CCAA Salinity T56

8/23/2019 CCAA Salinity T56

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Guide to Residential Slabs andFootings in Saline Environments

CCAA T56

G

uide


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G

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Frt pbhed Ma 2005

CCAA T56

Cement Cncrete & Areate Atraa 2005

Except where the Cprht Act aw therwe, n

part th pbcatn ma be reprdced, tred n

a retreva tem n an rm r tranmtted b an

mean wtht prr permn n wrtn rm

Cement Cncrete & Areate Atraa.

The nrmatn prvded n th pbcatn ntended

r enera dance n and n n wa repace the

ervce prena cntant n partcar prject.

N abt can therere be accepted b Cement

Cncrete & Areate Atraa r t e.

DEsigN AND lAyouT Heen Rx Den

illusTRATioN TechMeda Pbhn Pt ltd

isBN 1-877023-15-9

Guide to Residential Slabs andFootings in Saline Environments

Cement Concrete & Aggregates Australia


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Cement Cncrete & Areate Atraa a nt-r-

prt ranatn etabhed n 1928 and cmmtted

t ervn the Atraan cntrctn cmmnt.

CCAA acknweded natna and nternatna

a Atraa' remt cement and cncrete

nrmatn bd takn a eadn re n edcatn

and trann, reearch and devepment, technca

nrmatn and advr ervce, and ben a

ncant cntrbtr t the preparatn Cde andstandard aectn bdn and bdn matera.

CCAA' prncpa am are t prtect and extend

the e cement, cncrete and cement-baed

prdct b advancn knwede, k and

prenam n Atraan cncrete cntrctn

and b prmtn cntna awarene prdct,

ther ener-ecent prperte and ther e, and

the cntrbtn the ndtr make tward a

better envrnment.

Cement Cncrete & Areate Atraa

ABN 34 000 020 486

SYDNEYOFFICE:

Level 6, 504 Pacific Highway

St Leonards NSW Australia 2065

POSTAL ADDRESS:

Locked Bag 2010

St Leonards NSW 1590

TELEPHONE: (61 2) 9437 9711

FACSIMILE: (61 2) 9437 9470

BRISBANEOFFICE:

Level 14, IBM Building

348 Edward Street

Brisbane QLD 4000

TELEPHONE: (61 7) 3831 3288

FACSIMILE: (61 7) 3839 6005

MELBOURNEOFFICE:

2nd Floor, 1 Hobson Street

South Yarra VIC 3141

TELEPHONE: (61 3) 9825 0200

FACSIMILE: (61 3) 9825 0222

PERTHOFFICE:

45 Ventnor AvenueWest Perth WA 6005

TELEPHONE: (61 8) 9389 4452

FACSIMILE: (61 8) 9389 4451

ADELAIDEOFFICE:

Greenhill Executive Suites

213 Greenhill Road

Eastwood SA 5063

POSTAL ADDRESS:

PO Box 229

Fullarton SA 5063

TELEPHONE: (61 8) 8274 3758

FACSIMILE: (61 8) 8373 7210

EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES OFFICE

PO Box 243

Henley Beach SA 5022

TELEPHONE: (61 8) 8353 8151

FACSIMILE: (61 8) 8353 8151

TASMANIANOFFICE:

EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES OFFICE

PO Box 246

Sheffield TAS 7306

TELEPHONE: (61 3) 6330 2476

FACSIMILE: (61 3) 6330 2179

WEBSITE:www.concrete.net.au

EMAIL:[email protected]

Guide to Residential Slabs and Footings in Saline Environments


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O1 Introduction 4

O2 SourcesoSalinity

2.1 genera 5

2.2 urban sant 5

2.3 Ptenta r urban sant 6

O3 SalinityAssessmentandClassifcation

3.1 genera 7

3.2 Brad-cae Rerce 7

3.3 inrmatn r New sne lt 7

3.4 inrmatn r Extn Prperte 73.5 Mearement 7

3.6 Cacatn sane s 8

O4 EectsonConcrete

4.1 genera 9

4.2 Phca Attack 10

4.3 Chemca Attack 10

4.4 Crrn Renrcement 104.4.1 genera

4.4.2 Redctn n the akant

cncrete

4.4.3 inre at

4.4.4 Crackn

O5 SiteManagement

5.1 genera 12

5.2 sbdvn 12

5.3 sne-t Devepment 13

O6 ConcreteSlabsandFootings

6.1 genera 15

6.2 Cncrete 15

6.2.1 Qat

6.2.2 strenth

6.2.3 Cver t renrcement

6.2.4 Matera

6.2.5 uncntred water addtn

6.3 Renrcement 17

6.3.1 Fxn renrcement

6.3.2 Aternatve matera

6.4 Cncretn 17

6.4.1 genera

6.4.2 Pacn and cmpactn

6.4.3 Crn

6.5 Cntr Crackn 19

6.6 Damp-Prn Membrane 20

O7 Reerences 21

Contents



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sat ext nt n n cata ren, bt are preent

thrht the andcape, ncdn the drer nand

area Atraa. Thee at have the ptenta t

nt n aect the andcape and arctre, bt a

the bt envrnment. increan, extn twnhp

(bdn and nratrctre) have t dea wth the

prbem caed b ant, whe nvetatn

r new devepment are metme reqred t

evaate bth the crrent tatn and the ptenta

r tre ant hazard.

Where ane cndtn ext, r are ke t devep

ver tme, the reqrement r cncrete n cntact

wth the rnd need t be aeed t enre t

drabt and atactr perrmance ver the

den e the trctre.

in term cncrete a a bdn matera, the

knwede ha r me tme been avaabe t

den and bd cncrete trctre n evere marne

expre cndtn. The ame prncpe can be

ed t enre that the cncrete ed r redenta

tn w prvde the reqred perrmance when

bjected t ane /rndwater.

Th de cnder rban ant, t mearement

and cacatn, and cver the eect ane

cndtn wthn the /rndwater n cncrete

eement. it cver e reatn t the den,

detan and cntrctn cncrete, and prvde

dance n the qat e that need t be

addreed when pacn cncrete t enre t n-

term perrmance n ane envrnment. stratee

t mnmze the eect ant are a ven. Whe

the nrmatn ma app t a cncrete member,

th dcment ce n redenta ab and

tn, a tte dance n th area crrent ext.

O1

Introduction


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2.1 General

srce ant wthn the envrnment ncde:

natra ccrrn at rm marne edment, at

reeaed rm the prce /rck weathern,

at tranprted rm the cean and depted brana, r e recced 're' water cntann

at.

The tpe ant a dened b the area

n whch t ccr. Fr exampe; drand ant n

rra area, 'rratn ant' n rrated armn

and and 'rban ant' n bt-p area. Th

de dea n wth rban ant. le cmmn,

ant reerred t a ether prmar, where t

ccr natra wthn the andcape, r ecndar,

where hman nterventn ha drect cntrbted

t the devepment r expann ant (e pr

dranae and rn water tabe brnn at t the

race).

Prbem wth ant are enera nked t the

rndwater tem, a water tranprt the at

thrh the . Water mve thrh the rnd n

a andcape, enera rm hher t wer area.

The part the andcape where the majrt water

enter the water tabe are knwn a the rechare

area. A the water fw thrh the , at w

be dved and tranprted, and an ran the

water eve w th a brn an dved at

cer t the race. smetme, the rndwater

eve w reach the race, and water (carrn at)

w emere and eave at dept n the race a

the water evaprate. Area where the rndwater

and at are abe t reach the race are knwn a

dchare area.

2.2 UrbanSalinity

ste can be pt nt three catere n repect

rban ant:

n

ste wth w ant hazard. Tpca are thewhere there are w eve at, d dranae

(eachn at) r the wth tabe, deep water

tabe.

n ste that have extn ant hazard. sat-reated

prbem n rban envrnment ncde tann

race (whte dept), rettn brckwrk, dn

veetatn, bare ca 'caded' race and rapd

crrn metac tem. Fr new devepment,

nvetatn can read dent whether

there a prbem wth ant.

n ste that have the ptenta t devep a anthazard. sat are preent, bt are we bew the

race. Becae ant a dnamc tem

nvvn man varabe, ver tme, chane n

cmate, and e and and cver (rbanatn)

ma ret n rn water tabe; a, at ma be

mprted t the area.

Whe me actn can be taken t redce the rk

a ant hazard devepn, predctn hw a

dnamc tem dependent n man varabe

w perrm ver the tpca 50-ear den e a

bdn dct.

Fr te caed a havn the ptenta t

devep a ant hazard, the bet apprach

therere t accept that at me pnt n the tre

the hazard w ext and t enre that bdn

matera are capabe prvdn the reqred

perrmance n ch an envrnment.

A and becmn a carce rerce, t mprtant

that the tratee adpted t dea wth ant aw

the devepment ptenta a area t be reaed

at an ardabe ct t the cnmer. stratee

need t be thht thrh care, that mne nveted n actn that dever the mt ct-eectve

tn. Fr exampe, addn t the ct the and

b 'etate' n ver ane area ma nt be an

eectve n-term tn there t the ptenta

r capar actn t draw at t the race. it

cd be mre ecnmca t keep the and prce

dwn, and t pt mre rerce nt the bdn

den, matera and cntrctn t enre that the

are apprprate r the cndtn that ext n the te.

O

Sources o Salinity


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2.3 PotentialorUrbanSalinity

Whe the water tabe (and dved at)

nrma at me depth wthn the pre,

raed cent the at that are brht tward

the race can aect veetatn, bdn eement

(tn and wa), ervce wthn the rnd and

nratrctre bt n the rnd (e rad). The

dct ben abe t determne the mpact a

devepment n the natra tem, and t predct

what chane w ccr t the water tabe ver the

den e trctre ch a he, and whether

thee w have the ptenta t create a ant hazard.

The dct tem rm the natra ccrrn

varabe wthn the that aect the ptn the

water tabe, e:

n The depth an mpermeabe aer ch a rck.

n The tpe and eae wth whch water can

ntrate thrh t.

n The preence deep-rted tree/veetatn that

have the abt t nt n ntercept water bere

t reache and add t the water tabe, bt a t

draw water rm cnderabe depth, ten rm

the water tabe te.

n The amnt and varabt rana.

n The rate evapratn mtre rm the .

n The capar ctn the (n ca, th ma

rae water b p t 2 m).

n The nrmt the (, a, an mpermeabe

aer wthn the pre re cer t the race

at me pnt, t ma ret n a cntrctn t the

fw rndwater, can t t re cer t the

race, and pb emere/dchare).

n The dtance between rechare and dchare

area. Fr are redenta devepment, r even

twnhp, the cmatve amnt recharn

an a pe cd exceed the capact the t dran the rndwater, eectve ran

rndwater t the race.

n The preence perched water tabe. Th

where the area ha mpermeabe matera

nderneath the race, preventn water rm

drann; thee area are cmmn bject t

watern.

Addn t the varabe preent n the natra

tem, are the varabe ntrdced thrh hman

nterventn. Thee ncde:

n Etate devepment ncdn cearn

veetatn, the cntrctn artca water

eatre, detentn ban, and etate ct and

ver are area.

n sne-t devepment and mnma cntr

ver the water ae n the te. increaed water

addtn thrh exceve watern awn and

arden ten ccr.

n Redcn natra evapratn and natra rechare

b cvern the race wth mpermeabe

pavement and trctre.

n ue water whch ma cntan dved at,e 're' water retcatn tem, bre water, etc.

n The e rbbe pt r ae pt, rechare t

the water tabe.

n leakn ervce ppe ch a water and

trmwater.

Frm the abve, t can be een that man varabe

nfence the ptn the water tabe and th

create a ptenta ant hazard. it a mprtant

t reae that the rndwater tem wthn a

devepment ma be aected nt n b chane

and actvte wthn the devepment, bt a rm

chane that ccr n the rrndn and, pb

man kmeter awa.



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3.1 General

N ne rerce r precrptve t tet can

prvde a the nrmatn reqred t determne

the ptenta r ant at a partcar catn.

The prcee b whch at mve thrh theandcape are cmpex, makn t dct t

determne the ant hazard at a pecc catn.

inrmatn n me e rerce r bennn a

ant hazard nvetatn tned eewhere1.

The rerce avaabe at preent t ae the

ptenta ant a te are decrbed bew.

3.2 Broad-scaleResources

Brad-cae rerce ch a ant-hazard map

are enera pannn t, whch dent area

knwn ant, and ma rank the ptenta ant rka hh, mderate r w.

in rban area, prece dentcatn ndvda

he t n brad-cae map ver dct, a

mch the extn nrmatn avaabe at cae

t ma r e n rban area. Hwever, nrmatn

rm brad-cae rerce can be ed t dent

the need r rther nvetatn the he t n

an area caed a at aected r ptenta at rk

rm ane cndtn.

3.3 InormationorNewSingleLotsFr ne t, nrmatn avaabe rm the

deveper, lca Cnc and reevant state

gvernment Department hd be checked, a

hd an lca Cnc reqrement r tetn t

dent the ant rk. i t dented that the t

wthn an area that ether ha an extn prbem, r

the ptenta t devep a ant hazard, actn that

need t be taken ncde determnn the extent and

eve the ant hazard r rk b ampn and

tetn. A tpca bac nvetatn wd be the

excavatn a ne randm-cated pt, wth the

ant the teted at 500-mm nterva dwn t

a depth , a, 2.5 t 3.0 m. Th w etabh the

apprxmate depth at whch ane cndtn ccr,

the eve ant and pb the ptn the

water tabe. The ct ch a bac nvetatn w

be qte mdet. Hwever, t determne the tpe

at preent, rther mre-expenve tetn wdbe reqred.

Fr ma trctre ch a a wrkhp/hed fr,

the ct ampn and tetn ma be a mch

a the ct the fr te (ncdn meare t

addre the ane envrnment), and therere nt

warranted. Even r he tn, the ct the

tetn ha t be wehed aant the addtna ct

mpementn meare t dea wth the pbe

ane cndtn, e ncrean the cncrete trenth

and, n me area, pradn the vapr barrer

beneath the ab t a damp-prn membrane(ee sectn 6.6). Damp-prn membrane have

hher mpact retance than vapr barrer and

hence reater retance t pnctrn and mtre

penetratn.

3.4 InormationorExistingProperties

on extn prperte, t nke that nrmatn

w be avaabe n the ptenta r a ant hazard.

state gvernment Department ma have brad-

cae map the area, r lca Cnc ma be

aware area at rk rm ant. Nte that de t

the varabt rnd cndtn, even n area nt

knwn r ant, the ccana he ma er

damae de t at attack.

An npectn extn der bdn n r

adjacent t the te ma revea whether r nt ane

cndtn ext n the area. Evdence ncde whte

tann/crtn n the wa and rettn r erded

brck (a near the rnd), bare patche awn

(pb wth whte appearance rm dred at),

and dn veetatn.

i there evdence at then precatn need t betaken. The can be teted t determne the eve

ant, r aternatve a cnervatve apprach can

be taken where me bac tem ch a the cncrete

trenth and/r patc membrane are attended t n

the cntrctn t prvde the reqred drabt.

3.5 Measurement

The crrent accepted wa determnn the

ant eve at a te b mearn the eectrca

cndctvt (EC) the n decsemen per

metre (ds/m). Nte that a ant eve 1 ds/m

apprxmate eqvaent t a tta be at eve

640 ppm r 640 m/l.

O

Salinity Assessment

and Classifcation



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The prcedre meare the crrent between tw

eectrde; cent water t dve the at and

prvde a crct between the eectrde therere

reqred. Tw methd are avaabe2:

n satrated extract eectrca cndctvt, ECe. The

atrated wth water and the eectrca

cndctvt (ECe) meared. Th prcedre take

nt accnt the textre a the ampe nt

brken dwn b mxn wth water. s textre

an mprtant actr a the at attack n cncrete

depend n the rate water mvement (and

therere the at) thrh the and hw rapd

at can be pped/repenhed at the ace

the cncrete. Th dced n mre deta ater.

n Extract eectrca cndctvt, EC (1:5). The

mxed wth water n the rat 1 part t 5 part

water and the eectrca cndctvt meared.

A the textre aect the cndctvt,

cnvern actr (Table1) are ed t etmate

the atrated extract eectrca cndctvt (ECe)

the acta , rather than the /water mxtre.

The extract eectrca cndctvt tet a mper and

ater tet methd, vn ret (even ater appn

the cnvern actr) whch are accrate enh r

determnn the reqrement r the cncrete. Wth

the atrated extract eectrca cndctvt tet, t

ma take a cnderabe tme t reach the atratn

pnt wth ch a heav ca.

3.6 ClassifcationoSalineSoils

Table2ve a brad dentn ant cae

and ther eect n veetatn. The dvn between

a nn-ane and ane enera rearded a

an ECe

vae 4 ds/m. T ve me perpectve

t the vae, the maxmm mt r hman drnkn

water an EC vae 2.5 ds/m, ane water wd

be rearded a 6 ds/m, whe the Pacc ocean ha

an EC vae abt 59 ds/m.

it hd be nted that the cacatn n Table2

wa deveped t ae the ke mpact

ant n arctra crp. it a cndered a

reanabe cacatn r ant n rban area1.

TABLE1Factr r cnvertn EC (1:5) t ECe

(baed

n Abbtt3 and shaw4)

Soiltexturegroup* Multiplicationactors

sand 17

sand am 14

lam 10

Ca am 9

lht ca 8.5

lht medm ca 8

Medm ca 7

Heav ca 6

* grp are caed r textre n the deree t

whch can be red t n the pam the hand,ee Site Investigation or Urban Salinity5 r deta.

TABLE2ECe

vae ant cae (ater

Rchard6)

ECe

Class (ds/m) Comments

Nn-ane 16 on a ew ver

terant crp ed

atactr


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4.1 General

sat attack ccr rm the actn be at.

Whe the prbem acated wth ant are ten

reerred t mp a 'at damp', t mprtant t

reae that there are man derent at that can

be preent, each havn a derent deterratn

mechanm n term cncrete.

The rat the ndvda at preent expreed

a an n cncentratn. Table3 cmpare the

n cncentratn r tpca eawater wth the

nd n rndwater tet carred t n the Waa

Waa7 (NsW) area and n the at secnd Pnd

Creek8 (a majr redenta devepment) n sdne.

Cmmn at are chrde (C) and ate (s)

manem (M), cacm (Ca), dm (Na) r

ptam (K).

Meared b the cncentratn chrde n, the

rndwater n the wrt catn at Waa Waa

abt ne thrd a ane a eawater, whe at the

wrt te at secnd Pnd Creek (where at are

emern rm the creek bank) the chrde eve are

apprxmate n 20% that eawater. Hence t

mprtant t reae that rban ant enera nt

the ame a the perceptn a at water envrnment,and that at the eve preent, denn and

cntrctn cncrete redenta ab and tn

r drabt can be a trahtrward prce.

Nte that the a tet r ant, the eectrca

cndctvt tet (ee sectn 3.5), meare n the

tta be at, t de nt ve an ndcatn a t

whch tpe are preent. B knwn the cmptn

at preent, a mre accrate aement the

at attack mechanm and drabt reqrement

cncrete eement can be made, and mre-eectve

ant manaement tratee mpemented.

The three man mechanm b whch at n the

rndwater can attack renrced cncrete are:

n Phca attack

n Chemca attack

n Crrn renrcement.

Cmmn t each the reqrement r water t

dve and tranprt the at t the cncrete

race. A hh ane can be n cntact wth the

cncrete and et have n eect the dr.

Nte that a the at ma dve nt tn w,

me cde practce terate cncentratn n the

evera tme reater than n the rndwater9.

O

Eects on Concrete

TABLE3Majr n (m/) n water/

Groundwaterat SoilatSecondPondsCreek,Sydney8

WaggaWagga,NSW7

Wrt te Averae 3 te** Averae 3 te**

Averae (Creek Bank) (awa rm Creek) (awa rm Creek)

Ion Seawater Wrt te 9 wrt te 1:5 extract* 1:5 extract atratn extract

C 19500 6160 2788 4050 1253 2140

Na 11000 2900 1512 546 201 1425

s 2700 1720 761 24.6 20.1 109

M 1400 648 307 13.4 3.0 82

Ca 410 496 244 2.0 0.2 6.2

K 390 5.7 8.3 1.5 1.7 11.1

Nte: *Maxmm vae meared at the te

**The averae ncde the maxmm vae at each catn


11/22

10 Guide to Residential Slabs and Footings in Saline Environments

4.2 PhysicalAttack

Mtre rm the can enter the cncrete

and ead t rn damp and crtaatn

at (bth chrde and ate) a the water

evaprate. Dependn n the prere exerted b

the crtaatn prce and n the trenth

the cncrete, me drptn the cncrete at the

race can ccr. Eventa the race aer the

cncrete ma be 'tened' and pb ret awa,

expn a reh race.

Wth bred cncrete eement, reh race d nt

enera becme exped t rther attack, whe

the tened aer w tpca w dwn the rate at

whch rther cncrete w be attacked.

4.3 ChemicalAttack

in ane rndwater envrnment, nt n are

chrde n preent, bt natra-ccrrn ate

dm, ptam, cacm r manem can

metme be nd n the r dved n the

rndwater. At certan cncentratn, thee ate

can chemca attack the cncrete. The evert

the attack w depend n the tpe ate preent,

ther cncentratn, mvement rndwater,

prere, temperatre and the preence ther n.

Ptenta rce ncde:

n grndwater cntann dved ate

n Dved ate rmed rm xdatn de

mnera n the rnd

n sate rm back ca ah r ca waher

reject.

sate attack tpca nvve a reactn between

the ate and cnttent the cncrete t rm

prdct whch ccp a arer vme than the

rna cmpnd. The retn wen wthn the

cncrete ead t crackn, whch n trn aw eaer

acce r rther penetratn areve eement,

th eadn t rther deterratn.

Attack rm cacm, dm and ptam ate

caed a 'mderate', whe manem and

ammnm ate are ptenta mre evere n ther

actn. Th becae the attack a reater nmber

the cncrete cnttent.

Nte that the rndwater tet ret r Waa

Waa (ee Table3) ndcate that the ptam

eve were amt nn-extent, cacm cntent

averaed ha that eawater r the wrt nnebre he, and dm cntent wa n abt 12%

that eawater. Th the ate attack wd be

btanta e areve than rm eawater. At

secnd Pnd Creek the vae were cnderab

e aan.

Where dene, d-qat cncrete w-permeabt

n cntact wth a tn ate, cntnn

reactn depend n a renewabe rce be

ate. i there tte r n water mvement (e

tatc water tabe), the rate repenhment dted

at rm the rrndn w be w, a w be

the rate rmatn reactn prdct; the attack

w therere be mted. Mre deta can be nd n

As 3735 and the ppementar cmmentar10.

The ate retance bred cncrete ha been

nvetated extenve bth n Atraa and

verea; ndn ncde recmmendatn r

prtectn meare (e cnttent, mx den).

The mprtance addren qat e ch

a cmpactn and crn are a hhhted a

the have a majr nfence n the permeabt, and

hence drabt cncrete n thee cndtn. Mre

nrmatn can be nd n stark11 and Harrn12.

Partcar ate n can a ead t

hh acdc cndtn (acd-ate ).

Whe the recmmendatn n th gde w

a at n thee cndtn, mre-pecc

recmmendatn r expre t thee

envrnment are bend the cpe th

dcment and can be nd n BRE Det 3639.

4.4 CorrosionoReinorcement

4.4.1General

The cncrete rrndn renrcement prvde a

hh akane envrnment (pH arnd 12) whch

ret n the tee ben prtected b the rmatn

a hh mpermeabe xde aer n t race. Th

eectve prtect the tee rm crrn, even n

the preence mtre and xen.

The cncrete cver t the renrcement prvde a

phca barrer aant the nre btance

ch a at. genera, a the evert the

expre ncreae, w the reqred qat the

cncrete cver.

There are tw man mechanm b whch the

prtectn the tee can be mpared and crrn

ntated:

n Redctn n the akant the cncrete whch

prevent the prtectve xde aer rmn

n

inre at ch a chrde whch, preentn cent cncentratn, w cae crrn

even n an akane envrnment.


12/22

Guide to Residential Slabs and Footings in Saline Environments 11

4.4.2Reductioninthealkalinityoconcrete

Redctn n the akant r pH eve the cncrete

can ccr thrh the prcee carbnatn r

eachn. Carbnatn a prce where cacm

hdrxde n the cncrete react wth carbn dxde

rm the atmphere t rm e-akane prdct;

eachn nvve the remva be aka

hdrxde (hh pH) rm wthn the cncrete.

Becae carbnatn reqre cntact wth the ar,

t nke t cae crrn prbem n ab

and tn bred n the rnd, partcar n

mt envrnment. leachn a nke t

cae prbem a the fw water thrh the

and acr the race a bred ab r tn

enera ncent t remve r 'wah t' an

be aka. in acdc , eachn akae

pbe.

Th the man actr can crrn renrce-

ment n ab and tn the nre at.

4.4.3Ingressosalts

Chrde-ndced crrn tend t be acated

wth ntene caed attack the renrcement.

Reerrn t Table3, the hhet n cncentratn

that chrde, and t thee be chrde

n that rada penetrate nt the cncrete andcae crrn the renrcement. When the

cncentratn chrde n at the tee reache a

certan eve, a breakdwn n the pave xde m

arnd the tee ccr, even nder cndtn

hh akant, can the tee t be actvated, and

crrn t be ntated. in the preence mtre

and xen, crrn cntne r prpaate,

wth pan the cncrete takn pace nce the

expanve rce caed b the rt exceed the

tene capact the cncrete.

Fr crrn renrcement t be ntated and

t cntne, three majr cndtn mt ext

mtane, vz the preence at (e

chrde), mtre and xen. it enera

areed that n a cntn bmered tatn,

crrn renrcement nebe de t the ack

xen, the dn at thrh the atrated

pre the cncrete ben w and, n me cae,

the pre becmn bcked wth nbe prdct.

in zne that are bjected t repeated wettn and

drn, ane water ma be drawn thrh the pre

the cncrete b capar actn.

4.4.4Cracking

Crackn n an cncrete eement ma mpact n

the cncrete drabt becae t prvde a drect

paae r mtre (pb cntann areve

aent ch a at) and xen t enter the

cncrete. Dependn n ther depth and wdth, and

the arevene the expre cndtn, ear

crrn the renrcement ma ccr, can

caed are and pan.


13/22

5.1 General

in rban area, ant manaement tratee can

ether be n a brad cae, nvvn are area

and ch a a bdvn, r n a caed cae

ch a a ne-t devepment. Whe the tratee

t dea wth ant e var cnderab between

bdvn and ne-t devepment, n term

n cncrete n ane envrnment, the ame

prncpe app t bth ae the deree

expre and prvde an apprprate cncrete

trenth and cver.

5.2 Subdivisions

The devepment bdvn ha the ptenta t

ater an extn ant n a brad cae, ncdn

the n adjacent prperte and devepment.

Chann the andrm, varn the veetatn nrechare and dchare area, tn nratrctre

and ervce, and e re water, can a aect

the rndwater and/r ant eve. Whe the

hrt-term mpact ma be ar accrate aeed,

predctn the na tcme rbanatn ver, a,

a t-ear perd ar mre dct, de t the man

varabe nvved (ee sectn 2.3).

i nvetatn revea n extn r ptenta ant

prbem, then wrk can prceed nrma. Hwever,

an extn r ptenta prbem dented, the

wn hd be cndered:

n Saltloading. grndwater (cntann at) w

fw dwnward, and ma emere n w-n

area ch a creek and rver, r at the bae

a pe. i rndwater ntercepted an

the pe thrh actvte ch a ct-and-

cntrctn, prvn retann wa and

ntaatn rad/ervce, and dverted t

trmwater dran, a mar at adn hd

reach the creek/rver. Hwever, nterceptn

rndwater can create me pprtnte,

ncdn ben abe t dvert at t evapratnban, cntrn the heht the water tabe

and eachn at t the Figure1. The

ze the evapratn ban can be dened

t perrm adeqate r the majrt ht

ran hwer experenced n r cmate, whe n

heav dwnpr, at w be dted and fhedthrh the tem.

n Slabscaping. Th a term ed t decrbe the

cntrctn eve bdn bck b terracn

the pe a part the bdvn devepment.

Becae the qantt and ea acce drn

devepment, retann wa can be prvded at

a wer ct. Whe hn t w ct mre,

the avn ered t the hme wner thrh

ecnmca ab-n-rnd cntrctn nvvn

n ct-and- r retann wa ar tweh the

ncreae. in term rban ant, th d a-rnd tn r pn te, ha mar benet

t ndvda ct-and- cntrctn n ne

t, whe t aw reater cntr the dranae

e Figure2.

n Levels. The nhed race eve n bck

hd be prvded wth adeqate a t the

treet t aw rn water and prevent water

pndn, watern the , and t redce

the ntratn rana nt the rnd.

n Estatecut-and-ll. Whe th ma expe me

ane matera, cncrete eement ch a he

ab, dran and retann wa, and nratrctre,

can be dened t prvde the reqred drabt.

Dependn n the ant eve, the reatet

mpact ma be the hrt-term eect n the

veetatn ch a tree, awn and arden.

Care den the majr earthwrk hd be

abe t vercme mt thee prbem b, a,

keepn the ane matera cvered. Fr the n

term, the rnd eve and den the dranae

tem hd be abe t cntr the eve the

rndwater tabe. in th wa, an at preentnear the race hd be rada eached

rther dwn.

n Concreteretainingwalls. Adeqate dranae

hd be prvded behnd wa. in ane a

patc membrane behnd the wa w a at

wth redcn the rk efrecence n the

exped ace the wa. The wa hd have

apprprate cncrete trenth and cver t the

renrcement.

O

Site Management



14/22

n Stormwater/subsoildrains. Fr eve/w-n

area, trmwater dran an rad can be

ed t cntr rndwater eve, ee Figure3.

Dependn n the tatn, thee cd be

ntaed at reater depth t rther wer the

rndwater tabe. Aternatve, t redce the

dtance between dran, b dran cd be

ntaed an prpert bndare.

n Filling. i the eve a w-n area t be bt

p b n (wth nn-ane matera), a dranae

aer hd be prvded beneath the t prevent

rndwater rn t the race. Nte that th

aer hd be draned.

n Cappinglayers. Cvern ane wth a aer

nn-ane matera (perhap an mpermeabe ca

matera) ma be an ptn t avd dtrbance

the aected hrzn/matera, bt the n-

term eectvene need t be evaated. The

matera ma nterere wth the natra evapratn

prce and cae the rndwater eve t re

t the nderde the aer. Capar actn,

partcar n the tpe ca matera that

mht be ed a a cappn aer, ma then draw

the rndwater and at cer t the racewhere bdn eement and andcapn ma be

aected.

i there an extn ant prbem, then a

eement wthn the bdvn w need t be

dened t aw r th. The den the

bdvn hd a enabe an mprvement the

tatn ver tme (e redctn n the ant) thrh

prcedre ch a etate tree pantn and dranae

den t wer rndwater eve and aw eachn

the at.

Where there the ptenta r a ant hazard t

devep, the den prce hd ether arantee

that n tre prbem w are, r reqre that

certan bac meare are ncrprated nt the

den , a, he tn t enre ther drabt

the tatn chane. Nte that ch a arantee

ma be dct t er ver the tpca 50-ear den

e a bdn.

5.3 Single-lotDevelopments

The pprtnte t repnd t ant n ne-t

devepment are mted t n-te actn ch abdn and ervce den, trmwater manaement

and andcapn13. Hwever, the mpact n the vera

ant tem hd nt be nderetmated a each

ne t can cntrbte t the recharn the water

tabe.

in area aected b rban ant, me tem t

cnder are:

n Cutandll. The majrt pn te w be

ct-and-ed t create a eve bdn patrm.

Th ma expe me ane matera, n whch

cae the cncrete tn, retann wa and

pavn hd be dened t prvde the reqred

drabt.

n Suspendedfoors. Nte that the trp tn

ed t pprt pended fr are enera

deeper than the ede beam r tened-rat

tpe tn, and extend rther nt the rnd,

ncrean the rk expre t ane cndtn,

epeca there a hh rndwater tabe.

n Stripandpadootings. A a damp-prn

membrane edm prvded r trp r pad

tn, the cncrete r thee hd be

dened r the expre cndtn preent n

Retaining wall with subsoildrainage behind, drainingto evaporation basinor stormwater

Originalgroundwaterlevel

Newgroundwaterlevel

Groundwatertable lowered

Footings designedfor saline conditions

FIGURE1Ct-and- cntrctn

Retaining walls

with subsoil drainage behind,draining to evaporation basins or stormwater

House lot

House lot

House lot

FIGURE2sabcapn prvde cntr dranae

Drain interruptsgroundwater

Drain lowersgroundwaterlevel

Groundwater level Groundwater levelRoadway

FIGURE3strmwater dran cntr rndwater

eve



15/22


the te. i a damp-prn membrane ntaed,

and a redced cncrete trenth and cver ed,

the member hd be cmpete encaed b the

membrane.

n Externalpaving. Where pavn (ncdn

drvewa) ben paced n ane , the

prvn a patc membrane ch a a damp-

prn membrane nder the pavn w at

n preventn at cmn thrh the pavn

matera. Thee at ma cae efrecence

and pbe phca, chemca and crrn

damae t pavn.

n Concreteretainingwalls. A r bdvn,

adeqate dranae hd be prvded behnd

cncrete retann wa. A patc membrane

behnd the wa w a redce the rk

efrecence and pbe phca damae t the

exped ace the wa. Cncrete retann wa

tem hd be dened wth the apprprate

cncrete trenth and cver t the renrcement.

n Drainage. grnd and pavn eve hd enre

that water de nt pnd n the prpert a the

ncreaed ntratn w rae the water tabe.

sb dran behnd retann wa and arnd

bdn, and dran at the bae batter hd

be eectve draned t avd water pndn

wthn the trenche/dran. Fr fat te, b

dranae can be ntaed t cntr the eve the

rndwater tabe.

n Landscaping. Pantn deep-rted veetatn w

at n cntrn the eve the water tabe b

redcn ntratn. Dependn n the ant eve,

at-retant tr and pant cd be cndered.

n Sundrybuildingsandretainingwalls. Fr tem

ch a arden hed and ma retann

wa, the reqred den e ma n be 10

t 20 ear, ntead the nmna 50 ear

reqred new he. in thee crcmtance,

the nrma 20-MPa cncrete trenth ma be

atactr. in ane envrnment, t , hwever,

t recmmended that the cncrete be paced n

a membrane ch a a vapr barrer t cntr

mtre and efrecence rm the at.


16/22

6.1 General

Th ectn prvde recmmendatn n cncrete

trenth, cver t the renrcement, cmpactn and

crn tether wth meare t cntr crackn

t enre drabt cncrete ab and tn

exped t rban ant.

The recmmendatn n th ectn take accnt

the reevant reqrement n nt n As 2870

Residential Slabs and Footings14bt a n As 3600

Concrete Structures15, AS 2159 Piling Design

and Installation16, As 3735 Concrete Structures or

Retaining Liquidsand the Cmmentar10 n t, and n

the Bdn Cde Atraa17. A are baed n a

den e 4060 ear.

Crrent the BCA and standard reqre the e

a mnmm 20-MPa cncrete r redenta ab

and tn, rearde the ant the , n

the ba that adeqate prtectn ered b the

damp-prn membrane, a t ate the cncrete

eement rm t rrndn. it mpe that crrect

ntaatn and mantenance the membrane can be

aranteed. A, there are n reqrement r trp

and pad tn the wrappn whch n a damp-

prn membrane mpractca.

A mre practca tn t prvde the apprprate

cncrete trenth and cver r the rban ant

expre cndtn preent n the te. Fr ab-

n-rnd cntrctn, the patc membrane,

apart rm n t prmar nctn cntrn

water vapr rn thrh the ab, can then be

rearded a an addtna aeard ( ntaed

crrect), and ne whch w rther ncreae the

den e the cncrete eement. Th apprach

appe partcar t trp and pad tn where n

pecc reqrement r prtectn are prvded n

the standard.

6.2 Concrete

6.2.1Quality

The permeabt cncrete prbab the mt

mprtant actr aectn t drabt nce t wdetermne the deree penetratn areve

aent rm the envrnment. Cncrete hh

permeabt w aw the penetratn at,

mtre and xen, eadn t the deterratn

mechanm ( bth the cncrete and an

embedded tee) dced earer.

Cncrete permeabt, n trn, nfenced b

nmer actr, the mt ncant ben

the water-cement rat and the enth tme r

whch the cncrete cred. The cement cntent

an mprtant actr n prdcn a cheve

and wrkabe mx, th actatn pacn and

cmpactn t prdce a dene cncrete.

it hd be recned that cncrete permeabt

cntred b actr whch are aed t the cncrete'

trenth, e water-cement rat, cement cntent

and deree hdratn/crn. A a ret, and

a becae t the mt cnvenent methd

peccatn and cntr, the trenth cncrete

the cmmn meare t qat.

6.2.2Strength

Adptn the a phph pecn drabt

n term cncrete trenth and cver, Table4

ve the recmmended Nrma rade cncrete

trenth (e N20) r the var ant cae.

Thee are the tandard trenth rade cncrete

manactred b read mxed pper t cmp

wth the reqrement As 137918.

Nte that whe the e an arbtrar ECe

vae r

determnn the mpact ant n bdn and

nratrctre a mpcatn, r cncrete drabt

where the derence n trenth between the tandard

cncrete trenth rade abt 25% (e 20 MPa,

25 MPa, 32 MPa, 40 MPa, etc), the mpact ma

varatn n the ECe

n the eectn the

apprprate cncrete trenth mnma.

in sectn 3.6, t wa hwn that ane are

enera rearded a the wth ECe

vae reater

than 4 ds/m. Therere, bth the nn-ane and

ht ane cae wd be rearded a nn-

areve n term cncrete drabt, wth

an N20 cncrete ben atactr.

Recmmended mnmm cncrete trenth r theant cae dented n Table2 are hwn

n Table4.

O

Concrete Slabs and

Footings



17/22

TABLE4 Recmmended cncrete trenth r

ant cae

ECerange Salinityclass

(ds/m) (rm Tabe 2) Concretegrade

16 Hh ane N40

Nte that the cncrete trenth ven n Table4

are a de r ane cndtn, and ma nt be

adeqate n hh acdc . At Waa Waa,tetn reveaed the rndwater rm a bre t

have netra t ht akane pH vae, n

prbem wth acd deterratn wd be expected.

At secnd Pnd Creek, pH vae the 1:5

extract raned rm abt 5 t 9. in As 2159 th

cndered a nn-areve n w-permeabt

ch a t and ca, and reqre a mnmm

25-MPa cncrete r drabt the cncrete te.

Fr hh permeabe ch a and where the

rndwater at the race the cncrete can be

repenhed mre ea, the envrnment wd becndered md areve and reqre a mnmm

32-MPa cncrete trenth r drabt. Nte that n

th ntance thee cncrete trenth are cntent

wth the reqred r drabt aant chrde and

ate n.

6.2.3Covertoreinorcement

in addtn t the chemca prtectn arded t

the renrcn tee b the akant the cncrete,

the cncrete cver t renrcement prvde a a

phca barrer t the nre areve aent.

The eectvene th barrer depend n bth t

thckne and t qat. Th, adeqate cver

d qat cncrete vta n prvdn drabe

cncrete n areve cndtn.

Recmmended cver t renrcement are:

n sab and nterna beam prtected b a damp-

prn membrane

T nterna race 20 mm

T membrane n cntact

wth the rnd 30 mm

n Permeter beam/trp tn nt prtected b a

damp-prn membrane

Nn-areve 40 mm

Mderate ane 45 mm

Ver ane 50 mm

Hh ane 55 mm

The recmmended cver r ab and nterna

beam prtected b a membrane cmp wth the

reqrement As 2870. Fr permeter beam

arnd tened rat and trp r pad tn where

the cncrete ma nt be prtected b a tabe

membrane, ncrean the cver recmmended.

6.2.4Materials

Cncrete baca a cmbnatn cement,areate (ne and care) and water. Admxtre

and ther nredent are ten added t mpart

partcar prperte t the cncrete n the reh r

hardened tate.

it mprtant t enre that cncrete manactred

and pped n accrdance wth As 1379, a th w

enre that the nredent have a been checked

r cmpance wth the reqrement the reevant

Atraan standard.

6.2.5Uncontrolledwateraddition

The mprtance nt addn mre than the peced

amnt water cannt be veremphaed. A water

added t the cncrete mx, the water-cement rat

ncreaed, retn n wer trenth and mre

permeabe cncrete that e abe t ret the

phca damae t ma be bjected t n a ane

envrnment, ee Figures4and5.

A a enera re, the mre water that added, the

mre permeabe the cncrete w be, and hence the

e drabe. A, exce water ma ncreae drn

hrnkae crackn and prdce a weaker raceprne t exceve wear and dtn.



18/22

6.3 Reinorcement

6.3.1Fixingoreinorcement

Renrcement hd be xed n ptn t prevent

mvement drn pacn the cncrete and tprvde the reqred cncrete cver. Cmprehenve

nrmatn can be nd n Guide to Concrete

Construction19.

6.3.2Alternativematerials

optn r an extended den e ncde the e

avaned, tane tee and epx cated

renrcement. Fr redenta ab and tn, the

ct the atter tw ptn ma be prhbtve; a

mre practca and ct-eectve apprach enera

t ncreae the cncrete trenth and/r cver.

6.4 Concreting

6.4.1General

The three majr phae cncretn are pacn,

cmpactn and crn. Each ha a ncantnfence n the qat the retn cncrete and,

n partcar n t abt t perrm atactr n

ane envrnment. sme the mre mprtant

apect thee te practce are tned here; a

cmprehenve cverae a acet cncretn

wrk prvded n Guide to Concrete Construction.

6.4.2Placingandcompacting

Cncrete hd be paced t avd ereatn

and hnecmbn the mx, a pr cncrete

w prvde an neectve cncrete cver t prtect

the renrcement. An water r debr n the bae

per, tn and thckenn hd be remved

prr t pacn the cncrete t avd prbem wth

ncrean water-cement rat, ereatn r wahn

t cement pate rm the areate, a whch

can aect the drabt the cncrete.

Cmpactn the cncrete ver mprtant a

t expe entrapped ar and pack the areate

partce tether a t ncreae the dent

the cncrete. it enhance the tmate trenth

the cncrete and the bnd wth the renrcement. it

a ncreae the cncrete' abran retance,

decreae t permeabt and therere enhance t

enera drabt.

Prper cmpactn a enre that the rmwrk

cmpete ed e there are n pcket

hnecmbed matera and that the reqred nh

btaned n vertca race.

When rt paced, nrma cncrete w cntan

between 5% and 20% b vme entrapped ar.

The areate partce, athh cated wth mrtar,

tend t arch aant ne anther and are prevented

rm mpn r cndatn b nterna rctn.

Cmpactn cncrete therere a tw-tae

prce. Frt the areate partce are et n

mtn and mp t the rm, vn a eve

tp race. in the ecnd tae, entrapped ar

expeed, ee Figure6.

it mprtant t recne the tw tae n the

cmpactn prce becae, wth vbratn, nta

cndatn the cncrete can ten be acheved

reatve qck. The cncrete qee and the

race becme eve, vn the mpren thatthe cncrete cmpacted. Entrapped ar take a

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH (MPa)

10

20

30

60

50

40

0

70

WATER TO CEMENT RATIO

0.3 0.6 0.70.4 0.5

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8WATER TO CEMENT RATIO

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY (10-14m/s)

FIGURE4 Tpca eect water/cement rat n

trenth

FIGURE5The eect water-cement rat n the

permeabt the cncrete



19/22


tte ner t re t the race. Cmpactn mt

therere be prned nt th accmphed, e

nt ar bbbe n ner appear n the race.

A can be een rm Figure7, the eect

cmpactn n cmpreve trenth dramatc. Fr

exampe, the trenth cncrete cntann 10%

entrapped ar ma be a tte a 50% that the

cncrete when cmpacted.

Permeabt ma be mar aected nce

cmpactn, n addtn t expen entrapped ar,

prmte a mre even dtrbtn pre wthn the

cncrete, can them t becme dcntn.

The drabt the cncrete th mprved.

Whe the deeper trp tn and beam wthn

ab n rnd (bth ede and nterna) hd be

cmpacted n an mmern vbratr, r 100-mm-

thck ab n rnd, adeqate cmpactn can

a be acheved thrh the pacn, creedn

and nhn prcee. smetme, race vbratn

w be ed n the rm a ma hand-hed vbratn

creed. immern vbratr are nt recmmended

r a 100-mm-thck ab n rnd, a the ab depth

de nt aw prper mmern the vbratr head,

and damae ma be caed t the vapr/damp-

prn membrane.

The prper cmpactn cncrete eenta t the

drabt cncrete n ane envrnment.

6.4.3Curing

Crn the prce that cntr the

mtre rm cncrete ater t ha been paced

n ptn (r drn the manactre cncrete

prdct), thereb prvdn tme r cmpete

hdratn the cement t ccr. snce the hdratn

cement take tme da, and even week

rather than hr crn mt be ndertaken r a

reanabe perd tme the cncrete t achevet ptenta trenth and drabt. Crn ma a

encmpa the cntr temperatre nce th

aect the rate at whch cement hdrate.

Figure8 trate the mprtance crn b

cmparn the trenth (at 180 da) cncrete

whch ha been:

n kept mt r 180 da;

n kept mt r var perd tme and then

awed t dr t; and

n awed t dr t rm the tme t wa rt made.

A demntrated b Figure8, cncrete awed t

dr t mmedate acheve n 40% the trenth

the ame cncrete water cred r the perd

180 da. Even three da water crn ncreae

th re t mre than 60%, wht 28 da water

crn ncreae t t abt 95%. Keepn cncrete

mt therere a ver eectve wa ncrean t

tmate trenth.

RELATIVE STRENGTH (%)

AIR VOIDS (%)

0

20

40

60

80

0

15 20 25 30

100

5 10

FIGURE7l trenth thrh ncmpete

cmpactn

COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH AT 180 DAYSAS % OF CONTINUOUSLY MOIST SAMPLE

Days cured (then in air)

20

40

60

80

0Contin-uouslymoist

28 14 7 3

100

Contin-uouslyin air

FIGURE8Eect dratn water crn n the

trenth cncrete

STAGE 1STAGE 1

PROCESS: Liquefaction of theconcrete which

allows it to slumpand fill the form

TIME: 3 to 5 seconds

STAGE 2STAGE 2

PROCESS: The expulsion ofentrapped air

TIME: 7 to 15 seconds

TOTAL TIME (for both stages of the process): 10 to 20 secondsTOTAL TIME (for both stages of the process): 10 to 20 seconds

FIGURE6The prce cmpactn


20/22


The crn perd w depend n the prperte

reqred the cncrete, the prpe r whch t

t be ed, and the ambent cndtn, e the

temperatre and reatve hmdt the rrndn

atmphere.

Keepn cncrete mt b preventn the

mtre can be acheved b ether:

n preventn an exceve mtre b

eavn rmwrk n pace, cvern the cncrete

wth an mpermeabe membrane ater the rmwrk

ha been remved (e patc heetn, chemca

crn cmpnd), pacement aant a patc

membrane, r b a cmbnatn ch methd;

r

n cntn wettn the exped race thereb

preventn the mtre rm t (pndn

r pran the race wth water are tpca

methd ed).

The drabt cncrete aected b a nmber

actr ncdn t permeabt and abrptvt.

Brad peakn, thee are reated t the prt

the cncrete and whether the pre and capare

are dcrete r ntercnnected. Wht the nmber and

ze pre n cement pate are reated drect t

t water-cement rat, the are a reated, ndrect,

t the extent water crn. over tme, water crn

cae hdratn prdct t (ether parta r

cmpete) the pre and capare preent, and

hence t redce the prt the pate.

Figure9 trate the eect derent perd

water crn n the permeabt cement pate. A

can be een, extendn the crn perd redce the

permeabt.

in ane envrnment, a weak cncrete race

e eectve n retn bth phca attack rm

at and chemca attack rm ate, and the

ncreaed permeabt the cncrete prvde ae eectve barrer t the nre areve

btance ch a chrde n. The cncrete cver

prvded therere nt a eectve a that amed

n the reqrement the standard, and the den

e ma be redced.

Nte that t mprtant t cre a exped ace

the cncrete, ncdn the ede, a thee enera

have the reatet expre t an areve

btance n the .

The prper crn cncrete anther eenta

eement n the drabt cncrete n aneenvrnment.

Recmmended crn perd are:

n sab srace

interr 3 da

Exterr 7 da

n sab Ede

Nn-areve r ane 7 da

6.5 ControloCracking

Whe crack are nt nrma a trctra prbem

n he ab, wde enh, the ma aw

the nre at and aect the drabt thecncrete n ane envrnment.

There are man wa t redce the tendenc r the

cncrete t crack. Fr nrma ca cncrete, the

mpet t enre that n exce water added

n te and the cncrete adeqate cmpacted.

Awn the cncrete t an trenth that t

better abe t ret the tene rce that cae

crackn, can a be addreed thrh prper

crn the cncrete. Crn nt n aw the

chemca reactn repnbe r trenth an t

take pace, bt a dea the drn the cncrete.The ncreaed trenth an prr t drn w redce

the tendenc the cncrete t crack.

Mre renrcement a a mpe and reatve

nexpenve wa t cntr the ze crack.

increan the amnt ab renrcement b

pecn a heaver abrc (e sl92 ntead sl72)

w tend t dtrbte an crackn mre even.

Pacn extra renrcement at pnt where hrnkae

crackn expected (e trmmer bar at re-entrant

crner and pecn verap ab abrc n

narrw part the ab t ret n dbe the amnt abrc n the crtca area) a eectve.

COEFFICIENT OF PERMEABILITY (m/s)

CURING PERIOD (days)

Cement paste (W/C = 0.51)

0

10-8

10-9

10-10

10-11

10-12

10-13

10-14

10-15

10-16

10-7

1 3 7 14 28 90

10-17

FIGURE9Eect dratn water crn n the

permeabt cement pate


21/22


6.6 Damp-proofngMembrane

The ntaatn a damp-prn membrane

atn the reqrement As 2870

recmmended r ab-n-rnd cntrctn; t

mandatr n me state. Th hd be ad n a

mnmm 20-mm and aer t mnme the rk

pnctrn the membrane and t prvde a phca

break/barrer t pward mvement rndwater.

other reqrement As 2870 are:

n The entre ab nderad.

n The membrane apped 200 mm at jnt r

cntnt.

n The membrane cntn at penetratn;

taped r eaed wth a ce-ttn eeve.

n The membrane extended t rnd eve.

Nte that whe damp-prn membrane can be

ed r trp and pad tn, prtectn the tp

race (a bew rnd eve) ma be dct.


22/22

1 oFahert K Local Government Salinity Initiative

Broad Scale Resources or Urban Salinity

AssessmentDepartment land and Water

Cnervatn sdne, 2002.

2 Rament g E and Hnn F R Australian

Laboratory Handbook o Soil and Water

Chemical Methodsinkata Pre, Mebrne,

1992.

3 Abbtt T s Soil Test InterpretationPrceedn

a smpm, Dbb, NsW, Febrar 1990.

4 shaw R J s sant, n Identifcation o Soils

and Interpretation o Soil Data, pp 145174, the

Atraan scet s scence incrprated,

Qeenand Branch, Brbane, 1985.

5 lcrap A and Mcghe s Local Government

Salinity Initiative Site Investigation or UrbanSalinityDepartment land and Water

Cnervatn, sdne, 2002.

6 Rchard l A Diagnosis and Improvement o

Saline and Alkaline SoilsusDA Handbk N 60,

Wahntn DC, 1954.

7 Urban Salinity Annual Status Report 19992000

Waa Waa Ct Cnc.

8 Cx J, Ftzpatrck R, Wam B, Dave P and

Frreter s Salinity Investigation at Second

Ponds CreekCntanc reprt r Re H

inratrctre Pt ltd, J 2002.

9 Sulate and acid resistance o concrete in the

groundBRE Det 363, Bdn Reearch

Etabhment, uK 1996.

10 As 3735 Concrete structures or retaining liquids

standard Atraa, 2001.

As 3735 spp1, Concrete structures or

retaining liquids Commentary, standard

Atraa, 2001.

11 stark D, Longtime Study o Concrete Durability

in Sulate SoilsPrtand Cement Acatn,

Reearch and Devepment Betn RD086.01T.

12 Harrn W H Sulate Resistance o Buried

ConcreteThe thrd reprt n a n-term

nvetatn at Nrthwck Park and n mar

cncrete n ate tn at BRE Bdn

Reearch Etabhment Reprt Ci/sB q2(R8),1992.

13 Wetern sdne sant Wrkn Part, Western

Sydney Salinity Code o Practice, Wetern

sdne Rena oranatn Cnc, 2003.

14 As 2870 Residential slabs and ootings

Constructionstandard Atraa, 1996.

15 As 3600 Concrete structuresstandard

Atraa, 2001.

16 As 2159 Piling Design and installation

standard Atraa, 1995.

17 Bdn Cde Atraa 2004 Housing

Provisions(BCA 2004 Vme Tw) Atraan

Bdn Cde Bard, 2004.

18 As 1379 Specifcation and supply o concrete,

standard Atraa, 1997

19 Guide to Concrete Construction(T41/HB64)

Cement and Cncrete Acatn Atraa

and standard Atraa, 2002

CementConcrete&AggregatesAustraliawebte:

www.concrete.net.au

O

Reerences

Documents

CCAA Salinity T56