CCP Notes( computer basics)

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    Introduction to Computing 1

    1. With a neat schematic block diagram of a digital computer describe its

    functional units.

    Central Processing Unit

    Input Unit:-

    The user can enter the data or program (instructions) to the computer

    system.

    It converts the data into a suitable form that can be understood by the

    Computer.

    The converted data is stored in the form of 0s and 1s and then sent to

    Central processing unit The user can also interact with other devices such as C!" #! and

    output unit.

    Output unit:-

    $ccepts the result or data from memory which are in the form of 0s and 1s.

    %utput the results or data to a form which is suitable for humanunderstanding.

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    Arithmetic

    and ogic

    Unit

    Input Unit

    'eyboard"

    mouse

    Arithmetic and

    ogic Unit

    Output Unit

    rinter"

    #onitorControl Unit

    !emor" Unit

    Main memory+ ,%#" ,$# Secondary memory+ hard dis-

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    Introduction to Computing

    Central Processing Unit#-

    The data received from the input device is processed in this unit.

    It consists of two functional units+ 1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU)

    2. Control Unit (CU)

    1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU);-

    o $n $/! consists of electronic circuitry which performs calculations withbasic arithmetic operations such as addition ()" subtraction ()" multiplication

    (2)" division (3).

    o It also consists of logic circuitry which performs logic operations li-e true or

    false" yes or no.

    2. Control Unit (CU):-

    o The unit controls and coordinates all parts of computer system.

    o It e4ecutes an instruction by signaling to carry out the necessary data transfers

    and manipulations.

    o Identifies what action to be ta-en. (decoding)

    !emor" Unit $!U%:-

    This is the storage device where the data and instructions fed by the user are stored.

    The computer memory is classified into

    Main memory+ This is the place where the data and instructions supplied bythe input devices are stored.

    This is the temporary memory because the data and instructions are erased

    5hen the power goes off.It consists of ,$# and ,%# main memories.

    Secondary memory+ This is the permanent memory and also called as bac- up

    memory.It stores a large about of information for a long time.

    Cache memory+ This is the high speed memory and placed between the C! and the

    main memory.!sers cannot access it.

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    Introduction to Computing 6

    &. '(plain the different t"pes of computers.

    7igital Computer

    )ased on technolog" $nalog Computer

    8ybrid computer

    TYPES ! C"PUTE#S

    #icro computer

    #ini computer

    Computers for #ain frame computer

    organi*ation

    *uper computer

    l. Com$%ter& 'a&ed on technolog-

    Digital computer+Computers accept and process data in terms of digital data such as 0s

    and 1s *eries of 9 consecutive bits is called a byte

    *eries of bytes represent data or instruction

    :.g. (ersonal 7igital Computer $ssistant)

    Analog computer+They accept data whose values -eep changing with respect to time.

    7ata may be in the form of continuous voltages" fre;uencies" temperature etc. rocessing is done on continuously varying signals.:.g. *peedometer

    Hybrid Computer+It is designed to handle digital and analog computers and hence alsocalled analogdigital computer.

    $ccepts analog signals and converts into digital form.

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    Introduction to Computing

    Cache memor":

    Its a high speed memory and is placed between C! and main memory.

    The data and instructions stored in it are accessed at a higher speed

    !sers cannot access this memory

    It stores data and instructions that are currently to be e4ecuted

    /. 0iscuss the applications merits and demerits of a computer.

    A$$lication&+

    Science !"!sed by scientists to analye large ;uantity of data to analye the effect of

    earth;ua-e on buildings and dams for satellite launching and remote controlling.

    'ducation!":/earning is becoming popular. Computers are used as teaching aid in

    maDority of educational institutions.

    Medicine and Health+7iagnosing the illness to monitoring the patients status till hiscomplete recovery.

    !sing the computer generated images and resultsE they can pinpoint the cause of

    the disease

    'ngineeringArchitectureManuacturing!":ngineers and architects use the computers for

    planning" designing and drawing the layouts for house" roads" dams etc.

    Communication!"send and receive emails" eshopping" eban-ing" ecommerce" e

    learning etc.

    u#ine## and ban*ing+or numerous administrative purposes" preparing salary bills

    !sed in ban-ing" insurance sectors and mar-eting for online payments and

    transactions" publishing etc. %nline business

    +o&ernment#!"!sed for weather forecasting" in military" satellite launching and

    controlling" communication" egovernment etc.

    or police force to search for the information on criminals" crime scenes" drivinglicenses etc.

    'ntertainment!"!sed in music industry" games etc. Computer animation and colorful graphics with multimedia effect.

    "erit&:-

    Speed!"The computers can process data at very high speed. *peed is measured in terms in terms of #I* and =I*.

    Accuracy!"The results produced by the computer are very accurate.

    ,eliability!"It gives correct and consistent result always even if they are used in adverseconditions.

    Storage capability!"They can store large amounts of data and can be retrieved at any timein fraction of a second.

    $er#atility!"They can do variety of Dobs based on the instructions given to them.

    Diligence!"They can perform complicated wor- without any brea- for days togetherE

    even year together without committing any error.

    +e-merit&:-

    %on"-ntelligent!"It Dust performs the specified operations.

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    Introduction to Computing F

    It does not thin- whenever it finds a command" instead it wor-s accordingly. It does not possess any intelligent for analying the problem.

    -nacti&e!"If the power supply is stopped then the computer ceases to wor-.

    2. What are editors assembler compilers interpreters,

    'ditors Assembler Compiler InterpreterIt allows the user to

    enter program andedit it

    The process of

    converting assemblylanguage

    instructions to

    machine readable

    form is carried outby a programmable

    assembler

    It ta-es entire high

    level languageprogram as input

    and translates it into

    machine language

    It ta-es one

    statement of a highlevel language

    program as input

    and translates it into

    machine languageand e4ecutes it.

    7ebugging is easy 7ebugging is easy 7ebugging is faster 7ebugging is slow

    :.g.+ Turbo C :.g"+ T$*# :.g. TC computer :g+ =$*IC

    3. What are the + primar" functions that an operating s"stem performs,

    a. #emory #anagement+$llocating memory to the running program and reallocating when they

    are terminatedb. rocessor #anagement+rocessing of Dobs" deciding on the Dob scheduling techni;ue and how

    a Dob to be processed longs.

    ,eleasing the processor when the Dobs are terminated.c. 7evice #anagement+$llocating the input and output devices to the running processes and

    reallocating them when processes are terminated.

    d. ile #nagement+ #anging the file systems in terms of where the files are stored" their statusand memory locations" opening and closing the files" providing access permission to the files.

    :.g. of operating system are 7%*" !IG" 5I7%5* T" /I!G

    4. 0ifferentiate beteen WI50OW and I5U6 operating s"stems.

    ,+,S LU/

    It is not free of cost It is available free of cost

    It supports H!I(Hraphical !ser Interface) It does not support H!I(Hraphical !ser

    Interface)

    etwor-ing is possible etwor-ing is not possible

    ,e;uires very high configuration 8igh configuration is not re;uired#ultimedia facility available #ultimedia support not available

    #obile computing is possible #obile computing is not possible

    !ser friendly ot user friendly

    7. What is softare, What are the different t"pes of softare,

    *oftware is a set of programs which direct the various hardware components.

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    Introduction to Computing 9

    Application #otare

    S!T,A#E

    Sy#tem #otare

    A$$lication &ot0are;-

    It tells the computer how to accomplish specific tas-s" such as word processing ordrawing for the user.

    5ord processing software for creating te4t based documents

    *preadsheet for creating numeric based documents such as budgets

    7atabase management software for building and manipulating large sets of data

    resentation program for creating and presenting electronic slide shows

    Hraphics program for designing illustrations or manipulating photographs" movies or

    animation

    5eb design tools and web browsers

    :ntertainment and education software

    Hames

    S&tem &ot0are:-

    It is any program that controls the computer hardware or that can be used to maintain the

    computer in some way so that it runs more effectively

    It has 6 basic types

    %perating system tells the computer how to use its own components. It acts as an interrupt between the hardware application programs and the user

    $ networ- operating system allows computer to communicate and share data across a networ-while controlling networ- operations and overseeing the networ-s security

    $ utility is a program that ma-es the computer system easier to use or perform highly specified

    functions

    10. =rief history of computers

    Aear Invented by ame of the computer

    1F@119F1 Charles =abbage $nalytical :ngine ather of computers

    196 /ady /ovelace unch cards #other of computers$ugusta $da 'ing irst computer programmer

    1@6@ 'onrad Juse Heneral urpose digital computer

    1@6@ Kohn $tanasoff $tanasoff =erry computer ($=C)

    1@

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    Introduction to Computing @

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    Introduction to Computing

    10

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