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CCNA 1 v3.0

Networking Fundamentals

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Agenda

• Day 1

•

• Operation of I Data Networks – Functions of Routers, Switches, Bridges and Hubs

– OSI and TCP/IP ode!s

– "ata f!ow between two hosts across a networ#

• !AN "wit#$ing %e#$nologies – Identif$ basic switching conce%ts

&T$%es of Switching&Co!!ision / Broadcast "oains

&C'( Tab!e

– Configure and )erif$ initia! switch configuration

– Switch o%eration *%ing, te!net and ssh+

– Identif$ enhanced switching techno!ogies

&RSTP / PSTP /(ST

&-ther channe!s

– Configure and )erif$ .'s / Trun#ing

&"TP / 'uto negotiation

– Configure and )erif$ PSTP o%eration

&Root bridge e!ection / STP (odes

• .aboratorio

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Agenda

• "a$ 0

• • I addressing &Iv' ( Iv)*

– Pri)ate and %ub!ic IP addresses for IP)1

– IP)1 addressing schee using .S( and suari2ation

– IP)3 addressing schee 4enera! O)er)iew

– IP)3 in con5unction with IP)1 such as *dua! stac#+

– "escribe IP)3 addresses&4!oba! unicast

&(u!ticast

&.in# !oca!

&6ni7ue !oca!

&eui 31

&auto configuration

• +AN %e#$nologies – Identif$ different 8' Techno!ogies, H".C, PPP, Frae Re!a$9

– Configure and )erif$ Frae Re!a$ on Cisco routers

• .aboratorio IP3 e IP)1

• .aboratorio PPP

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Agenda

• "a$ :

• • I ,outing %e#$nologies

• "escribe basic routing conce%ts&C - F

&Pac#et forwarding

&Router !oo#u% %rocess

• "escribe the boot %rocess of Cisco IOS routers

• Configure and )erif$ basic Router configuration• Configure and )erif$ interface *seria! and -thernet+

• Configure and )erif$ Static ; "efau!t routing

• (anage Cisco IOS Fi!es& Boot %references / Cisco IOS iage*s+

& .icensing

• "ifferentiate ethods of routing and routing %rotoco!s&Static )s9 "$naic

&.in# state )s9 "istance ector

&'dinistrati)e distance

• Configure and )erif$ OSPF *sing!e area+&Benefit of sing!e area

&neighbor ad5acencies

&OSPF states, (u!ti area

&Configure OSPF )0

&Router I", Passi)e interface, .S' t$%es

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Agenda

• "a$ :

• Configure and )erif$ -I4RP *sing!e 'S+&Feasib!e "istance / Feasib!e Successors&'dinistrati)e distance

&Feasibi!it$ condition

&(etric co%osition

&Router I", 'uto suar$, Path se!ection

&.oad ba!ancing *-7ua! ; 6ne7ua!+

&Passi)e interface

• Inter.' routing *Router on a stic#+&sub interfaces, enca%su!ation

• Configure SI interfaces

•

• .aboratorio de OSPF

• .aboratorio -I4RP

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Agenda

• "a$ 1

• I "ervi#es – Configure and )erif$ "HCP *IOS Router+

&Configuring router interfaces to use "HCP

&"HCP o%tions

&-

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Agenda

• "a$ 1

• Network Devi#e "e#urity

– Configure and )erif$ networ# de)ice securit$

&-nab!e secret )s enab!e

&"isab!e te!net

&SSH / T=s

&Ph$sica! securit$

&Ser)ice %assword – Configure and )erif$ Switch Port Securit$

&Stic#$ ('C / ('C address !iitation

&Static / d$naic

&io!ation odes*-rr disab!e/Shutdown+

&Protect restrict

&-rr disab!e reco)er$

– – .aboratorio

•

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Agenda

• "a$ >

• %rou-les$ooting

• Identif$ and correct coon networ# %rob!es

• Troub!eshoot and Reso!)e .' %rob!es&Identif$ that .'s are configured

&%ort ebershi% correct

&IP address configured

• Troub!eshoot and Reso!)e trun#ing %rob!es&correct trun# states

&correct enca%su!ation configured

&correct )!ans a!!owed

• Troub!eshoot and Reso!)e STP&Root switch

&Priorit$

&(ode is correct&Port states

• Troub!eshoot and Reso!)e routing issues&Routing is enab!ed

&Routing tab!e is correct

&Correct %ath se!ection

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Agenda

• "a$ >

• Troub!eshoot and Reso!)e OSPF %rob!es&eighbor ad)ances&He!!o and "ead tiers

&OSPF area

&Interface (T6

&etwor# t$%es

&eighbor states

&OSPF to%o!og$ database

• Troub!eshoot and Reso!)e -I4RP %rob!es& eighbor ad5ancies& 'S nuber

& .oad ba!ancing

• Troub!eshoot and Reso!)e inter.'&Connecti)it$

&-nca%su!ation

&Subnet

&ati)e .'&Port ode trun# status

• Troub!eshoot and Reso!)e 'C. issues&Statistics, Peritted networ#s, "irection

• Troub!eshoot and Reso!)e 8' i%!eentation issues&Seria! interfaces, PPP, Frae re!a$

• Troub!eshoot etherchanne! %rob!es

•

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Agenda

"a$ 3

•?@09A

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Agenda

"a$ 3

• Prere7uisites for Configuring etF!ow and etF!ow "ata -

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Networking Devi#es

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Network %opology

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Network roto#ols

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!o#alarea Networks &!ANs*

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+idearea Networks &+ANs*

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/etropolitanArea Network &/ANs*

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"torageArea Networks &"AN"*

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irtual rivate Networks &Ns*

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Intranet and 2tranet N

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Importan#e of andwidt$

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andwidt$ ipe Analogy

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andwidt$ 4ig$way Analogy

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5sing !ayers to Des#ri-e Data Communi#ation

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O"I /odel

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O"I !ayers

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O"I !ayers

•Provides connectivity and path selection between two host

•Provides Logical address

• No error correction, best effort delivery.

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O"I !ayers

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O"I !ayers

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O"I !ayers

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O"I !ayers

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O"I !ayers

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eertoeer Communi#ation

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%C(I /odel

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n#apsulation

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Names for Data at a#$ !ayer

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CCNA

Networking /edia

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5ns$ielded %wisted air &5%*

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5 $i ld d % i d i &5%*

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5 $i ld d % i t d i &5%*

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5 $i ld d % i t d i &5%*

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CCNA 1 Ca-ling !ANs and

+ANs &swit#$es vs routers*

/ di A C t l &/AC*

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/edia A##ess Control &/AC*

O i

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Overview

• -thernet networ#s used to be bui!t using re%eaters9• 8hen the %erforance of these networ#s began to suffer because too

an$ de)ices shared the sae segent, networ# engineers addedbridges to create u!ti%!e co!!ision doains9

• 's networ#s grew in si2e and co%!e

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t$ernet(607.3 !AN development

• "istance !iitations• -thernet is fundaenta!!$ a shared techno!og$ where a!! users on a gi)en .'

segent co%ete for the sae a)ai!ab!e bandwidth9

• This situation is ana!ogous to a nuber of cars a!! tr$ing to access a one&!aneroad at the sae tie9• Because the road has on!$ one !ane, on!$ one car can access it at a tie9• The introduction of hubs into a networ# resu!ted in ore users co%eting for

the sae bandwidth9

• Co!!isions are a b$&%roduct of -thernet networ#s9

id

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ridges

• ' bridge is a .a$er 0 de)ice used to di)ide, or segent, a networ#9

• ' bridge is ca%ab!e of co!!ecting and se!ecti)e!$ %assing data fraesbetween two networ# segents9

• Bridges do this b$ !earning the ('C address of a!! de)ices on eachconnected segent9 6sing this inforation, the bridge bui!ds a bridgingtab!e and forwards or b!oc#s traffic based on that tab!e9

• This resu!ts in sa!!er co!!ision doains and greater networ# efficienc$9

•Bridges do OT restrict broadcast traffic9

" it $

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"wit#$es

• Switches create a )irtua! circuit between two connected de)ices,estab!ishing a dedicated counication %ath between two de)ices9

• Switches on the networ# %ro)ide icrosegentation9

• This a!!ows a

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,outer

• ' router is a .a$er : de)ice9• 6sed to route traffic between two or ore .a$er : networ#s9

• Routers a#e decisions based on grou%s of networ# addresses, orc!asses, as o%%osed to indi)idua! .a$er 0 ('C addresses9• Routers use routing tab!es to record the .a$er : addresses of the

networ#s that are direct!$ connected to the !oca! interfaces andnetwor# %aths !earned fro neighboring routers9

•Routers are not co%e!!ed to forward broadcasts9

lements of t$ernet(607 3 networks

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lements of t$ernet(607.3 networks

• Broadcast data frae de!i)er$ of -thernet/?@09:• The carrier sense u!ti%!e access/co!!ision detect *CS('/C"+ ethod

a!!ows on!$ one station to transit at a tie9

• (u!tiedia a%%!ications with higher bandwidth deand such as )ideoand the Internet, cou%!ed with the broadcast nature of -thernet, cancreate networ# congestion9

• ora! !atenc$ as the fraes tra)e! across the !a$ers• -

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4alfDuple2

• Origina!!$ -thernet was a ha!f&du%!e< techno!og$9• 6sing ha!f&du%!e

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Duple2 %ransmissions

• Si%!e< TransissionD One wa$ and one wa$ on!$9

– One wa$ street• Ha!f&du%!e< TransissionD -ither wa$, but on!$ one wa$ at a tie9

– Two wa$ street, but on!$ one wa$ at a tie *!and s!ide+9

• Fu!!&du%!e< TransissionD Both wa$s at the sae tie9

– Two wa$ street

Network Congestion

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Network Congestion

• Toda$Js networ#s are e

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Network !aten#y

• .atenc$, or de!a$, is the tie a frae or a %ac#et ta#es to tra)e! fro the

source station to the fina! destination9• It is i%ortant to 7uantif$ the tota! !atenc$ of the %ath between the sourceand the destination for .'s and 8's9

• .atenc$ has at !east three sourcesD – First, there is the tie it ta#es the source IC to %!ace )o!tage %u!ses

on the wire and the tie it ta#es the recei)ing IC to inter%ret these

%u!ses9 This is soeties ca!!ed IC de!a$9 – Second, there is the actua! %ro%agation de!a$ as the signa! ta#es tie

to tra)e! a!ong the cab!e9

– Third, !atenc$ is added according to which networ#ing de)ices, whetherthe$ are .a$er A, .a$er 0, or .a$er :, are added to the %ath betweenthe two counicating co%uters9

Full duple2 transmitting

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Fullduple2 transmitting

• Fu!!&du%!e< -thernet a!!ows the transission of a %ac#et and the rece%tion of a different %ac#et at thesae tie9

• To transit and recei)e siu!taneous!$, a dedicated switch %ort is re7uired for each node9• The fu!!&du%!e< -thernet switch ta#es ad)antage of the two %airs of wires in the cab!e b$ creating a

direct connection between the transit *TK+ at one end of the circuit and the recei)e *RK+ at theother end9

• -thernet usua!!$ can on!$ use >@L&3@L of the a)ai!ab!e A@ (b%s of bandwidth because of co!!isionsand !atenc$9

• Fu!!&du%!e< -thernet offers A@@L of the bandwidth in both directions9• This %roduces a %otentia! 0@ (b%s through%ut, which resu!ts fro A@ (b%s TK and A@ (b%s RK9

!ayer 7 and layer 3 swit#$ing•

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!ayer 7 and layer 3 swit#$ing

• ' !a$er : switch is t$%ica!!$ a !a$er 0 switch that inc!udes a routing %rocess, I9e9does routing9 *Oh $ea, a!so #nown as routing9 4ot to !o)e those %eo%!e in

(ar#eting9+• .a$er : switching has an$ eanings and in an$ cases is 5ust a ar#eting

ter9

• .a$er : switching is a function of the networ# !a$er9• The .a$er : header inforation is e

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/emory -uffering

switch

1111

2222

3333

4444

Abbreviated MAC

addresses

• 'n -thernet switch a$ use a buffering

techni7ue to store and forward fraes9• Buffering a$ a!so be used when the

destination %ort is bus$9

• The area of eor$ where the switchstores the data is ca!!ed the eor$

buffer9

• This eor$ buffer can use two ethodsfor forwarding fraeD

– %ort&based eor$ buffering

– shared eor$ buffering

•In %ort&based eor$ buffering fraes

are stored in 7ueues that are !in#ed to

s%ecific incoing %orts9

• Shared eor$ buffering de%osits a!!fraes into a coon eor$ buffer

which a!! the %orts on the switch share9

%wo swit#$ing met$ods•

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%wo swit#$ing met$ods

• Store&and&forward – The entire frae is recei)ed before an$ forwarding ta#es %!ace9 – The destination and source addresses are read and fi!ters are a%%!ied before the

frae is forwarded9

– CRC Chec# done

• Cut&through – The frae is forwarded through the switch before the entire frae is

recei)ed9 – This ode decreases the !atenc$ of the transission, but a!so reduces error

detection9

• A@@ and 0?@@ series switches this is configurab!e, otherwise de%ends on the ode! ofthe switch9

Cutt$roug$•

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Cutt$roug$

Cut&through

• Fast&forward – Offers the !owest !e)e! of !atenc$9 – Fast&forward switching iediate!$ forwards a %ac#et after reading

the destination address9 – There a$ be ties when %ac#ets are re!a$ed with errors9

– '!though this occurs infre7uent!$ and the destination networ#

ada%ter wi!! discard the fau!t$ %ac#et u%on recei%t9

Cutt$roug$•

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Cutt$roug$

Cut&through

• Fragent&free – Fragent&free switching fi!ters out co!!ision fragents beforeforwarding begins9

– Co!!ision fragents are the a5orit$ of %ac#et errors9

– In a %ro%er!$ functioning networ#, co!!ision fragents ust be sa!!er than31 b$tes9

– 'n$thing greater than 31 b$tes is a )a!id %ac#et and is usua!!$ recei)edwithout error9

– Fragent&free switching waits unti! the %ac#et is deterined not to be aco!!ision fragent before forwarding9

%wo swit#$ing met$ods•

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%wo swit#$ing met$ods

• 'da%ti)e cut&through – In this ode, the switch uses cut&through unti! it detects

a gi)en nuber of errors9 – Once the error thresho!d is reached, the switch changes

to store&and&forward ode9

road#ast domains

•

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road#ast domains

• -)en though the .' switch reduces the si2e of co!!ision doains, a!! hosts connected tothe switch are sti!! in the sae broadcast doain9

• Therefore, a broadcast fro one node wi!! sti!! be seen b$ a!! the other nodes connectedthrough the .' switch9

A l l " w i t # $ e d N e t w o r k . % w o N e t w o r k s

T w o S u b n e t s

S e ) e r a ! C o ! ! i s i o n " o a i n s

O n e % e r s w i t c h % o r t

O n e B r o a d c a s t " o a i n

" w i t # $ 1A M 0 9 : @ 9 A 9 0 A

0 > > 9 0 > > 9 0 > > 9 @

A M 0 9 : @ 9 0 9 A @0 > > 9 0 > > 9 0 > > 9 @

A M 0 9 : @ 9 A 9 0 :0 > > 9 0 > > 9 0 > > 9 @

" w i t # $ 7

A M 0 9 : @ 9 A 9 0 >

0 > > 9 0 > > 9 0 > > 9 @

A M 0 9 : @ 9 0 9 A 1

0 > > 9 0 > > 9 0 > > 9 @

A M 0 9 : @ 9 A 9 0 M

0 > > 9 0 > > 9 0 > > 9 @

A M 0 9 : @ 9 0 9 A 3

0 > > 9 0 > > 9 0 > > 9 @A M 0 9 : @ 9 0 9 A 00 > > 9 0 > > 9 0 > > 9 @

"wit#$es and -road#ast domains•

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"wit#$es and -road#ast domains

These are logical notphysicalrepresentations ofwhat happens to

these frames.

• Switches f!ood fraes that areD

– 6n#nown unicasts – .a$er 0 broadcasts

– (u!ticasts *un!ess running u!ticast snoo%ing or I4(P+

• (u!ticast are s%ecia! !a$er 0 and !a$er : addresses that are sent

to de)ices that be!ong to that grou%9


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• 8hen a de)ice wants to send out a .a$er 0 broadcast, the destination('C address in the frae is set to a!! ones9

• ' ('C address of a!! ones is FFDFFDFFDFFDFFDFF in he

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Communi#ation -etween swit#$es and

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Communi#ation -etween swit#$es and

workstation

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C$. 8( /od. )"wit#$ Configuration

CC' : )ersion :9@

$ysi#al startup of t$e Catalyst swit#$

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$ysi#al startup of t$e Catalyst swit#$

• Switches are dedicated, s%ecia!i2ed co%utersN – Centra! Processing 6nit *CP6

– Rando 'ccess (eor$ *R'(+

– O%erating S$ste9• ' switch can be anaged b$ connecting to the conso!e %ort to )iew

and a#e changes to the configuration9

• Switches t$%ica!!$ ha)e no %ower switch to turn the on and off9

• The$ si%!$ connect or disconnect fro a %ower source9

"wit#$ !D indi#ators

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• The front %ane! of a switch has se)era! !ights to he!% onitor

s$ste acti)it$ and %erforance9• These !ights are ca!!ed !ight&eitting diodes *.-"s+9• The front of the switch has the fo!!owing .-"sD

– S$ste .-"

• 8hether the s$ste is recei)ing %ower andfunctioning correct!$9

– Reote Power Su%%!$ *RPS+ .-"

• 8hether or not the reote %ower su%%!$ is in use – Port (ode .-"

• Indicates the current state of the (ode button9

• The odes are used to deterine how the PortStatus .-"s are inter%reted9

– Port Status .-"s

• Has different eanings, de%ending on the current

)a!ue of the (ode .-"9

"wit#$ !D indi#ators9 ort "tatus !D

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"wit#$ !D indi#ators9 ort "tatus !D

ort !Ds during swit#$ O"% : "ystem

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o t s du g s t# O" "yste

!D

• Once the %ower cab!e is connected, theswitch initiates a series of tests ca!!ed the

%ower&on se!f test *POST+9

• If the S$ste .-" is green, then POSTwas successfu!9

• If the S$ste .-" is aber , then POSTfai!ed9 POST fai!ure is considered to be a

fata! error9

ort !Ds during swit#$ O"% : ort

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g

"tatus !D

• The Port Status .-"s a!so change during switch POST9

• The Port Status .-"s turn aber for about :@ seconds as the switchdisco)ers the networ# to%o!og$ and searches for !oo%s9

• If the Port Status .-"s turn green, the switch has estab!ished a !in#between the %ort and a target, such as a co%uter9

• If the Port Status .-"s turn off, the switch has deterined that nothing

is %!ugged into the %ort9

iewing initial -ootup output from t$e

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g p p

swit#$

• The switch a$ be configured anua!!$ with or without the assistance ofthe S$ste Configuration dia!og9

• The S$ste Configuration dia!og on the switch is si%!er than that on arouter9

2amining $elp in t$e swit#$ C!I

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g p

• The coand&!ine interface *C.I+ for Cisco switches is)er$ sii!ar to the C.I for Cisco routers9

"wit#$ #ommand modes

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• The enable coand is used to change fro 6ser -K-Code to Pri)i!eged -K-C ode9 Pri)i!eged -K-C ode isa!so recogni2ed b$ its %ro%t, which ends in a %ound&signcharacter *+9

show running-config

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show interface

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show vlan

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show flash

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show version

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,eset all "wit#$ Configurations ; ,eload

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g

The fo!!owing ste%s wi!! ensure that a new configuration wi!! co%!ete!$o)erwrite an$ e

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management

"et I Address and Default =ateway

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• To a!!ow the switch to be accessib!e b$ Te!net and other TCP/IPa%%!ications, IP addresses and a defau!t gatewa$ shou!d be set9

• B$ defau!t, .' A is the anageent .'9 *ore !ater+• In a switch&based networ#, a!! internetwor#ing de)ices shou!d be in the

anageent .'9

• This wi!! a!!ow a sing!e anageent wor#station to access, configure,and anage a!! the internetwor#ing de)ices9

"et ort "peed and Duple2 "ettings

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• The Fast -thernet switch %orts defau!t toD – auto&s%eed

– auto&du%!e

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• ' web browser can access this ser)ice using the IP address and %ort?@, the defau!t %ort for htt%9

• The HTTP ser)ice can be turned on or off, and the %ort address for theser)ice can be chosen9

%$e =5I Interfa#e

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/anaging t$e /AC address ta-le

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• Switches !earn the ('C addresses of PCs or wor#stations that are connectedto their switch %orts b$ e

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• Rather than wait for a d$naic entr$ to age out, theadinistrator has the o%tion to use the %ri)i!eged -K-C

coand clear mac-address-table.

Configuring stati# /AC addresses

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• The reasons for assigning a %eranent ('C address to an interface inc!udeD – The ('C address wi!! not be aged out autoatica!!$ b$ the switch9

– ' s%ecific ser)er or user wor#station ust be attached to the %ort and the('C address is #nown9

– Securit$ is enhanced9

• To set a static ('C address entr$ for a switchDSwitch(config)#mac-address-table static interface FastEthernet vlan

Configuring port se#urity

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• 'n$one can %!ug in a PC or !a%to% into one of these out!ets9• This is a %otentia! entr$ %oint to the networ# b$ unauthori2ed users9• Switches %ro)ide a feature ca!!ed %ort securit$9• It is %ossib!e to !iit the nuber of addresses that can be !earned on an

interface9

• The switch can be configured to ta#e an action if this is e

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• =ou can use the %ort securit$ feature to restrict in%ut to an interface b$ !iiting andidentif$ing ('C addresses of the stations a!!owed to access the %ort9

• 8hen $ou assign secure ('C addresses to a secure %ort, the %ort does not forward%ac#ets with source addresses outside the grou% of defined addresses9

• If $ou !iit the nuber of secure ('C addresses to one and assign a sing!e secure ('Caddress, the wor#station attached to that %ort is assured the fu!! bandwidth of the %ort9

• If a %ort is configured as a secure %ort and the a

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• ' secure %ort can ha)e fro A to A:0 associated secure addresses9 'fter $ou ha)e setthe a

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• The switch su%%orts these t$%es of secure ('C addressesDA9 Static secure ('C addressesQThese are anua!!$ configured b$ using the switch%ort %ort&

securit$ ac&address mac-address interface configuration coand, stored in the addresstab!e, and added to the switch running configuration9

09 "$naic secure ('C addressesQThese are d$naica!!$ configured, stored on!$ in the

address tab!e, and reo)ed when the switch restarts9

3. Sticky secure ('C addressesQThese are d$naica!!$ configured, stored in the address

tab!e, and added to the running configuration9 If these addresses are sa)ed in the

configuration fi!e, when the switch restarts, the interface does not need to d$naica!!$

reconfigure the9

7>?0 "e#urity Commands

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Switch(config-if)#switchport mode access

• Set the interface ode as accessN an interface in the defau!t ode *d$naic desirab!e+ cannot beconfigured as a secure %ort9

Switch(config-if)# switchport port-securit

• -nab!e %ort securit$ on the interfaceSwitch(config-if)# switchport port-securit ma!imum value

• *O%tiona!+ Set the a?0 Configuration

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Copying IO" from %F% "erver

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rasing and ,eloading t$e "wit#$

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Documents

CCNA1v3_Day_1_ 1.1 ver2