achieve the higher quality ofimage.

2.14.1 Creating video information file

When you carry out encoding without existing video information file,a single pass for creating the file will be added first automatically. So

the number of passes actually done will be one more than specified.When creating the file automatically, 1-pass CBR will be done forMultipass CBR, and 1st pass of VBR for Multipass VBR.

When you carry out encoding with Create new option, an existingvideo information file will be discarded and new one will be createdin the same way.

If you do not recreate a video information file after changing

some parameters and try to encode using the existing video in-formation file, you may encounter an error. (For more detail, seeRenewing the video information described below.) To avoid theerror, delete the exising video information file or select Createnew when encoding.

When you create an video information file before multipass encod-ing, select 1-pass CBR or 1st pass of VBR (1-pass VBR also will do.)in encoding mode, and set the parameters as similarly as possible to

ones for multipass encoding which will be done later.

VBR bit allocation (see page 55) is the only setting which requiresyou to create a video inforamtion file in advance.

2.14.2 Renewing the video information

Parameters recorded in a video information file are ones which havea great impact on encoding. And if the information is different from

the actual parameter setting, it cannot fulfill its function. So a video

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2.14. VIDEO INFORMATION FILE 37

information file must be renewed after changing the parameters listedbelow. To recreate a video information file, delete the exising video

information file or select Create new when encoding.

input files to be combined

mapping between a frame and a timecode

In points and Out points

chapter points

frame size and frame rate

pulldown setting inverse 3:2 pulldown setting

letterbox (on picture settings)

progressive frame (on picture settings)

block scan order (on picture settings)

quantization matrices setting

GOP configuration (N, M, GOP header interval, sequence header

interval)

In addition to the list above, a video information file should berecreated when you made a substantial change in bitrate setting. Thechange of bitrate setting may not cause an error, however a renewedinformation file will bring the better results in limited number of en-coding passes. When an average bitrate is increased twice or more ordecreased less than half, it is better to recreate the video informationfile.

2.14.3 VBR bit allocation

In Multipass VBR modeyou can specify average, minimum and max-mum bitrates throughout the footage. And moreover, you can specifydifferent bitrate in a certain part of the footage using VBR bit alloca-tion window. To open the window, you need a video information filecreated in advance. About the setting on VBR bit allocation window,

see page 55.

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2.15 Pulldown setting

When creating a NTSC video from a film, it is necessary to convertframe rate from 24 fps to 30fps (60 fields/sec). 3:2 pulldown is acommon method for this convertion. And the 3:2 pulldowned sourcewill be encoded efficiently and achieve better result applying Inverse3:2 pulldown.

When you apply 3:2 pulldown, do not set 00:00:00:00 as a time-code for the first frame.

When you apply 3:2 pulldown, Output top field first stream

should be selected. If the source is bottom field first, you shouldalso confirm that Offset line is 1 or odd number.

When you output DVD video stream with this option, GOPsequence should be M=3, N/M=4. To specify GOP sequence,click Advanced button in the lower right of the encoder settingwindow. About Advanced video setting window, see page 43.

2.15.1 Pulldown

Select this option when you convert film source at 24 (23.976) fps intoNTSC video at 30 (29.97) fps. When it is selected, Inverse 3:2 pulldownwill be also applied automatically. This setting will be allowed whenoutput is MPEG-2 format file and 23.976 or 24 is selected as Framerate.

2:3 or 3:2

In 3:2 pulldown method, 2 fields are added to fill 10 fields (5 frames)of video which make 4 frames of film.

You can choose the pattern of where to add fields between 2:3 and3:2. (See Fig. 2.13)

If the total number of encoded frames is a multiple of 4, the playback time of the source and the output will be same. However,if it cannot be divided by 4, the gap of the play back timewill be caused between the source and the output. And how a

remainder when devided by 4 will make a number of frames is

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2.15. PULLDOWN SETTING 39

24 fps

10 fields

30 fps

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4 5

copy copy

1 2 3 4

1 2 3 4 5

copy copy

Figure 2.13: 2:3 and 3:2 pattern

different between 2:3 and 3:2. (See the table below.) So it willbe better to alternate 2:3 and 3:2 patterns if you encode thesource devided into multiple streams.

Number of frames left Number of frames to be encodedwhen devided by 4 2:3 3:2

1 1 12 2 33 4 4

In plug-in version, frame rate setting of Premiere should be23.98(24) fps.

2.15.2 Inverse 3:2 pulldown

If the source is 3:2 pulldowned NTSC footage, you can expect im-provement in the quality by applying Inverse 3:2 pulldown.

The 3:2 pulldowned footage has only 48/60 = 4/5 of informationcompared to those not 3:2 pulldowned. Inverse 3:2 pulldown detectsand avoids encoding redundant copied fields, then encoding efficiencywill be gained and the image quality will be improved with moreallocatable bits.

If the source is letter boxed, you can except upper and lowerblack areas from 3:2 pulldown detection to make the detectionmore precise. The setting for a letterbox source is on Picture

setting window. See page 76 for more detail.

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When you select Inverse 3:2 pulldown, auto 3:2 pulldown de-tection will be done when encoding. If you would rather set

pulldown patterns manually or would like to confirm the resultof auto detection to modify, click Settings button to open thewindow for a manual setting. See page 79 Inverse 3:2 pulldownfor more detail.

3:2 (2:3) pulldowned source is only footage to apply this option.Other patterns of pulldown such as 2:3:3:2, 2:3:3:2:2 (PAL NTSC), 2:2 (film PAL) are not supported.

When you apply inverse 3:2 pulldown, Output top field firststream should be selected. If the source is bottom field first,you should also confirm that Offset line is 1 or odd number.

When you output DVD video stream with this option, GOPsequence should be M=3, N/M=4. To specify GOP sequence,click Advanced button in the lower right of the encoder settingwindow. About Advanced video setting window, see page 43.

When you apply Inverse 3:2 pulldown against 720 486 source

file, see also 10.2 Encoder settings for plug-in program /Parameters / Inverse 3:2 pulldown on page 116.

Cautions when applying inverse 3:2 pulldown

f The error of pulldown detection causes jerky movement of de-coded images. If this problem happens everywhere on the de-coded stream, the material does not seem to suit for pulldowndetection. In that case, clear the Inverse 3:2 pulldown check box

and encode again.

f Do not apply pre-filters to the material before 3:2 pulldown de-tection, because it makes the precision of 3:2 pulldown detectionlower. However, there is no problem to use Cinema Craft En-coder SPs internal filters because those filters are applied after3:2 pulldown detection.

f If the original images are compressed, deterioration caused by

the compression affects the precision of pulldown detection.

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2.16. ASPECT RATIO 41

Therefore do not perform heavy compression over the footage.It is recommended to avoid using codec whose compression ra-

tio is higher than DV codec, and also to avoid recompressionduring video editing.

f When multipass encoding, DO NOT FORGET to recre-ate the video information file if you change some set-tings in inverse 3:2 pulldown.

f Chapter setting has an impact on inverse 3:2 pulldown opera-tion. At a frame pointed as a chapter point, the first field of

the frame is forced to be on the top field even disturbing theproper pulldown phase. If you see the pulldown phase out oforder, confirm and modify the location of the chapter point tokeep the pulldown phase. However, this rarely if ever effects onthe quality of image. See page 91 for more detail.

2.15.3 Auto 2-pass detection

Auto 2-pass detection will allow you precise Inverse 3:2 pulldown with-out editing the pulldown list manually.

When you carry out encoding with Inverse 3:2 pulldown and Auto2-pass detection option, auto pulldown detection will be done and apulldown information file will be created gathering the information ofeach line in the source. Then the pulldown list will be reviewed usingthe pulldown information file. If any improvement can be expected,Cinema Craft Encoder SP will modify the pulldown list and add onemore pass automatically to renew VAF file.

If you apply the pulldown list which is manually set, do notselect Auto 2-pass detection, or the pulldown list you set will bediscarded.

2.16 Aspect ratio

Aspect ratio is the ratio between the width and height of the screen.

The MPEG-2 playback device (e.g., DVD player) refers to this setting,

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Chapter 3

Advanced video settingThis section describes the advanced video settings. The setting win-dow is displayed by clicking Advanced video setting button in Encodersetting window (Fig. 2.1).

3.1 Setting GOP configurationIn MPEG, encoding, playing, editing is based on GOP which consistsof a group of pictures.

3.1.1 Picture type

MPEG uses three types of pictures for spatial and temporal coding,that is, I, P and B pictures.

I picture (intra-coded picture)

An I picture holds all the picture information on one picture withinitself. It is not necessary to refer to another picture to decode, butcompression efficiency is not good in comparison with other typesof pictures. Therefore, when the bitrate is the same, the picturequality of a stream of I pictures is lower than that of other types ofstreams. To edit encoded streams, however, it is more convenient to

use numerous I pictures.

43

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44 CHAPTER 3. ADVANCED VIDEO SETTING

Figure 3.1: Advanced video setting window

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3.1. SETTING GOP CONFIGURATION 45

P picture (predictive-coded picture)

A P picture consists of motion vectors referring to previous (justbefore) I picture or P picture and differential information between apicture comprised of these motion vectors and an original picture. Todecode a P picture, referred pictures are required, but compressioncan be done more efficiently than I pictures. However, in a sequencewith continual P pictures, a deterioration in the picture quality of Ppictures may occurs with distance from the referred I picture whendecoding. That results from error accumulation in the gap of IDCT1

calculation method between the encoder and a decoder.

B picture (bidirectionally predictive-coded picture)

A B picture consists of motion vectors referring to previous (justbefore) I picture or P picture and/or future (just after) I picture or Ppicture, and differential information between a picture comprised ofthese motion vectors and an original picture. Therefore, to decode a Bpicture, referred two pictures are required, but compression efficiencyis even better than that of P pictures. Since a B picture is not referred

by other pictures, continual B pictures do not cause accumulationof errors unlike the case of P pictures. However, the sequence ofB pictures means the distance from a referred picture, then causedecrease of the motion compensation effect.

3.1.2 GOP sequence

You can change the GOP sequence modifying M and N/M. M affectsthe number of B picture, and N/M does the number of P picture. You

can see the GOP sequence you set above the setting boxes for M andN/M. The initial setting is M=3, N/M=5.

Generally, M=3, N/M=5 is used for NTSC DVD, M=3, N/M=4for PAL DVD.

When you create a stream for DVD with applying inverse 3:2pulldown, M=3, N/M=4 should be set.

1

Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform

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3.1.3 GOP header

Specify the number of frames to which a GOP header is added. Thisvalue stands for the GOP length. 1 15 can be set. Since the GOPlength must be a multiple of N, the value can be limited to 1 N insome cases. For example, supposing M=3, N/M=5, the value becomesN=15, then no other value than 1 N will be allowed.

3.1.4 SEQ header

Specify how many GOPs between the sequence headers. The initial

setting is 1.

3.2 Add sequence end code

To add the sequence end code, select Add sequence end code checkbox. You should not clear this check box except when necessary.

3.3 Encode the last frame as an I frame

This option will achieve a clear image of the last picture of resultedDVD when you pause the DVD player at the end of the stream.

3.4 DVD Video multiangle

If DVD Video multiangle is selected, the encoder outputs a video Ele-mentary Stream for multiangle DVD. Multipass CBR is recommendedas encoding mode.

It is equivalent to selecting the following three options at the sametime.

Close all GOPs

Disable auto I frame insertion

Equalize each GOPs bit length

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3.5. CLOSE ALL GOPS 47

3.5 Close all GOPs

If Close all GOPs is selected, all GOPs are closed. In closed GOP,individual frames in a GOP do not refer the frames outside the GOP,and B pictures can be correctly decoded even in random access mode.

Even if Close all GOPs is not selected, the GOP at the scenechange point is automatically closed unless Restrict auto I frameinsertion is selected.

If Close all GOPs is selected, image quality will be slightly de-graded. Therefore, do not select this except when necessary.

3.6 Disable auto I frame insertion

Cinema Craft Encoder automatically detects scene change and en-codes the first frame of a new scene as I frame. This function isimportant for improving image quality. However, if you are to cre-ate streams for multiangle DVD, auto I frame insertion may cause aproblem since every I frame should be the same position in an eachangle. In this case, select Disable auto I frame insertion to avoid autoI frame insertion.

If I frame is inserted, the length of GOP will be changed. If youwould like to keep the constant GOP length, select Disable autoI frame insertion check box.

If Disable auto I frame insertion is selected, image quality willbe slightly degraded. Therefore, do not select this except whennecessary.

Even if Disable auto I frame insertion is selected, I frames aschapter points will be put in the location you set. When youcreate a stream for multiangle DVD, you must be careful to

match chapter points in each stream.

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3.10. OUTPUT TOP FIELD FIRST STREAM 49

side of the screen. (In another format called letterbox, black barsare added at the top and bottom of the screen to fill 4:3 TV screen

instead of cutting off the image.)If you prefer to create DVD-Video displayed in panscan format,

select Panscan. This setting works on MPEG-2 output.

3.10 Output top field first stream

Specify the field order of output stream. If it is selected, an outputstream is top field first. If not, an output is bottom field first. This

setting works on MPEG-2 output.It is important to set correct field order, because incorrect fieldorder causes stuttered motion. To set field order correctly, you haveto care about Offset line setting.

If the field order is same between the source and the output,Offset line should be 0 or even number.

If the field order is different between the source and the output,Offset line should be 1 or odd number.

3.11 Offset line

This parameter specifies offset line from which encoding starts. Inanother words, it implies how many lines should be cropped from thetop. For example, if you set 0, no line is cropped and encoding startsfrom the top. When the output is MPEG-2 video, it affects the fieldorder. If this setting is incorrect, the movement of an encoded video

will be jerky. Please be careful about both field orders of outputand source material. (See also Output top field first stream describedabove.)

3.12 Luminance level

Cinema Craft Encoder uses a YUY2 pixel format internally. If thesource format is RGB, the color space conversion into YCbCr will be

performed using this luminance range.

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In ITU-R BT. 601-52, the range of luminance is settled from 16 to235. If this setting is not suitable, you can choose 0 to 255.

When 16 to 235 is specified

RD = 219R + 16 256

GD = 219G + 16 256

BD = 219B + 16 256

Y =77RD + 150GD + 29BD

216

CR =131RD 110GD 21BD

216+ 128

CB =44RD 87GD + 131BD

216+ 128

When 0 to 255 is specified

Y =

77R + 150G + 29B

28

CR =131R 110G 21B

28+ 128

CB =44R 87G + 131B

28+ 128

In any case, decimals in the result of the division are omitted.

3.13 Quantization scale typeWhen you output a MPEG-2 file, you can choose a type for the quan-tization scale used when quantizing DCT coefficients between Linearand Nonlinear. Generally, MPEG-2 outputs use Nonlinear.

MPEG-1 outputs always use Linear.

2Standards and specifications that can be used to broadcast or interchange

digitally coded television signals.

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3.14. QUANTIZATION MATRICES SETTING 51

3.14 Quantization matrices setting

Quantize matrices setting window will appear when you click Quan-tization matrices button. You can choose quantization matrices forencoding or create the new one on the window,.

Figure 3.2: Quantize matrices setting window

Preset

Several presets of quantization matrices are provided in advance. Youcan list them by clicking M next to preset box and select one.

Preset matrices and their characteristics are the following :

StandardCinema Craft Encoder SP sets this one as a standard matrix. Itis the matrix which was used for the evaluation of the MPEG-2international standard algorithm. For natural images, it will beappropriate.

MPEG standard

This one is a default matrix under the MPEG-2 international

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standard. If Standard does not work as fine as you expected,it may help you to improve the quality of image with higher

bitrate.

Smooth (CG etc.)It will be appropriate for smooth and less noise sources like CG.

Very low bitrateIt is intended to be used when encoding NTSC or PAL con-formed source with the bitrate of 4 Mbps or less.

Ultra low bitrateIt is intended to be used when encoding NTSC or PAL con-formed source with the bitrate of 2 Mbps or less. Note that youcannot always lower the bitrate as you would like. How far youcan lower the bitrate depends on your source.

Create quantization matrices

On Quantize matrices setting window, you will see two matrices, one

for Intra block and another for Non-intra block. You can set thesematrices separately. To modify a matrix, type the value directly onthe matrix.

Allowable range of the value is : 1 to 127 3.

(1, 1) element in intra block must be 8 under MPEG standard.

And the buttons below a matrix will help you to modify the value.

button copies (i, j) element and put them in (j, i) when i < j.

button copies (i, j) element and put them in (j, i) when i > j.

Transpose button interchanges rows and columns in a matrix.It means the interchange of (i, j) and (j, i) elements.

3Cinema Craft Encoder SP limits the value to 127 in spite of MPEG standard

255.

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Chapter 4

VBR bit allocationWhen Multipass VBR mode, the parameters such as V/C (see page31.), Avg/Min/Max bitrates are allowed as you can see them on En-coder setting window. In addition to them, you can change the bitratesetting partly in GOPs on VBR bit allocation window (Fig. 4.1).

To open the window, click VBR bit allocation button on Encoder

setting window. Then a fluctuation graph of bitrate or quantizationscale will appear on VBR bit allocation window. And the viewer win-dow will also appear at the same time. You can see how and wherethe bits are allocated on the graph and the viewer, then modify thebit allocation or change the picture quality settings calling Picturesettings window.

The video information file (VAF file) should be created in ad-vance to open VBR bit allocation window. And Multipass VBR

should be selected in encoding mode.

The viewer shows the first I picture of the GOP currently re-ferred.

4.1 Bitrate / Quantization scale graph

VBR bit allocation window will show the calculated plan of bit al-

location which will be done at the next encoding. You can see the

55

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56 CHAPTER 4. VBR BIT ALLOCATION

Figure 4.1: VBR bit allocation window

fluctuation of bitrate or quantization scale on the graph. The X-axisindicates time of source, and the Y-axis indicates bitrate or quanti-zation scale.

4.1.1 Bitrate graph

To show the bitrate fluctuation graph, select Bitrate option button(radio button) at the right side of the graph. Then the graph such asFig. 4.2 will appear.

Three colored vertical short lines on the graph indicate white as Ipicture, green as P picture, and red as B picture. Yellow bar indicatesthe average bitrate of the GOP. Blue band in the back means the bitallocatable band between maximum and minimum bitrate. The dou-ble vertical line is a current time indicator which shows the timecodepoint currently referred. And pink vertical line indicates that the

GOP is closed.

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4.1. BITRATE / QUANTIZATION SCALE GRAPH 57

Figure 4.2: Bitrate graph

4.1.2 Quantization scale graph

Quantization scale affects distortion level. The smaller quantizationscale becomes, the smaller distortion will occur. It means that thequality of the image will be well kept. On the other hand, the largerquantization scale will cause the larger distortion and lose the qualityof image.

To show the fluctuation graph of quantization scale , select Q.scaleoption button (radio button) at the right side of the graph. Then thegraph such as Fig. 4.3 will appear.

As well as bitrate graph, three colored vertical short lines on thegraph indicate white as I picture, green as P picture, and red asB picture. Yellow bar indicates the average quantization scale of theGOP. The double vertical line is a current time indicator which showsthe timecode point currently referred. And pink vertical line indicates

that the GOP is closed.

And you will see the background of the graph is painted in green,gray or red. These colors implies the quality of the encoded image.Green implies that you can expect a good result. Gray representsthe acceptable quality. Red means the distortion will be more visible.The implication is helpful to foresee the quality of results and modifythe settings to avoid the poor quality. Against red painted area, youcan raise the minimum bitrate or apply filters strongly for improving

the quality.

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4.1. BITRATE / QUANTIZATION SCALE GRAPH 59

Scrolling vertically

To scroll the graph vertically, click buttons above graph resetbuttons.

Scrolling horizontally

The graph will move horizontally by GOPs, following the currenttime indicator (the double vertical line). You can see the currenttimecode at Pos in GOP information section located in the lower rightof the window. And timecodes of the edges of the graph are displayedbelow the left and right edges of the graph.

To move the current time indicator, there are several ways listedbelow.

Click the location on the graph you would like to go, then thecurrent time indicator will point there.

Drag the slider just below the graph.

To go to the top of the footage, click button below the leftedge of the graph. To go to the I picture (white short line) inlast GOP of the footage, click button below the right edge ofthe graph.

When you click the buttons at the left of the slider, you canmove forward or backward by the time scale of the button youpress. The time scales you can choose are 10 min / 1 min / 10sec / GOP. And negative values move backward, and positive

values move forward. Then the current time indicator will pointthe I picture of the destination GOP.

When you type the destination timecode at the boxes of Setin GOP information in lower right of the window then clickbutton, you can put the current time indicator at the I pictureof the destination GOP. Instead of clicking button, draggingthe timecode onto the graph will bring the same result. You canalso move to the just previous referred timecode in the boxes of

Prev by dragging or clicking button. And furthermore, you

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can move to the timecodes in In and Out boxes in local bitratesettings section as well.

You can set a frequently referred timecode as a label. Then youcan move there by just selecting the label.

Creating a label

Put a current time indicator on a timecode you would like toset a label. Type the name of a label in the box below the slider

and click button at the right of the box. Then the label willbe put in the label box next to button. You can see the listof labels by clicking M in the right.

Deleting a label

When you delete a currently selected label, click Del buttonnext to the label box. To select a label, click M next to the

label box to open the list and select one. When you delete allof the labels in the list, click Del all button.

Moving to a timecode pointed by a label

Click M next to the label box to open the list, and select one.

Viewer window

You can see the image of source at the I picture of currently referredGOP in the viewer window. And a source file name and a framenumber (0 indicates the first frame of a source file) are displayed onthe title bar of the window. When the multiple files are input for anoutput, timecode of the source files will be combined then becomeconsecutive. However, note that a frame number on the title bar ofthe viewer window is not combined one, but shows a frame number

in each source file.

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4.2. BITRATE SETTINGS 61

The image in the viewer is not a result of applying the modifiedbitrate setting, but just an image of source to specify the time

point for the parameter setting.

The image in the viewer comes from source files, however thetimecode of the graph comes from MPEG file. In some cases, itmay make you confuse.

When you apply inverse 3:2 pulldown, amount of frames willdiffer between source files and MPEG file. It may cause a gapof1 field between viewer image and the actual time point inthe MPEG file when the referred time point is on some pulldown

phases.

When you apply frame rate conversion (e.g., 3:2 pulldown),timecodes will differ between source files and MPEG file. Insuch case, when you call Picture setting window, you will seethat the timecode is different from one in VBR bit allocationwindow. However, you will also see that the frame number ofthe viewers are same in both setting windows.

4.2 Bitrate settings

You can modify the bitrate setting throughout the footage or partly,seeing the fluctuation of the graph.

4.2.1 Global bitrate settings

You can modify the bitrate setting and V/C setting as you have done

on Encoder setting window. The modified setting will be appliedthrough the footage.

Avg/Min/Max

You can modify the average, minimum, maximum bitrate setting. Ifyou change the setting, the graph will be updated automatically.

About the update of the graph, see Update the graph de-

scribed later.

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4.2. BITRATE SETTINGS 63

4.2.3 Keep the previous bit allocation

To keep the bit allocation used in the previous encoding, specify Inand Out points then click Lock button. Once you locked the section,any changes you made later will not be applied in the section. So,when you got a good result partly in the previous encoding, you canavoid loosing the quality of the parts.

In the locked section, the blue band in the back, which indicatesthe bit allocatable band between maximum and minimum bitrate,will disappear.

When you open VBR bit allocation window, the graph will showyou the newly planned bit allocation for the next encoding,which is calculated from the video information file (VAF file).Once you locked a section, the planned bit allocation on thegraph will be discarded and replaced with the bit allocationused in the previous encoding.

Even if you lock the bit allocation, the slightest modificationmay occur to keep VBV (Video Buffer Verifier) model of MPEG-

2.

4.2.4 Apply the changes

To apply the local bitrate settings and update the graph, click Setbutton.

About the update of the graph, see Update the graph de-scribed later.

4.2.5 Cancel the changes

To cancel the local bitrate settings, specify In and Out points thenclick Reset button.

When you cancel the changes, the bit allocation in a sectionwill be back to the initially planned one. That is the one yousaw when you just opened the window. Note that it is not the

cancellation of a just previous change you made.

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When you point the top of the footage as In and the last Ipicture as Out, the cancellation will be applied through the

footage then the graph will be back to the one you saw whenyou just opened the window.

When you make the changes on VBR bit allocation window, thechanges will be written to the video information file immedi-ately. If you need to keep the video information in a step ofchanging the settings, you should save the VAF file as anothername. Then you can go back to the step when you would like,not to the initial one by Reset button. To refer to another named

VAF file, close VBR bit allocation window to go back to Encodersetting window, then change the video information file name inOutput files section, and open VBR bit allocation window again.

4.2.6 Update the graph

When you make the changes, planning calculation for the renewedbit allocation will start. During the calculation, the indicator next tothe timecode box of the right edge of the graph will turn to [Planning]

from [Clean]. When finished calculation, the graph will be updatedand the indicator will turn back to [Clean]. Note that the graph hasnot renewed until [Planning] turns to [Clean].

If you make the changes during [Planning], just calculating bitallocation will be discarded and the calculation for the new onewill start.

4.3 GOP information

Pos

Pos shows the timecode pointed by the current time indicator.In VBR bit allocation window, timecode comes from MPEG files, andthe image in the viewer comes from source files.When you apply inverse 3:2 pulldown, amount of frames will differbetween source files and MPEG file. It may cause a gap of1 fieldbetween viewer image and the actual time point in the MPEG file

when the referred time point is on some pulldown phases.

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4.3. GOP INFORMATION 65

When you apply frame rate conversion (e.g., 3:2 pulldown), timecodeswill differ between source files and MPEG file. In this case, when you

call Picture setting window, you will see that the timecode is differentfrom one in VBR bit allocation window. However, you will also see thatthe frame number of the viewers are same in both setting windows.

Set

When you specify the destination timecode in Set box then clickbutton, you can jump to the I picture of the distination GOP. Insteadof button, dragging the timecode onto the graph will bring the

same result.

Prev

Prev shows the timecode just previously pointed by the current timeindicator. You can move to the timecode by dragging or clickingbutton.

BR

It shows average bitrate in a GOP pointed by the current time in-dicator. Numbers in parentheses shows the minimum and maximumbitrate of the stream.

Q.

It shows average Q.scale of each picture type (I,P,B) in a GOP pointedby the current time indicator.

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68 CHAPTER 5. PICTURE SETTINGS

Figure 5.1: Picture settings window

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5.1. ENTRY LIST 69

If you select check box for to below TC in, the timecode of thenext entry will be added at the same time.

To put the TC from timecode into to box, click buttonin the right. To put the to timecode into TC from box,click button. Dragging the timecode will bring the sameresult.

Set the parameters. The explanation of each parameter is de-scribed later on page 70. The parameter setting you made willbe applied from the TC from timecode to the timecode just be-fore the next entry.

Click Set button below the timecode boxes to put the parameterset into the list as an entry. Then you can see the entry numberin # column of the list, the timecode in the TC, and the captionin the Description column.

There is another way to build the entry list: add all of the

timecodes for the entries first, then set the parameters for eachentry later. To set the parameters later, select the entry in thelist then set the parameters. When completed the setting, clickApply button in the lower right of the window or Set buttonbelow the timecode boxes to update the entry list.

You can see the image of source of the currently referred time-code in the viewer window. Note that the image in the vieweris not a result of applying the parameter set, but just an imageof source to specify the time point for the setting.

On the title bar of the viewer, a source file name and a framenumber (0 indicates the first frame of a source file) are displayed.When the multiple files are input for an output, timecode of thesource files will be combined then become consecutive. However,note that a frame number on the title bar of the viewer windowis not combined one, but shows a frame number in each source

file.

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5.1.2 Operation buttons for the list

Chapters

It does not give an list operation, but opens the chapter list window.

Del

It deletes the currently selected entry from the list. You can alsodelete the entry by Delete key.When you delete an entry, the duration included in the entry willbe combined to the just previous entry and the parameter set of the

previous one will be applied there.Note that you cannot delete the entry TC in.

Reset

It deletes all of the entries except TC in.

5.1.3 Saving/Loading the entry list

You can save the entry list to a file in text format or in CSV format.To save the list, click List Save button. To load the file you saved,click List Load button.

5.2 Simple setting

There are two ways of setting filters. In Simple setting, a properparameter set is automatically chosen by specifying the type and the

complexity of source material. In Detailed setting, you can choose thefilters and their values individually. And Simple setting is linked toDetailed setting, so you can see the contents of a parameter set ofSimple setting in Detailed setting section.

Figure 5.2: Simple setting

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5.2. SIMPLE SETTING 71

5.2.1 Material types

Choose the material type from the following three alternatives.

Natural picture

It is appropriate for live-action images.

Computer Graphics

It is appropriate for smooth images like computer graphics.

Animation

It is appropriate for high contrast images such as cell animation.

5.2.2 Complexity of material

Specify the complexity of material in 5 levels. When it seems plainor flat, move the slider to the left. When it seems more complicated,

move the slider to the right.The examples for choosing a level of the complexity are listed below.

Flat:

Simple flat picture

Horizontal motion

Complicated:

Complicated picture

Complicated motion

Zooming

Surface of the water, flickering flame, stirring leaves in thewind

Crossfading between pictures with different motions

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5.2.3 Parameter sets of Simple setting

The tables below show the parameter sets of Simple setting.

NaturalParameter 1 2 3 4 5Low - 32 32 24 16High - - - - -Vertical filter - - - 6 8Dithered Q. -Y 8 8 - - -Dithered Q. -C 4 4 - - -

Quantizer characteristics 24 20 16 12 8

C.G.Parameter 1 2 3 4 5Low - 32 32 24 16High - - - - -Vertical filter - - - 16 16Dithered Q. -Y 18 18 12 - -

Dithered Q. -C 9 9 6 - -Quantizer characteristics 5 4 3 2 1

AnimationParameter 1 2 3 4 5Low 32 32 32 24 16High - - - - -Vertical filter - - - 6 8

Dithered Q. -Y 18 18 - - -Dithered Q. -C 9 9 - - -Quantizer characteristics 40 32 24 16 8

5.3 Detailed setting

In Detailed setting, you can choose the filters you need and set their

values individually.

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5.3. DETAILED SETTING 73

Figure 5.3: Detailed setting

5.3.1 Caption

Specify the name of the parameter set. The caption you set will bedisplayed on Description column of the enrty list when you click Setbutton. It is not necessary, but will help you follow the list with easyname.

5.3.2 Low and High filterYou can set these filters seeing their frequency characteristics on filtercharacteristics chart

Low

It is a low pass filter to cut out the higher frequency components at

specific frequencies. It tends to make the image blur or smooth.

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Figure 5.4: Low and High filter

Cut-off Frequency Move the slider in the left hand.Allowed range : 4 - 47

Slope Move the slider in the right hand.Allowed range : 0 - 200The smaller the value, the flatterattenuation slope becomes.The bigger the value, the steeperthe slope becomes.

You can see the slope on the chart.

The default value of cut-off frequency is 4.5MHz. It will be ableto cut the mosquito noise of almost all the sources with the

frequency. If you set the lower value than 4.5MHz, you shouldcarefully check the result not to cause a problem.

High

It is a high boost filter to increase gain at specific frequencies. It tends

to make the image greasy emphasising details like edges or lines.

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5.3. DETAILED SETTING 75

Turnover frequency Move the slider in the left hand.

Allowed range : 4 - 47Slope Move the slider in the right hand.

Allowed range : 0 - 200The smaller the value, the flatterthe slope becomes.The bigger the value, the steeperthe slope becomes.You can see the slope on the chart.

Filter Characteristics Chart

It shows the frequency characteristics of High and Low filters you set,gain (dB) on the vertical axis and frequency (Hz) on the horizontalaxis. When you put the mouse pointer on the chart, you can see thepointed value in the right. When you set High and Low filters, becareful about the slope because too steep slope may cause overshootor ringing.

5.3.3 Vertical filter

It detects the texture domain and reduces speckle noise, keeping thesharpness of the edges. The value you can set is from 1 to 64. Thebigger the value, the larger domain will be detected as a texture.

If your source is interlaced, specify the value 16 or less. If youapply bigger value, it may cause a jerky motion.

If your source is progressive or 3:2 pulldowned, the value isrecommended not to exceed 32.

5.3.4 Dithered quantization

It adds a small noise (dither) before quantization to reduce the quan-

tization error and to distribute the remaining error more effectively.

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It can help you remove contouring artifact1 in fading in/out or in agradation of the color. You can set the values for Y (luminance) and

C (chrominance) signals separately.

The addition of dithers will cause a loss of the quality ofimage where there is no contouring artifact. You shouldset the value moderately not to exceed 40.

5.3.5 Quantizer characteristics

This is a parameter for the balance of bit allocation between simpleand complicated part. The range you can set is 0 to 100.

As the value becomes closer to 0, a higher bit amount is allocatedto complicated part of the image. As the value becomes closer to 100,a higher bit amount is allocated to flat part of the image. When thevalue is close to 0, the mosquito noise at the edges (noise causing hazypart along the edges, looking like flying mosquitoes) is less noticeable,but the contouring noise (noise which looks like contour line patterns,which appear in flat and

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