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DELIVERING KNOWLEDGE. DEVELOPING COMPETENCE.
2009 Pitac Ltd, All Rights Reserved Pitac Ltd - Version 01/2009 2
Introduce the basic methods of perforating Stress the need and benefit for
efficient perforating Outline gun selection
recommendations Review impact on well performance Discuss problems associated with
perforating
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The Deep Penetrating (DP) Charge
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The Big Hole (BH) Charge
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Big Hole & Deep Penetrating Charge - 34 gms
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Berea Sandstone 3000psi stressed
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Penetration as a function of Compressive Strength
ln Pf = ln Pt + 0.086 X (Ct - Cf)/1000 Ct is the compressive strength of test
material - usually Berea SS = 6500 psi Cf is the compressive strength of
material penetrated-- the formation Pt is the penetration acquired in the
API RP 43 test, inches Pf is the predicted penetration into the
selected formation,inches.
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Hollow-Carrier type Capsule type
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Tubing Conveyed Perforators
Ideal for perforating long intervals
Underbalanced or extreme overbalanced
Options:
Kill & pull Drop guns in rathole Leave in place Strip gun out from live well (deployed)
Relatively large holes & deep penetration
Wide selection of gun ODs, charge sizes,phasing,
density, etc.
Unlimited perforating length
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Tubing Conveyed Perforator
System more complicated and normally takes more time to run guns - watch temperature!
Typically requires a correlation log for proper spacing after reaching TD
Firing options: Drop Bar Tubing pressure Annular pressure Electrical wet connect
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Perforating Guideline : Consolidated Sandstone
Underbalanced in clean salt water
Hollow Steel Carrier, 20+ gram charge
Shot density of 8 SPF
Phase angle of at least 180 degrees
Hole Diameter > 0.4 (prefer > 0.5)
Max penetration (>10); goal of
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Perforating Guideline : Carbonate Formations
Displace casing with clean salt water
Spot 10 % acetic acid across formation
Perforate with 100 to 300 psi
overbalance
Wireline Conveyed Hollow Steel
Carriers
Shot density of 2 to 4 SPF w/20+ gram
Phase angle of at least 180 degrees
Hole diameter of at least 3/8 inch
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Perforating Guidelines: Gravel Packing
Underbalanced (500 psi) in clean SW
Phase angle < 90 degrees
Shot density 12 SPF
Hole diameter >0.7
Penetration 6 probably adequate
Minimize time before GP & avoid pills
Consider perf clean-up or stimulation
Pre-pack or Frac-pack
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Perforating Guideline : Paraffin /Asphaltenes/ Scale
Perforate underbalanced in clean SW
Desired hole: Large, Smooth &
Uniform
Entrance hole > 0.5 (prefer 0.75)
Shot density: Normally 4 SPF
Leave 5 ft gaps if feasible
Re-perforate if necessary (up to 25
SPF)
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for Oil Zones
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Aged reusable port plug / screw port gun
Note sealing area around the threaded holes
Dents behind charge ports in this 120o phased gun are from repeated recoil of the charges over a series of uses
Walls of gun are about 0.5-0.75 (1.25 to 1.87 cm)
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