CBT and It’s Applicationsfor SW Practice

Yau Tat-yu

My Concerns

Comprehensive, Balanced and Critical Views towards CBT

It’s Implications to SW Practice Paths for further Development /

Learning

Historical Development

Revisions on Behavioral Therapies

1. Classical Conditioning (CC)?

2. Operant Conditioning (OC)?

Classical Conditioning (CC)

Operant Conditioning

Operant Conditioning

Why Operant Conditioning is frequently applied in working with MI / MR / children / residential setting?

Give examples for different schedules of reinforcement in our daily lives, and discuss the implications of its use in intervention

Operant Conditioning (OC)

Applications of Operant Conditioning

1. Reinforcement Vs punishment 2. Positive and negative

reinforcement 3. Reinforcement: behavior is shaped

by its desirable consequence4. Shaping, Fading, Chaining,…

Behavior Therapies

Basic Assumptions 1. Behaviors are conditioned and

shaped by stimulus and consequences

2. Human being is treated as ‘black box’.

Critical Remark 1

Sheldon Rose’s View

Behavior

Context

Consequences+

Critical Remark 2

Respecting clients (taking good care of their needs and

starting where they are), being critical towards the oppression / power issues in practice scenario….

Critical Remark 3

Read the following before using OC.

「行為治療法」之華人社會的應用

So…

1. How Sheldon Rose’s view related to CC / OC?

2. Give examples that client is not being respected in BM in our common practice

3. Your comment on ‘行為治療法’

Social Cognitive Theory

List three to five human capabilities that are important for our (social) livings?

Social Cognitive Theory

Basic capabilities1. S____________ Capability

2. F____________ Capability

3. V____________ Capability

4. S____________ Capability

5. S____________ Capability

Social Cognitive Theory

Reciprocal Determinism

Social Learning

Most human behaviors are learned by observation.

Observation Learning – Attentional, Retention, Motor Production, Motivational

Model Variables – what are these?

Model Variables…

1. S______, P_______, S______, N________, C________ of O_______, V_______ of M _______, …

2. C_____ Vs M_____ Models, I_____ and I______ Models …

3. These all contribute to modeling effect in general, but its impact depends on its context

Self-efficacy

Sources of developing Self-efficacy E______, V______, P_______ and P________.

Importance: B_____ E______ (linking to positive outcome) and S___ E_____ are two important determinants for behavior learning.

Role of self-efficacy in behavior learning Self-fulfilling prophecy of Self-efficacy

Reinforcement

Three types of Reinforcement

1. Direct Reinforcement

2. Vicarious reinforcement

3. Self-reinforcement (SR and SE)

About Skills Training…

Goldstein, A.P., L'Abate, L., Argyle, A., Trower, P.,… and have you heard of these….?

1. Parenting Skills

2. Social Skills / Communication Skills

3. Assertiveness Skills

4. Negotiation Skills / Skills on Mediation

5. Skills on Anger Control / Emotional Management / Aggression Replacement Training

6. ……

Rounding Up

1. What are implications of CC, OC and SCT to behavior changes and skills training?

2. What are the implicit assumptions of skill training?

Cognitive Behavior Therapies

Basic assumption: Cognition, Behavior and Emotion are influencing each other.

Some concepts get confused…?

CBT - Assumptions

Cognitive Therapies (CT, REBT)

Appraisal – Beck, A.: Cognitive Therapy (CT), Ellis, A.: Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)

Disputation (CT) Vs Collaborative Empiricism (REBT)

Ellis: IB absolute ‘must’ Beck: Thought Content and Information

Processing

Cognitive Therapy

What kinds of dysfunctional thoughts that you have come across?

Cognitive Therapy

Dysfunctional Thoughts (DT)

1. All-or-nothing thinking

2. Overgeneralization

3. Discounting the positives

4. Jumping to conclusions

5. Mind Reading

Cognitive Therapy

Dysfunctional Thoughts (DT)

6. Fortunetelling

7. Magnifying / minimizing

8. Emotional reasoning

9. Making Labeling

10. Inappropriate blaming

Cognitive Therapy Appraisal

Three Major Domains – related to schema

1. Self: self-appraisal, self-acceptance, …2. World: what the world should be,

expectations on others, …3. Future: what would happen in future,

…

Cognitive Therapy

Think about different Schema related to these three domains…?

Cognitive Therapy

General Process (psycho-educational):

1. Understanding the impact of thought on behavior and emotion

2. Educating functional / dysfunctional thoughts

3. Identifying thought (automatic thought / schema)

4. Cognitive Restructuring

Cognitive Therapy – general process

Cognitive Restructuring

Some Useful Strategies / Questions

1. Evidence? 2. Alternative Interpretations?3. Implications?4. Downward Arrow5. 為信念的優缺點加權

Self Talk Statement

Think about a positive self talk statement when you are in difficult time.

Self-Instructional Training

Self talk statement can incorporate different cognitive strategies, including…

SIT is a kind of self talk statement. Impulsivity is highly related to lack of /

underdevelopment of self-talk statement SIT – a means of exercising covert control

over behavior General Strategy: From impersonal to

personal, from over to covert training

Problem Solving

Spivack, G., Plat, J., Shure, M.B.: Interpersonal Cognitive Problem Solving (ICPS)

D’Zurilla, T.J., Nezu, A.M.: Social Problem Solving (SPS)

Overlapping a lot, but…

SPS

Social Problem Solving

SPS I – Problem Orientation

Problem Orientation:1. Problem Recognition 2. Problem Attribution3. Problem Appraisal4. Perceived Control 5. Time / Effort Commitment

SPS 2 – Problem Solving

Problem Solving Skills:

1. Problem Definition and Formulation

2. Generation of Alternative Solutions

3. Decision Making

4. Solution Implementation and Verification

ICPS

Five Stages Model Problem recognition Generating Alternatives Means-ends Thinking Consequential Thinking Perspective Taking

Self Management

Kanfer: Self-monitoring, Self-Evaluation, and Self-control.

Applied both to Behaviors and Cognitions

A very useful strategy for generalization

Helping client to develop responsibility for his own