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CHRONICLINGCLIMATE CHANGE Climate Changescience, facts, evidence evidence By Dr Vijeta Rattani Dr . Vijeta Rattani Climate Change Division Centre for Science and Environment Centre for Science and Environment New Delhi vijeta@cseindia org vijeta@cseindia.org

CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

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Page 1: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

CHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGEC O C G C C GClimate Change‐ science, facts, 

evidence evidence By

Dr  Vijeta RattaniDr. Vijeta RattaniClimate Change Division

Centre for Science and Environment Centre for Science and Environment New Delhi

vijeta@cseindia [email protected]

Page 2: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

U kh d Fl d  Mumbai Floods, 2005 Uttarakhand Floods, 2013

Leh Disaster, 2009 Vardah Cyclone

Page 3: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

The Greenhouse EffEffect

Source‐ Climate Change‐ politics and facts‐ 2009

Page 4: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

Definition Climate ChangeDefinition‐ Climate Change 

Climate Change is “change of climate which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of global atmosphere and which alters the composition of global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.” UN Framework p pConvention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 1992

Science (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) establishes 2 degree C benchmark by the end of century to prevent irreversible climate impactsof century to prevent irreversible climate impacts.

Page 5: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

Sources of Greenhouse gases emissions 

Source‐ Agarwal and Narain, 1991

Page 6: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

Global GHG emissions by gas

Source‐World Resources Institute, 2010 

Page 7: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

75 percent pwarming is due to CO2to CO2

Page 8: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change
Page 9: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

Emissions= Concentration= Temperature 

Source‐ CSE

Page 10: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

CO2 once emitted stays in atmosphere for 100‐150 yearsatmosphere for 100‐150 yearsThe cleaning capacity of ‘sinks’ is g p ydecreasing Th   t ti   f CO  i  th  The concentration of CO2 is thus increasing 

Page 11: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

Temperature: 0.85OC over 1880-2012; last 3 decades warmest2012; last 3 decades warmest

Page 12: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change
Page 13: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

Increasing frequency of t th textreme weather events

Page 14: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

2,843 climate disasters, affected 4∙8 billion people mostly in developingbillion people, mostly in developing countries

Page 15: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

Climate disasters on the rise• 306 disasters recorded on an average between 

2007 and 2016; a 46 per cent increase compared ( )to the 1990‐99 average, (Lancet 2017)

• More than 90 per cent of all disasters have been associated with weather‐related events in the last 20 years

• Asia being the continent most affected • Natural hazards and disasters between 2003 

and 2013 in developing countries affected around 2 billion people and caused over US$ 494 billion in estimated damage  according to 494 billion in estimated damage, according to FAO

Page 16: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

Disproportionate impacts of climate hchange

Page 17: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

Developing countries most i t dimpacted

Page 18: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

Developing countries most i t dimpacted

Page 19: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

India’s climate woesd a s c ate oes

Th  f   f  t  The frequency of extreme weather events have increased  by 75 percent from 1950‐2015 in central 95 5India 

Monsoon rainfall in central India decreased central India decreased by 10 percent from 1990‐2015

Page 20: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

Studies establish that climate related risks are unevenly distributed – poor countries and poor in poor countriesdistributed – poor countries and poor in poor countries suffer proportionally higher; population dependent on the agriculture sector is worst affected

22 percent of the climate impacts felt in felt in agriculture sector

Page 21: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

Climate Impacts in India C ate pacts d a India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C   According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change has 

b l habout 4‐9 per cent impact on agriculture each year. Causes about 1.5 per cent loss in GDP, every yearE i     l   h   i f ll h  d d b  86  Economic survey reveals that rainfall has decreased by 86 mm in the last three decades

By 2030  rice and wheat are likely to see about 6 10 per  By 2030, rice and wheat are likely to see about 6‐10 per cent decrease in yields

The World Bank projects that under 2°C warming by the p j g y2050s, India may need to import more than twice the amount of food‐grain than would be required without li   hclimate change.

Page 22: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

Impacts projected to worsen in IndiaIndia The IPCC report projected an increase in both mean and 

t   i it ti  i  th       d extreme precipitation in the summer monsoon and subsequent increase in the number of monsoon break days.

Floods and droughts are likely to increase in India since there g ywill be a decline in seasonal rainfall, coupled with increase in extreme precipitation during monsoon.

In the Indo Gangetic Plains  a changing climate is likely to  In the Indo‐Gangetic Plains, a changing climate is likely to reduce monsoon sorghum grain yield in India by 2‐14 per cent by 2020, with worsening yields by 2050 and 2080.

It is likely that tropical cyclone‐related rainfall rates will increase with greenhouse warming. An increase in mean tropical cyclone maximum wind speed is likely  although tropical cyclone maximum wind speed is likely, although increases may not occur in all tropical regions.

Page 23: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

Total Emissions in 2016‐ 36 billion tonnesCO2

Countries Total CO2 emission (MT CO2 eq)

Share of world population

Share of global CO2emission

Per capita emission (MT)

China 10,432 18.5 29.2 7.4

CO2

USA 5,011 4.3 14.0 15.6EU-28 3,431 6.8 9.6 6.7India 2,533 17.7 7.1 1.9Russia 1,661 1.93 4.7 11.5Japan 1,239 1.70 3.5 9.7Germany 775 1.1 2.2 9.4Canada 675 0.48 1.8 18.6Iran 642 1.07 1.7 8South Korea 604 0.68 1.6 11.8Indonesia 530 3.50 1.5 2Saudi Arabia 517 0.43 1.4 16Mexico 441 1.71 1.2 3.4Australia 441 0.32 1.2 18.3Brazil 462 2.79 1.3 2.2South Africa 390 0.75 1.1 6.9

United Kingdom 367 0.87 1.0 5.6Italy 358 0.81 1.0 5.9France 331 0.89 0.9 4.9Poland 296 0.51 0.8 7.8Spain 251 0 62 0 7 5 4Spain 251 0.62 0.7 5.4Ukraine 233 0.60 0.6 5.2Netherlands 163 0.22 0.4 9.6

Rest of world 6,576 36.5 18.3 2.4

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Global CO2 emissions sector‐wise: 2016 

Page 25: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

Sector‐wise CO2 emissions in India: 2016

Page 26: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

Contribution of fuel types and sectors in CO2 i i  i  I di    emissions in India: 2015 

Page 27: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

Emissions are about economy 

Page 28: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

Who has caused climate changeo as caused c ate c a ge

Page 29: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

1 American = 4 Indians in 20302030

Page 30: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

Emissions of Indian and AmericansEmissions of Indian and Americans

Page 31: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

There is limit to what the world can emit–Finite “Carbon Budget”Finite  Carbon Budget

Page 32: CCOCGC C GHRONICLING CLIMATE CHANGECC ate pacts dalimate Impacts in India India warmed over the years—from 1901 till 2017 by 1.2°C According to CRIDA, Hyderabad, climate change

Key takeaways R t  th i   i i   f Recent anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases are highest in historyThere is finite carbon budgetAdaptation is mandatory to copeAdaptation is mandatory to copeEnergy basket to change‐ from fossil to non‐fossil