CCEELLLL

RREESSPPIIRRAATTIIOONN

&& PPHHOOTTOOSSYYNNTTHHEESSIISS

AHL Topic 8

IB Biology

Miss Werba

TOPIC 8 – CELL RESPIRATION & PHOTOSYNTHESIS

8.1 – CELL RESPIRATION

1. STATE that oxidation involves the loss of electrons from an element, whereas reduction involves a gain of

electrons; and that oxidation frequently involves gaining oxygen or losing hydrogen, whereas reduction

frequently involves losing oxygen or gaining hydrogen.

2. OUTLINE the process of glycolysis, including phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation and ATP formation.

3. DRAW and LABEL a diagram showing the structure of a mitochondrion as seen in electron micrographs.

4. EXPLAIN aerobic respiration, including the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, the role of NADH + H+, the electron

transport chain and the role of oxygen

5. EXPLAIN oxidative phosphorylation in terms of chemiosmosis.

6. EXPLAIN the relationship between the structure of the mitochondrion and its function.

8.2 – PHOTOSYNTHESIS

1. DRAW and LABEL a diagram showing the structure of a chloroplast as seen in electron micrographs.

2. STATE that photosynthesis consists of light-dependent and light independent reactions.

3. EXPLAIN the light-dependent reactions.

4. EXPLAIN photophosphorylation in terms of chemiosmosis.

5. EXPLAIN the light-independent reactions.

6. EXPLAIN the relationship between the structure of the chloroplast and its function.

7. EXPLAIN the relationship between the action spectrum and the absorption spectrum of photosynthetic

pigments in green plants.

8. EXPLAIN the concept of limiting factors in photosynthesis, with reference to light intensity, temperature and

concentration of carbon dioxide.

-- 88..11 --

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8.1

•

• Involves ____________________

• Involves ____________________ ____________________ (chains and cycles)

• Involves ____________________ ____________________

• Involves ____________________

• Adds the third phosphate to ADP to ____________________

• Respiration includes:

– ____________________

– ________________________________________

– ____________________ ____________________

– ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

– ____________________ ________________________________________

8.1.3

•

8.1.1

• Cell respiration involves different reactions that involve the _____________________ of

_____________________

• These reactions are known as _____________________ _____________________

(ie. _____________________ and _____________________ reactions)

• Oxidation & reduction occur together;

– ____________________________________________________________________________.

• Remember: OIL RIG

– _____________________ _____________________ _____________________

– _____________________ _____________________ _____________________.

• Reduction reactions may include:

– Gain of _____________________

– Removal of _____________________

– Gain of _____________________

• Oxidation reactions may include:

– _____________________ of electrons

– _____________________ of oxygen

– _____________________ of hydrogen

8.1.6

• ____________________:

– form a ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

– have ____________________ needed for the electron transport chain

____________________ in their membrane

• ____________________ ____________________ ____________________:

– ____________________ to allow ____________________ to ____________________ and

create a ____________________ ____________________

• ____________________:

– ____________________ containing ____________________ needed for the Krebs cycle.

. . .

8.1

• Both _____________________ and _____________________ mean that the molecule has

_____________________ _____________________ attached to it

• Di- means the two phosphates are attached to _____________________

• Bis- means that the two phosphates are attached to _____________________ of the molecule

8.1.1

•

• _____________________ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) is the _____________________

_____________________ used electron carrier.

• NAD+ is _____________________ as another substrate is oxidised

• ie. when a substrate is loses 2 hydrogen atoms,

NAD+ _____________________ the _____________________ from both atoms (2e–) and the

_____________________ from one:

• Other electron carriers involved in cell respiration include:

OXIDISED STATE REDUCED STATE

FINAL PRODUCT GOES HERE

8.1.2

• The first step in cellular respiration

• Glycolysis can occur anaerobically

meaning...? _________________________________________________________________________

• Thus glycolysis is

• occurs in the _____________________ or _____________________

• _____________________ molecule is converted into _____________________ molecules.

• _____________________ molecules are used but _____________________ are produced, so there is

__________________________________________.

• _____________________ are converted into _____________________

• There are 4 main stages to Glycolysis:

4. _____________________

– _____________________ are added to a molecule of _____________________ to form

_____________________ _____________________

– _____________________ molecules provide the phosphate groups

5. _____________________

– Glucose bisphosphate is split into _____________________ molecules called

_____________________ _____________________

8.1

• Can be ____________________ or ____________________

• 4 stages:

– ____________________ ____________________

– The _______________________________________ ____________________

– The ________________________________________ ____________________

– The ____________________ ____________________ ____________________

____________________

8.1.2

3. _____________________

– _____________________ atoms are removed from each triose phosphate molecule

(_____________________ accepts them).

– The energy released is used to add _____________________ _____________________

group to each triose phosphate molecule.

4. _____________________

– _____________________ is formed by removing the _____________________ groups

and by passing them to _____________________.

– This results in ATP formation and is called __________________________________

_____________________________

8.1.4

• The second step in cellular respiration

• After glycolysis, _____________________ moves to the _____________________.

• _____________________ in the mitochondrial matrix remove _____________________ and

_____________________ _____________________.

– _____________________ accepts the hydrogen

– the _____________________ is released

• The removal of CO2 is called _____________________.

• The whole conversion is called _____________________ _____________________.

• The product of this is an _____________________ group,

which is accepted by an enzyme, __________________________________________.

• This forms __________________________________________

8.1.4

• Also known as the _______________________________________________________________

• The third step in cellular respiration

• Happens in the _____________________ _____________________

• Yields _____________________ (total now _____________________)

• _____________________ _____________________ but process is ____________________________

• C and O from C6H12O6 are released as _____________________

• _____________________ is left over

• The Krebs Cycle occurs in a number of stages:

1) _____________________

– The __________________________________________ enters the cycle and is joined to

__________________________________________

– This forms _____________________.

– The _____________________ is released and _____________________ within the

mitochondrion.

2) _____________________

– _____________________ is converted to a _____________________ compound (C5)

– _____________________ _____________________ is released (decarboxylation)

– _____________________ accepts _____________________ atoms (oxidation)

3) _____________________

– the C5 compound is converted to a ________compound

– _____________________ _____________________ is released (decarboxylation)

– _____________________ accepts _____________________ atoms (oxidation)

4) ________________________________________________________________________________

– ATP is synthesised from _____________________ (substrate level phosphorylation) and

_____________________ reactions:

• __________________________________________

• __________________________________________

– One turn of the Krebs Cycle yields:

• _____________________

• _____________________

• _____________________

• _____________________ (by substrate level phosphorylation)

– Remember that there are _____________________ of the Krebs cycle for each glucose

molecule!!!

8.1.4

• The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) passes _____________________ from _____________________

or _____________________ from one electron carrier to another by a _____________________ of

_____________________ reactions

• These electron carriers are found in the _____________________ _____________________

_____________________

• The _____________________ are _____________________ across the membrane to the

_______________________________________________________________ by the energy released

from the electrons.

• _____________________ is the final acceptor of the electrons, which uses them to

_____________________ with _____________________ to form _____________________.

• This occurs in the _____________________ of the mitochondrion.

• __________________________________________ catalyses this last reaction.

• Some metabolic poisons, such as _____________________, inhibit the action of this enzyme, with

potentially fatal results

&&

8.1.4

• The Electron Transport Chain (ETC) passes _____________________ from _____________________

or _____________________ from one electron carrier to another by a _____________________ of

_____________________ reactions

• These electron carriers are found in the _____________________ _____________________

_____________________

• The _____________________ are _____________________ across the membrane to the

_______________________________________________________________ by the energy released

from the electrons.

• _____________________ is the final acceptor of the electrons, which uses them to

_____________________ with _____________________ to form _____________________.

• This occurs in the _____________________ of the mitochondrion.

• __________________________________________ catalyses this last reaction.

• Thus the net production of energy from aerobic respiration from ONE glucose molecule is:

-- 88..22 --

PPhhoottoossyynntthheessiiss

8.2

•

• Involves _____________________

• Involves _____________________ _____________________ (chains and cycles)

• Consists of both _____________________ _____________________ and _____________________

_____________________ stages

• _____________________ _____________________ for use in cellular respiration or storage

• Respiration includes:

– Light _____________________ reactions

– Light _____________________ reactions

– _____________________

– __________________________________________

– __________________________________________

8.2.1

8.2.1, 8.2.4

• Chloroplasts are bordered by a

_____________________ _____________________

• _____________________: site of light-dependent reactions

– made from _____________________ of

membrane-bound sacs called _____________________

– provide a __________________________________________ for light absorption

– are linked to each other by other membranes called __________________________________

• _____________________ space:

– small to allow _____________________ to _____________________ and create a

_____________________ _____________________

• _____________________: site of light-independent reactions

– _____________________ contains _____________________ needed for the

_____________________ cycle

– also contains _________________________ and _____________________

– Also contains _____________________ and _____________________ as chemical energy

stores

8.2.2

• Photosynthesis consists of light-dependent and light-independent reactions.

• Light dependent reactions

– Occur in _____________________membranes

– Involves _____________________of water

– Involves _____________________

• Light independent reactions

– Occur in the _____________________

– Involves __________________________________________

– Involves __________________________________________

– Involves __________________________________________

-

8.2.3

• Short ‘n sweet:

– splitting of water releases enough energy to make ______________ molecules

– requires ____________________________

– ______________ molecules split into 24 H+ and 6 O2

• ______________ for light-independent reactions

• _______________________ as O2 gas

• Chlorophyll absorbs light

– light energy transfers _____________________

to _____________________ in the

_____________________ molecule

– results in an _____________________ electron

– this is known as _____________________

• Chloroplasts are bordered by a

_____________________ _____________________

• Chlorophyll is located in the _____________________ membrane

• It is arranged in groups of hundreds of molecules called

_____________________.

• There are two types of photosystem:

– Photosystem I

– Photosystem II

1) _____________________ absorbs light energy

• this energy excites electrons in the chlorophyll

• the excited electron is passed along a _____________________

of _____________________ _____________________ in the

_____________________ _____________________

2) _____________________ replaces the lost electrons from _____________________

• _____________________ molecules break apart

• _____________________ is released

• the protons (H+) can either:

– combine with _____________________ at the end of the pathway or

– be _____________________ into the _____________________ _____________________

-

8.2.3

3) Electrons are passed through

_____________________ _____________________

• _____________________ carrier acts as a

_____________________ _____________________

• protons are pumped into the _____________________

_____________________

4) _____________________

__________________________________

• the protons _____________________

back through _____________________

through _____________________

• this _____________________

(From _____________________)

5) _____________________ absorbs light

energy

• the electrons are passed to ________________

• _____________________ ________________

is also absorbed here

• the excited electrons pass through a

_____________________ of

_____________________ to ____________,

in the _____________________,

forming _____________________

6) _______________________________________________________

• _____________________ _____________________, rather than heading to ___________________

directly

• can flow back through the _____________________________________________________________

to Photosystem I.

• this causes _____________________ to be pumped across the _______________________________

• forms a _____________________ _____________________

• allows _____________________ _____________________ by _____________________

the protons _____________________

back through _____________________

through _____________________

-

8.2.4

• The synthesis of ATP using the _____________________from _____________________.

• The same principle as for __________________________________________in the

_____________________.

1. Electrons flow through the __________________________________________

2. As the pass through the ______________________________________, ____________________

are pumped into the __________________________________________

3. __________________________________________builds up

4. Protons diffuse through _____________________, down a _______________________________

5. _______________________________from ADP + Pi

• There is a difference between cyclic and non-cyclic phosphorylation

– non-cyclic

__________________________________________

on to end in _____________________

– cyclic

_____________________are _____________________

to _____________________

-

8.2.5

• Short ‘n sweet:

– _______________________________________________________________

– requires _____________________ from light-dependent reactions

– H combines with C and O _____________________ to _____________________

– _____________________ molecules are _____________________ as a by-product

– process _____________________ molecules

∴ overall = 18 ATP – 18 ATP = _____________________

1) __________________________________________ (________________________________________)

• _____________________ enters the chloroplast by _____________________

• at the start of the Calvin cycle, CO2 combines with _________________________________________,

a five carbon compound

• the enzyme involved is called _____________________

• the _____________________ compound product

__________________________________________

to form _____________________ of

__________________________________________________

2) _____________________ _____________________

• Glycerate 3-phosphate is converted into _____________________ _____________________ (C3) by

a _____________________ reaction

• hydrogen is supplied by _____________________

• energy is required in the form of _____________________

• Both the _____________________

were synthesised in the

_____________________ _____________________

3) _____________________ _____________________

• _______________________________________

molecules are _____________________

together to form

_____________________ _____________________

• __________________________________________

join the glucose phosphate molecules together to

form _____________________

-

&&

8.2.7

• A spectrum is a __________________ of __________________ of __________________

__________________.

• The __________________ spectrum is the range of wavelengths from __________________ nm.

• Each wavelength is colour of light:

– 400-525 __________________

– 525-625 __________________

– 625-700 __________________

• The __________________ of photosynthesis is not the same in all wavelengths.

• Action Spectrum = the efficiency of the different wavelengths of light that are

______________________________________________________

• Absorption Spectrum = how much of a particular wavelength of light is __________________ by

the __________________ __________________

• The two most common pigments are:

– __________________ and __________________

• The action spectrum and absorption show strong similarities:

– greatest absorption in ____________________________________

– a high level of absorption in ____________________________________

– lowest absorption in ____________________________________

• There is a ____________________________________ between the action spectrum and the

absorption spectrum

8.2.8

• There are 3 main factors that can affect the rate of photosynthesis:

– ____________________________________

– __________________

– ______________________________________________________

• Changes to one of these factors can affect the __________________ of photosynthesis.

• Limiting Factor = ______________________________________________________________

FINAL PRODUCT GOES HERE

Sample questions

Topic 8.1:

1. During glycolysis, a hexose sugar is broken down to two pyruvate molecules. What is the correct

sequence of stages?

A. Phosphorylation → oxidation → lysis

B. Oxidation → phosphorylation → lysis

C. Phosphorylation → lysis → oxidation

D. Lysis → oxidation → phosphorylation

2. What is the role of NADH + H+ in aerobic cell respiration?

A. To transfer hydrogen to the electron transport chain

B. B. To reduce intermediates in the Krebs cycle

C. C. To accept electrons from the electron transport chain

D. D. To combine with oxygen to produce water

3. Explain the link reaction that occurs between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle.

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(Total 4 marks)

Topic 8.2:

1. Where are the light-dependent and light-independent reactions taking place in the diagram below?

2. Where are complex carbohydrates made in the chloroplast?

A. In the intermembrane space

B. In the stroma

C. On the inner membrane

D. In the thylakoid space

3. Outline the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis.

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(Total 6 marks)