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ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTALENGINEERING PROJECT CC-101
ByAKHIL GOVIND 108113010)
Aravind J Nair 108113014)B. Akhil 108113017)
C. Vignesh 10811024)
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AIM To design a suitable power generation system for the Palm
Jumeirah Island, United Arab Emirates so as to reduce the currentover-dependence on diesel and thermal sources. This will reduce
the carbon footprint at least by a small extent and could serve as
a model for the future.
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WHAT IS THE PALM JUMEIRAH ISLAND?It is an artificial manmade
island built off the coast
of Dubai to house real
estate, apartments,
hotels, malls, beaches
and other tourist
attractions.
Architecturally the island
is built in the shape of adate palm connected to the main land by a bridge.
The island measures 5 by 5 kilometers and is larger than almost 800
football fields put together.
The current power demand is met by an ABB switching station in
Jebel Ali which
supplies the power tofour smaller switching
islands on the island.
The Palm Islands
consume a lot of
energy and its supply
requires complex
system of power
generation and
transmission to the consumers.
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DETAILS OF THE POWER DEMANDOn an average, the people of the UAE consume 20MWh of energy
per person per year.
The Palm Jumeirah thus will have a consumption of ~ 480 GWh per
year.
Dubai already has a Solar Plant capable of generating 24 GWh per
year.
WHAT DO WE PROPOSE?There is a popular saying that Take care of the small parts, the larger
ones will fall into place.
No hybrid system proposed by our current level of knowledge or
technical skills can generate enough power to meet the demand of
the island.
But small steps taken can reduce the load on coal and diesel power
plant generated power.
The most amazing aspect of the island is its artificial greens and the
marina.
Can we not make these greens greener in the energy sense? There is
a lot of solar energy incident over this part of the world in general.Can a bit of this solar energy not be harvested so as to make this
island more efficient?
The marina is located within the island. High speed boating causes
harm to the aquatic population within the waters. Can a novel system
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not be made over a part of the marina so as to generate power to a
significant part of the consumers?
MEET OUR ALLIES:1.SUN:
Solar energy is the energy harnessed from the sun, in very
simple terms. The working of this conversion of radiant solar
energy into electrical energy is complex.
The earth receives almost 200 PetaWatts of Solar radiation inthe upper atmosphere. Only 70% of this is absorbed by oceans,
land and cloud.
Solar energy can be captured and used in different methods like
photovoltaic cells, solar thermal energy conversion, solar
cookers, solar collectors, etc.
Solar cells convert the light energy to electrical energy making
use of the photoelectric effect. The early solar cells made in
1880s and early 1900s had efficiencies of 4.5 6.0 %. In 2012,
solar cells with efficiencies of the order of 20 30 % have come
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on the market. Research on solar cells and solar energy is still
ongoing and within 10 15 years scientists forecast creation of
solar cells with efficiency as high at 50%.
The biggest shortcoming of usage of solar energy is that it canonly be harnessed effectively within a limited time interval.
Storage of solar energy is another upcoming research field. The
Andosol Solar station in Spain uses molten salt to store the
solar energy and thus can generate electricity when the sun
isnt shining.
The International Energy Agency forecasts that by 2060, solar
energy can provide one third of the earths total energydemand.
2.wind:Wind power is another widely used source to generate
electricity. Since olden times humans have used Wind energy to
perform
mechanical work
and grind flour.
The first wind
turbine to
generate
electricity was
made in 1887 by
James Blyth.
Since then and
especially during
the 1950s, there has been tremendous research on wind
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turbines. Today these are classified as Horizontal Axis turbines
and Vertical Axis turbines. Wind farms are constructed over
large area of land and contain many wind turbines to generate
electricity. Since land is not a readily available asset, there havebeen offshore wind farms as well in favorable areas. The
Lillgrund Offshore Wind farm is located 10km off the coast of
Southern Sweden where wind speeds are almost 10kts and the
maximum capacity of the farm is 110 MW ~ 330 GWh per year.
In case of offshore wind farms, technology has to be improved
on how to bring this power to the main grid.
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INSPIRATIONAL WIND/SOLAR ENERGYPROJECTS FROM OVER THE WORLD:
1)LILLgrund wind farm, Sweden:The Lillgrund Wind farmis located off the coast
of Oresund in Sweden. It
is an offshore wind farm
consisting of 48 turbines
each rated at 2.3 MW, in
an area where windspeeds are of the order
of 10 kts (almost the
same as of Dubai and
Palm Jumeirah).
The wind farm produces 330 GWh per year. The turbines rotors
have a radius of 42 m and a total height of 115 meters from sea
level.
2)LONDON ARRAY:The London Array is the worlds largest Offshore Wind Farm
with maximum
capacity of 1000
MW. The Wind farmis located 20 Km
from the Kent Coast
and consists of 341
3.6 MW turbines.
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3) Mohammed bin Rashid Al MaktoumSolar Park:
It is a 13 MW Solar park
located in the Desert
of Dubai and capable
of producing 24 GWh
of electricity per year.
4)KYOCERA SOLAR PARK:It is a 70 MW power
project located in
Southern Japan. The park
is made on reclaimed landattached to the mainland
and occupies only 1.27 sq.
km of area.
5)Solar ark:The solar ark
is an ark
shaped solar
photovoltaic
power
generation
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facility in the geographical centre of Japan capable of producing
530 MWh of electricity per year.
6)ANDASOL SOLAR PLANT:Andasol solar plant is
the first Parabolic
trough power plant in
Europe. It uses molten
salt mixture of 60%
Sodium Nitrate and
40% Potassium Nitrateto store part of the
heat and when it
cannot harness solar
energy like in the evening, this heat is used to run a turbine.
Thus the number of operational hours almost doubles.
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OUR IDEA:There is an artificial marine located within the island covering a
major part. If an Offshore Wind farm with Horizontal Axis
Turbines can be erected in that area, each with a rating of say 2
MW (and numbering to 20 40 turbines) and assuming total
operational time of 5-10 hours per day (taking into account the
wind patterns as shown by statistics) we can generatean
average of 210 GWh for the Island by the Wind Energy System
Solar energy can only be harnessed between 8.30 a.m to 4.30p.m (almost 8 hours) a day during summertime (~ 200 days an
year). A Solar Park in the desert of Dubai along the lines of the
Rashid Al Makthoum Solar Park can be used to bring in some
more electricity required by the island. If this solar park were to
use the principle of storage of solar energy by molten salt, then
we would get a solar thermal conversion system in the time of
an overcast sky.Furthermore, construction of a solar park using high efficiency
panels on the lines of the Kyocera Solar Park mentioned above
or a structures like the Solar Ark (can be called Solar
dhow(boat) keeping in mind the regional names) can be
constructed at multiple locations. Thus we could get another
100 - 150 GWh of electricity through the solar systems.
Thus we may be able to generate at the maximum 360 GWh out
of the required 480 GWh of energy every year through these
systems resulting in 120 GWh of electricity every year through
conventional sources.
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MODEL OF HOW THE IDEA COULDCHANGE THE FACE OF THE PALMISLANDS HYPOTHETICAL):
WhereThe Black Dots represent the locations in the water where a turbine
could be constructed;
The red dots represent location where a Solar Dhows could be made;
and the brown patches represent location of smaller solar plants on the
island
The Solar Power Plant should be located in the desert and electricity
brought by high voltage switching methods already existent.
The Arrow at the centre represents a possible location for the Palm
Jumeirah Central station which will distribute the load to smaller stations
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HOW TO connect to the grid:There are 4 switching stations on the Palm Jumeirah which receive
power from the main Jebel Ali Station.
The Electricity from the Wind Farm and Solar Dhows should be
transmitted to a central switching station on the trunk. The Electricity
from the Solar Park in the Desert will come along with other
electricity.
COST:This project is highly ambitious and hypothetical based on already
existing methods.
However the cost of such a project should also be taken into
consideration which is where the location of this project triumphs.
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Dubai spends millions of AED per year on real estate and energy
projects. The Sheikh has pledged to increase spending on renewable
sources so as to make Dubai an energy efficient Emirate by 2020.
Thus such an ambitious project will be accepted with both hands.
WHY SOLAR-WIND HYBRID:Dubai (Lat 25.25oN, Long 55oE) is situated within the Solar Belt of the
Earth. The
Arabian
Peninsula lies
in virtually arainless sunny
belt with the
typical solar
radiation
exceeding
6KWh/m2and
80-90% clear skies throughout the year. Thus solar energy is a
preferred choice for renewable energy here also owing to the well
developed technology and ability to spend on costly technology.
Thus Solar energy, which is currently under-utilized, can help power a
significant demand of this location.
Average wind speeds in the Palm Jumeirah are between 8-10 kts.
Cutoff velocity for turbines to work is 7kts. Therefore we can expect
working of turbines for almost 80% of the time. This will not only help
power the energy demand but also add aesthetic beauty to the Palm
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Jumeirah marina. Furthermore only a small area will be required for
the wind turbines.
(Wind data for the Palm Jumeirah)
ADVANTAGES OF SOLAR DISADVANTAGES OF SOLARAbundant Energy and almost free
of cost.Expensive to make solar panels
Low pollution. Harnessed only in daytime whenit is sunny (but this can be
overcome by using molten salt tostore the energy)
High availability in the region
ADVANTAGES OF WIND DISADVANTAGES OF WINDFuel cost is zero Requires certain cutoff velocity
for generation of electricity
Each wind turbine takes up only asmall area of land.
Noisy(producing almost sameamount of noise as a car at
100kmph)Wind turbines do not release
green house gases or pollutants.If not erected with strongfoundation, can collapse.
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POLLUTANT EMISSIONS:Wind turbines do not produce CO2 emissions as such. However
construction of Wind Turbines does produce some CO2. Studies have
found that due to usage of wind power, there have been reductions
of emission by .3 to .5 tonnes of CO2 per MWh produced. Moreover
there is a very high net energy gain for a wind turbine measured by
an index called Energy Return based On Investment (EROI).
EROI = Cumulative electricity produced by turbine divided by
cumulative primary energy required to build and maintain turbine
EROI of Wind ranges from 5 to 35 with an average of 33.
Manufacturing of solar cells and panels may cause some emissions.
However this is still lower than that of conventional sources. On an
average, the cadmium telluride emissions caused during
manufacturing of solar panels is 300 times lower than that of coal
powered plants.
A standard solar PV system installed on a rooftop will reduce CO2
emissions by .9 tonnes per year. Thus a diversified solar panel system
as we plan will help reduce many tones of CO2 emissions per year.
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CONCLUSION:The location of Palm Jumeirah is its biggest factor. There are
abundant winds throughout the year, especially along the coast.
Solar energy is abundant over the area, especially in the desert.
The right mix of these two sources in conjunction will reduce the
strain on conventional sources of energy and help reduce CO2
emissions of the UAE.
Such a system can also be implemented in many of the countries in
the Middle East, thereby reducing by a huge factor the strain on fossilfuels in these areas. Cost of such projects is no factor here due to the
high purchasing power of the respective Governments.
Moreover these projects would also generate jobs for many people,
be it in the maintenance of the systems, or electrical engineers, or
mechanical engineers, technicians etc.