“Native” Americans

• Beringia– Eskimo– Northwest– Anasazi

• Pueblos• Water conservation

– Similarities• Diet

– Hunt, farm, fish• Bows & arrows• No writing

• Vs. Europeans– Less dense– No wheels or ships– Small animals only

• Ericsson• Prince Henry• Bartolomeu Dias• Vasco da Gama breaks

Mediterranean monopoly 1498

• Portugal inches along African coast– Slaves– Religion

• Cape Verde 1st plantations

• Ottoman Turks– Genoa & Venice– Atlantic nations look

west

• Spain– Moors

• Columbus– Bad with the ruler– San Salvador

• Bahamas

– Hispaniola• La Navidad

– Returns with natives– 4 trips– Columbian Exchange

• Goods, ppl & ideas

• Treaty of Tordesillas– Portugal– Brazil only– de Gama 1498

• Cabot – Northwest Passage/ cod

• Cabral– Vespucci

• Balboa• Magellan

– West voyage not feasible

• Conquistadores– Cortez

• Aztec– Empire, tribute,

sacrifice• Spain most powerful after

– Pizarro• Inca

• French– Verrazano– Cartier

• Up to now– No settlements in

America– Spanish Empire – Portugal to China– International fishing

• Huguenots– Challenge to Spain– St. Augustine 1st

• England– John Hawkins Africa to Haiti

• Factors encouraging exploration– Technological advances– Monarchs looking to

enlarge, enrich– Gold, glory & the Gospel

• England supplants Spain– Henry VIII– Elizabeth

• Reform

– Drake– Roanoke Island – Armada

• Spain defends Cath.• English pond

England Colonizes in a Big Way

• Hakluyt– New trade partners– Ease unemployment

• Pressure valve• 1530-1680 Pop doubled

causing many to leave

• Joint-stock company– VA London– VA Plymouth– Takes time for profit

• Jamestown– License to poach– Terrible location

• Swamp, drought

– Gentlemen/servants– Search for gold

• 38/144– Malnutrition, disease,

European traditions of labor– Could have done better if

they learned to farm

– John Smith• Harsh• “The Starving Time”

• Powhatan Confederacy– Aid led to survival – Weapons for reinforcing

• Lord de la Warr– Irish tactics

• Raid, burn, steal• Natives inferior• Almost exterminated due to

VA success

• John Rolfe– Made VA a stable colony– Seals peace by marriage

• Spread of the vile weed– Scattered settlements– Constant encroaching

• Labor force– Indentured

• Lack of labor• Poor, willing• Cheap, abundant• 2x or 3x pay• Most migrants to

Chesapeake• Many premature deaths

• Society of servants and ex-servants

• Sometimes sold• Extended– legally

– Stole, ran away, pregnant– Women no marriage– Freedom dues

– Headright• Wealthy gentry class

– More land, more workers

– New arrivals in 1619• Africans & wives?

• House of Burgesses– Series of harsh rulers– Representative self-

government• Local laws only but, it set

a precedent of self-government at local level in colonies

• James hates tobacco and distrusted H of B.

• Charter revoked 1624, reinstated 1629

• Maryland– Proprietary

• Lord B’more• Sanctuary

– But… conflict» Majority

Protestants as yeoman

» Catholics as gentry– Act of Toleration 1649

• Depended on tobacco & indentured servants

• Polarized society post 1649– Land, money in east– Untamed in the west– Gov. Berkeley

• No elections for 15 years• Only male landowners &

heads of households• Monopolized fur trade w/

Indians• Bacon’s Rebellion

– Big guys & little guys, Berkeley removed

– New workforce

• New England• Pilgrims– Separatists– Too corrupt– Holland– Mayflower Compact

• Political body & legal auth• Will of majority

– Squanto• Pilgrims as allies• Thanksgiving

• Mass. Bay Colony– Covenant

• Contract for a mission

– “City Upon a Hill”• Reform the Church of

Eng.– King’s puppet

– Families, educated, college

– Voting rights• Property owning males• Popular got big tracts

The sewer where the “Lord’s debris” collected and rotted

• Connecticut– Thomas Hooker– All males– Fundamental Orders of

CT.

• Rhode Island– Roger Williams

• Land belonged to…• Freedom of religion

– Newport 1658

– Anne Hutchinson• Comm. Directly with God

Relations with Indians

• Pequot War of 1637– White settlement

disrupted trade– Narragansett allies– Heavily criticized

• Tried to Christianize• Indians knew only unity

stops encroachment

• King Philip’s War– Encroachment

• Surrounded Indian towns• Sassamon• Mohawk• Great Swamp• Sold into slavery• Debt, ruined frontier,

hatred• Eunice Williams stayed• Mary Rowlandson–

Redemption Rock

Trouble in New England

• Salem– Tituba

• Witchcraft• Specters

– Causes• Continual disorder

explained by blame– Indian attacks– Decline of Puritan s.– Ergot

The Other Colonies

• New York– 1609 Hudson– Albany– New Netherlands– New Amsterdam

• Manhattan• Patroonships• Headright

– Diverse– Huguenots

• Peter Stuyvesant• Duke of York– James

• Pennsylvania– Wm. Penn– Quaker– Proprietary– Indians

• Purchase land, deal fairly, respect claims

• Those having probs elsewhere

– Religious toleration• “in the souls there is no

sex”

• Carolina– Restoration as others– Barbados

• Charles Town• Slaves• Staple crop

– Eliza Lucas

– VA influence

• Georgia– Oglethorpe– Buffer/Reform

• Between two empires

– Savannah

Governing the Colonies

• Navigation Acts– Only English/colonial

ships– Enumerated list– Make money/

competition– Salutary Neglect

• Robert Walpole• Admiralty Courts

• Crown attacks colony’s charters– Mass Bay– Dominion of New

England• Under direct crown

control• Land titles invalidated• Edmund Andros• Glorious Revolution

– Mass Bay restored

– Leisler’s Rebellion– John Coode

• More Indian Wars– New York

• Beaver Wars• Iroquois

– European diseases

– North Carolina• Tuscarora

– Many enslaved– 6th Nation

• South Carolina– Yamassee

• Abuse (slavery)• Lands• Spanish intrigue

• Slavery– Portuguese

• Africans practiced violence– European didn’t have

too– Xtianized them instead

– Triangular Trade• Products & trade basis of

economy• Middle Passage

– Rebellion• Stono• No overturn, no winning

fight for freedom

• Colonial Experiences– The Great Awakening

• First Shared

– Religious Indifference• Convert non-believer• Revive piety

– Revivals• Jonathan Edwards

– “Sinners… • Religious Diversity

• Enlightenment– Life, liberty, property

• John Locke– Right of rebellion

• Peter Zenger

– Religion• Deism• God the Clockmaker

– Ben Franklin• Poor Richard’s

• The French in America– Champlain

• Coureurs de bois• Black Robes

– Robert de la Salle• Mississippi

– No suppression Indians– Like European goods

• Kept Spanish away

• Wars with France– King William/Queen Anne

• Mostly European• Frontier towns attacked

– Still need English prot.

– King George’s War• Louisbourg

– Colonists furious» Boston widows

• French/Indian War– Contested land

• Ohio Valley• French forts• Gov. Dinwiddie

– Washington» Surrenders» British retaliate

• Nova Scotia

– Albany Congress• Albany Plan for Union

– Ben Franklin

» Win Indians» Colonists meet

annually» Refused by colony &

crown• Independence–

not enough, too much

– General Braddock• Duquesne• Colonists refused• British feel colony bear

responsibility• Indians side with French–

less land hungry

– William Pitt• Better commanders

– Local recruitment• Finance thoroughly, but…

– Boon to colonial economy

• Focus on NA not WI– Attack Quebec– Cripple colonies– Plains of Abraham

» Wolfe/Montcalm» Iroquois ally GB

– Treaty of Paris• Indians lose land• England east, Spain west

– Colonial hangover• Colonists

– Military confidence– Colonists treated poorly

» No promotions» Discipline brutal» Amateurs

• British concerns– Am. Trade w/ enemy– Am. Headed west

• Pontiac’s Rebellion– Refused to surrender

lands– British raised prices– Several Br. Forts attacked– Many lives– Germ warfare

• Proclamation of 1763– Keep peace– Soldiers stationed here

• British problems– War debt– Colonists should help pay

for empire– Pitt’s role– Standing Army

(where?!?)– Quartering Act

• Sugar Act– Molasses Act– Rewards for capture

• Stamp Act– Internal tax– James Otis

• No rep in Parle• Direct rep here• Grenville virtual

– Sons & Daughters• Boycott

– VA Resolves• Patrick Henry• Caesar, Chas I and George

– Stamp Act Congress• First successful union• 9 of 13• Rights & Grievances

– Tax and represent redux– Jury w/o trial– Restrict on trade

• Prevent distribution– Andrew Oliver

» Effigy – Thomas Hutchinson

» All resigned

• Boycott worked• Declaratory Act

• Townsend Acts– Revenue Act of 1765– Customs collectors paid

by crown– Tax on lead, glass, paint,

tea– Writs of assistance– New York Assembly

– Circular Letter• Sam Adams• Tax w/o consent?• VA Assembly agrees

dissolved

• Currently– Taxes– Houses searched– Troops stationed at the

center of hotbeds

• Boston Massacre– March 5, 1770– Soldiers withdrawn– Townsend repealed

• Gaspée– Crown’s commission to

find perpetrators– Committees of

Correspondence• Cooperation to oppose

• Boston Tea Party– British East India Tea Co.

• Smuggled tea• Tax lowered• Favoritism• Hurt current suppliers• Hurt smugglers

• “Intolerable” Acts– 1. Boston Harbor– 2. Mass. Charter– 3. Trials in England

– 4. New Quartering Act– 5. Quebec Act

• New borders– Land granted to

Catholics!– No precedent

– General Gage

• First Continental Congress– Rights & Grievances

• Hope for cooler heads in Parlement– no response

• Continental Association– Manage boycott– Ben Franklin

» “we must hang together…”

– Colonists forced to choose sides

– Meet again in one year

• Lexington & Concord 4/75– Stockpiles– Paul Revere/Wm. Dawes– Sam Adams/John Hancock

– Boston under siege

• Second Continental Congress– G. Washington C-in-C– Mass Militia named Cont.

Army

• Bunker Hill– 3 attempts– Pyrrhic victory– Hessians– Ports closed– Halifax

• Ethan Allen• Canadian Invasion– Benedict Arnold

• Common Sense– Thomas Paine

• Hessian’s (unpopularity)• Fawkes Day– Need European support

• Independence needed– Richard Henry Lee– “These colonies…”

• Adams, Franklin, Jeff• SC & GA edit

– All men…– Life, liberty &– Government purpose to

allow– Government derives

power– If government fails to

allow

• All signers… treason• All states write their own

• Battle of New York– No pursuit– Desertion– The Crisis

• British ad/disad– Army– 3000 miles– Re-conquer judiciously

• New Jersey– Delaware– Trenton– Princeton

• Americans– Good officers as well as

bad– Home game– Women

• Nurses• Domestic• Shurtleff• Pitcher

• Britain cuts off New Eng– Howe– Philadelphia

• Brandywine• No accomplishment

– Burgoyne– Saratoga

• One of the biggest• French

– Repossess– Fear reconcile

• Home-rule

• Valley Forge– Baron von Steuben

• War in the West– Joseph Brandt

• Iroquois Alliance

– George Rogers Clark– Indians mostly neutral to

leaning British

• War on the Sea– John Paul Jones

• Bonhomme Richard

– Privateers

• War in the South– Charleston/ Savannah

• Put Tories in charge• African- Americans• Nathaniel Greene

– We fight…– Guerrilla

» Marion» Sumter» Further inland

• Yorktown– De Grasse– Cut their losses

• Treaty of Paris

• State Constitutions– Governors – Bi-cameral– Limit voting rights

• South “at least you…”

– VA had bill of rights

• Republican government– Elect reps– Weak central gov’t

• Articles of Confederation• Foreign affairs• Maintain army• Borrow• Issue currency

– Could not• Regulate trade• Draft• Tax• Laws 9/13, amend 13/13• No exec, no judiciary

• One vote per• Ratification problems

– Western lands– 3/1781

– Accomplishments• Won war• Foreign affairs• New states

• Land policy– Ordinance of 1785

• 1st independent source of revenue

• 6x6• Education• Auction• Speculators• 640 for $1 each

• Ordinance of 1787– Northwest Territory– 3 to 5 (equal) states

• 60,000

– Bill of Rights– No slavery but…

• Problems with Money– Soldiers wages– March on PHL– Paper worthless– Dept of Finance

• Robert Morris• 5% imports

– Denied (gov’t too powerful?)

• Post war depression– Rice crop– Farms confiscated– WI closed– Britain flooded states

• Shays’ Rebellion– Mass broke– Tax farmers– Confiscate land– Shays marches to courts/

arsenal– A of C not strong enough

• Slavery– Immediate to gradual

freedom– VA manumission – “All men…”

• Quok Walker• South… not human• NJ

• Const. Convention– Annapolis Conf.

– Madison/Hamilton• Change A of C– too weak• 55 delegates– lawyers

– VA Plan• Bi-cameral• Pop. proportioned• Exec chosen by legis.

– NJ Plan• Uni-cameral• Plural execs

• Great Compromise– Roger Sherman– Bi-cameral

• House, Senate• 3/5 clause• Slavery till 1808• 9 of 13 ratify

• Ratification– Federalists/anti-Federalist

• Fear distance power• Bill of Rights

– Delaware– New Hampshire– VA

• Bill to be added

– NY• Federalist Papers

– Failure of A of C

• First Election– Washington

• Adams

• Dept of Treasury– Hamilton

• State– Jefferson

• War• “Cabinet”– Advisers

• Judiciary Act of 1789– Supreme Ct.– John Jay

• Bill of Rights– Madison– 12-10– No mention of who can

vote

• Financial problems– Hamilton

• Tariff• South no

– Report on Public Credit

– Fed debt at par• Speculators (wealthy)

– Assumption• States have stake• South not happy• Washington D.C.

• National Bank– Vault, loans, currency– Strict– Loose

• Necessary and…• Political parties

• Whiskey Rebellion– Hamilton’s programs

• 25%• Bartering• Serious threat• Nationalize PA militia

• Frontier problems– Indians look to Eng./Sp.– Anthony Wayne

• Fallen Timbers• Greenville

– Ohio

• European problems– Revolution

• Neutrality• Citizen Genet• Jefferson resigns• British impress

– Jay’s Treaty• Hamilton’s role• Northwest• Pay for ships• Allow trade w/ Brit. W.I.

• Freed slaves?• Executive privilege

– Pinckney’s Treaty• Spain• Right of Deposit• Mississippi

• Washington’s Farewell– Precedent– Party system– Alliances

• Election of 1796– Adams– Jefferson– 71-68– 12th Amendment

• Adam’s presidency– Problems w/ France– XYZ Affair

• Shipping• Talleyrand

– Undeclared war• Dept of Navy

– Alien & Sedition Acts• Aimed at Republicans

– 14 year• Sedition Act

– KY & VA resolutions• Compact• Nullification

• Election of 1800– Adams

• A/S• Taxes for Navy• Whiskey• Jay’s Treaty

– Jefferson• Atheist• Jacobin• Sally Hemings• Burr as help• Tie• “Revolution”

• Jefferson Presidency– States center

• Compact

– Capital– Debt paid down

• Gallatin• Army/navy• Excise tax• Sedition Act• Naturalization repealed• Kept par, et al

• Midnight Appointments– Federalists– John Marshall– Marbury v. Madison– Writ of Mandamus– Judicial Review– Samuel Chase

• Foreign Policy• Tripoli• Stephen Decatur

– Louisiana Purchase• French control/empire?• Right of Deposit• Eli Whitney• Livingston/Madison• Haiti

– Toussaint L’Ouverture• Napoleon needs $$$

more

• Feds oppose• Strict v. Loose• Doubled size• Lewis & Clark

– Good relations– Flora/fauna– Water route– Oregon– Sacajawea– Louisiana 1812

• Domestic Issues– Essex Junto

• New England, NY, NJ– Feds losing influence– Burr as governor– Hamilton – Southwest Empire?

• 2nd Term– Problems w/ Britain &

France• Continental System• Orders in Council

• Impressment– 6,000 1808-1811

• Chesapeake v. Leopard• Embargo Act

– Disaster– Smuggling

• Non- Intercourse Act

• Election of 1808– Madison – Feds gain seats– Macon’s Bill #2

– War Hawks• Henry Clay• John C. Calhoun• Andrew Jackson• All anti-British

– Tippecanoe • Wm. Henry Harrison• Tecumseh• Federation• Tecumseh flees

• Causes for War– War Hawks want Canada– Florida– Impressment– Federalists oppose– Sectional vote– Orders in Council

suspended but news travels slow

• War of 1812– Ads:

• Britain tied up w/Nap• Home game• Canada target w/ little

pop.

– Dis-ad:• Small army &

old/untrained• “Mr. Madison’s War”

• Invasion of Canada– William Hull– NY Militia

• Lake Erie– Oliver Hazard Perry– Thames

• Retreating British• Tecumseh• York

• At Sea– USS Constitution

• 2 big victories

– Inland lakes– Privateers– British blockade

• Economy crippled• Treasury broke

– Bank expired

• 1814 Napoleon defeated– Chesapeake

• Washington• Baltimore

– Francis Scott Key

– Hudson• Plattsburgh • Macdonough• War too costly

– Southwest Campaign• Jackson

– Horseshoe Bend

– Treaty of Ghent• Status Quo Ante Bellum• New Orleans

– Hartford Convention• Feds last hurrah• Openly traded w/ Britain• State militias• 3/5 clause• 60 day embargo• 1 term President

• No successive President from same state

• 2/3 vote for new states• Poor timing

• Era of Good Feelings– 1816 Elections

• James Monroe• Little opposition

– Nationalism High– BUS re-chartered 1816

• Local banks

• War effort hurt

– Tariff of 1816• Protective

– Florida• Adams-Onis

– Rush-Bagot/Convention of 1818• Demilitarized • 49th Parallel

• Panic of 1819– Westward migration– Steamships– Wildcat– Distrust of BUS

• McCulloch v. MD

• MO Compromise– Whitney & LA Purchase

• Slavery forefront• Profitable & expanding

– Balanced Senate• Tallmadge Amendment

– Gradual Abolition– Precedent?

» LA Purchase» South too?

– Compromise by Clay• MO/ME• 36’36”

• Foreign Policy (Monroe)– Monroe Doctrine

• Great Britain• West closed• US stays out of Europe• GB motives

• Election of 1824– Caucus– One party– Crawford—Clay– Adams

– Jackson

– Jackson wins popular– Jackson wins electoral

• Plurality• House• Clay’s role• Corrupt Bargain?

• Adam’s Presidency– Internal improvements– National Road– Canals

• Erie

– National University?– Naval College?

• Election of 1828– Jackson

• Democratic Republicans• Property qual. Dropped

– RI 1842• Mudslinging• Rachel

– Adams• National Republicans

• Jackson’s Presidency– King Mob– inauguration – Spoils System

• Loyalists• Beginnings of patronage

• Jackson & Tariff of 1828– Inherited– Abominations

• South manuf. little• South sold worldwide• Slavery?

• MO fires rekindled• Denmark Vesey 1822

– SC Exposition• Calhoun• KY & VA Resolutions

• “Nullies”– Tariff of 1832– Too little– Nullified– Secession?

– Jackson… “Hang the first”

– Clay Compromise• 1833 Tariff

– Force Bill– SC repealed nullification

• Nullified Force Bill

• Indian Removal– Trail of Tears– Five Civilized Tribes

• Cherokee• Alphabet• Sequoyah• Slave owners

– Worcester v. GA• Sovereign• “John Marshall has made

his decision…”

– West to “save” them– Sauk/Fox

• Blackhawk

– Seminole/Osceola

• Eaton Malaria– Peggy wife of John– Sec’y of War– Floride Calhoun– Rachel– Cabinet resigned

– Martin Van Buren– VP frontrunner

• Bank War & Election of 1832– BUS controlled economy– Answers to no one– Controlled gold/silver– Nicholas Biddle– Clay asks for re-charter 4

years early (1832)

– Vetoed (as many others)

• Clay & National Republicans– Nomination conventions

with platforms (1st )– First third party

• Anti-Mason• William Wirt• Anti-Jackson• Morphed in with Whigs

• Killing the Bank– Mandate– Taney– Biddle tries to create

crisis– “Pet” banks– More wildcats– Specie Circular

• “Hard” currency only• Led to another panic

• Whigs & Election of 1836– King Andrew the First– Only issue– Jackson

• South hates tariff• North hates slavery• Clay hates Jackson• West lovers American

System• Anti-Masons

– Favorite Sons– Wm. Henry Harrison

• Van Buren’s Presidency– First born in “America”– “Machine-made”

• Other Dems resented

– Trouble in Maine• Aroostook • Webster-Ashburton 1842

– Abolitionism in full swing

– Panic of 1837• Land spec.• Wildcats• Specie Circular• Wheat crop fail• Pet banks failed

– Government $$$• Buren– laissez faire• Independent Treasury Bill

– Trail of Tears 1838– Texas