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Page 1: CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG THE EDUCATED YOUTH …tijoss.com/TIJOSS 11th Volume/ahmed14.pdf · CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG THE EDUCATED YOUTH IN ... a study on the causes of unemployment

170

CAUSES OF UNEMPLOYMENT AMONG THE EDUCATED YOUTH IN PAKISTAN

Mian Muhammad Ahmad Iqbal(1)

Shahid Qayyum Khaleek(2)

(1)(2) M.Phil Scholars, Department of Sociology, Government College University Faisalabad, Pakistan

Abstract

Unemployment is a lime lighted issue of Pakistan. It is the need of the day to root out the causes of

unemployment. In this scenario we felt a need to conduct a study on the causes of unemployment among the

educated youth in Pakistan. In the present study quantitative and qualitative (focus group discussion)

researches are conducted to find out the main causes of unemployment in Pakistan. The respondents were

including both males and females to discover the multiple reasons and gender biasness or segmentation in job

market in the gender perspective. Statistical tool is applied for analysis of the quantitative data and focus

group interviews are also concluded separately. At the end final conclusion is drawn by comparing both

results.

Key words: unemployment, gender biasness, market segmentation

1 INTRODUCTION

The Islamic republic of Pakistan had been

established in 14 august 1947 having four

provinces like Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and

Sarhad. Unemployment is one of the burning

issues of Pakistan. An individual, who has ability

and willing to do work, is not able to get job

opportunity is called unemployed person. In the

current scenario more than 30 lac individuals are

unemployed in Pakistan (Malik et al., 2011).The

rate of unemployment in Pakistan can be

calculated by the collaboration of Labor Force

Survey conducted by the Federal Bureau of

Statistics in 2011. According to this survey, the

unemployment has been increased from 5.6% in

2009 to 6% in 2011. This increase has been

measured for both males and females. Females

are more unemployed (8.9%) as compared to

males (5.1%) (LBF Survey, 2011). Population of

Pakistan is increasing rapidly as zafar et al (2011)

concluded that population growth is the real cause

of unemployment in Pakistan and the Population

growth in Pakistan is currently registered at an

annual rate of 2.1% which is one of the highest in

the world. On the other hand resources are

declining day by day as Chaudry and Hamid (1998)

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171

concluded that less number of resources are the

main reason of unemployment and Qayyum (2007)

founded that a large number of educated young

people are facing higher unemployment rate in

Pakistan. Gender participation in labor market is

also increasing in Pakistan. Due to the globalization

and changing patterns of the society the women

are also willing to participate in labor force to run

their families, the Results of Naqvi and Lubna

(2002) also indicates that women participation in

economic activities increase with age in Pakistan

and conclusions indicates that there is a higher

evidence of unemployment among female youth

in Pakistan.

In the current circumstances of Pakistan the

tendency of both genders towards education is

very high. Educated youth including males and

females drop their c.v in different governmental

and non-governmental organizations and

institutions but unfortunately seek negative

response from the job market. Some jobs like

receptionist etc are associates to the females only

due to the attraction of the opposite sex but on

the other side some jobs are appropriate only for

the male segments that’s why there is a strong

gender biasness and discrimination exist in job

market as Jacqueline (2004) identified that gender

discrimination always exists in the labor market.

And this gender biasness leads to the

unemployment among the educated segments.

Pakistan have the strong feudal political system in

this perspective the feudalists and political leaders

have strong influence on social and governmental

institutions according to this point of view the

person who have strong reference (safaris) and

approach to the feudalists or the political leaders

can get job easily. Economic development also

depends upon the availability of energy sources

like khan et al (2007) proved the relationship

between energy and economic growth. Lack of the

energy sources means no economic development

and this imbalance between the economic

development and energy sources is also cause of

unemployment in Pakistan as in the case of India,

Ghosh (2009) have observed the nexus between

electricity supply, employment and GDP.

2 METHODOLOGY

Two methods were used to collect the data.

Firstly quantitative method is used to collect the

data. A hundred questionnaires were fulfilled by

those students who have completed their sixteen

years of education in the city Lahore Pakistan.

Convince sampling technique is used for selection

of the respondents. Hence 50 respondents were

males and 50 were females and results were

interpreted by applying Statistical formula of

percentage.

P= f/n × 100 where P = percentage, f= frequency,

n = total sample size and 100 is constant.

Secondly qualitative method is used to collect the

data. Four focus group discussions were conducted

two groups was containing males and two groups

for females. Each group had eight respondents.

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172

Data is interpreted by combining the qualitative

and quantitative results.

3 RESULTA AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Extent of problems to faced

32% of boys answered that they are facing

problems to some extent and 68% of boys

answered that they are having much problems.

68% of girls answered that they are facing

problems to some extent and 32% answered that

they are facing much problems.

Table: 1

Respon

ses

Male Female

Freque

ncy

Percent

age

Freque

ncy

Percent

age

To

some

extent

16 32 34 68

Much 34 68 16 32

Total 50 100 50 100

Fig: 1

Focus group discussion session also indicates the

same results because majority of the boys are not

accepted in organizations due to the lack of job

opportunities but on the other hand women are

also facing much problems.

3.2 Gender biasness in job market

98% boys answered that gender biases exist in

giving jobs and 2 % think there are no gender

biases. 72% girls answered that gender biases exist

in giving jobs and 28 % think there are no gender

biases.

Table: 2

Respon

ses

Male Female

Freque

ncy

Percent

age

Freque

ncy

Percent

age

Yes 49 98 36 72

No 1 2 14 28

Total 50 100 50 100

Fig: 2

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

120%

yes no

males

females

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

some much

male

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173

Majority of the respondents are facing the gender

biasness in jobs market. All organizations prefer

females because they have better communication

skills and due to the opposite sex attraction like

receptionist jobs. Female respondents are also

agree that there is gender biasness exist in job

competition.

3.3 Job without a strong reference

88% boys answered that it is difficult to get job without reference and 12% boys disagreed with that.

56% girls answered that it is difficult to get job without reference and 44% girls disagreed with that.

Table:3

Fig: 3

During the focus group discussion a large number

of respondents agree that job is not possible

without the strong reference (Sifarish). Feudal and

political interference reduce the job opportunities

for those segments that fall on merit.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

yes no

males

females

Responses Male Female

Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

Yes 44 88 28 56

No 6 12 22 44

Total 50 100 50 100

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174

3.4 Job without experience

92% boys answered that it is difficult to get job

without experience and 8% boys disagreed with

that.

72% girls answered that it is difficult to get job

without experience and 28% girls disagreed with

that.

Table: 4

Responses Male Female

Frequency Percentage Frequency Percentage

Yes 46 92 36 72

No 4 8 14 28

Total 50 100 50 100

Fig: 4

After the focus group discussion it is concluded

that fresh graduates face job problems severely

due to the lake of the experience. Majority of the

males and female respondents said that it is very

difficult to do job without any experience.

Organizations prefer experienced person for job as

compare to the fresh graduates.

3.5 Some other factors of unemployment

After the conclusion of the focus group discussion

it is concluded that there are many more factors

that are prominent hindrance on the way of

employment. Majority of the respondents agree

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

yes no

males

females

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175

on this point that over population, lack of the

resources and weak political and social institutions

are also main reason of unemployment. As

Pakistan is facing severe shortage of electricity and

this short fall is destroying economic activities,

business and production in this context majority of

the respondents raised the issue that electricity

shortage is the major reason of unemployment in

Pakistan. During the focus group discussion it is

observed and concluded that bribery (rishwat) is

also a prominent reason of unemployment in

Pakistan.

4 CONCLUSIONS

Educated youth is facing so many problems in

finding jobs and in starting their job careers. The

situation is serious because majority of the

segments agreed that they cannot get job without

a reference (sifarish) and bribery. It is also

observed that majority of the fresh graduates are

not accepted in job market because the demand of

experienced segments is high as compare to the

fresh ones. On the other hand job opportunities

are too low due to the overpopulation and lake of

resources, wages are also low hence the majority

of the segments don’t accept low wages and long

working hours but most of them are having

problem to get job even on less pay. After the

whole study it is concluded that gender biasness or

market segmentation is also exist in the matter of

employment is also present and jobs are allocated

regarding to the sex. As the Pakistan is facing sever

energy crisis in this era in this context majority of

the respondents highlighted that energy crisis is

also a prominent reason of unemployment in

Pakistan.

REFERENCES

Chaudry, M.A. and . Hamid(1998)Unemployment

in Pakistan. Pakistan economics and social review

36:2, 147-170.

Govt. of Pakistan. 2011. Labour force survey. Fed.

Bureau of Statistics. Islamabad, Pakistan.

Ghosh, S.: Electricity supply, employment, and real

GDP in India: evidence from cointegration and

Granger- causality tests. Energy Policy 37 , 2926–

2929 (2009)

Jacqueline, G. 2004. “Occupational Pressures in

Banking: Gender Differences.” Women in

Management Review, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 219-225

Khan, A.M., Qayyum, A.: Dynamic modeling of

energy and growth in South Asia. Pak. Dev. Rev.46,

481– 498 (2007)

Mehmood, Z. Akhtar, N. Ameen, M and Idree,

M(2011) Causes of Unemployment Among the

educated Segments. Sarhad J. Agric. Vol.27, No.1,

2011

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176

Malik, Z., Malik, F.Z., Malik, G.Z. & Khan, F. (2011).

Pakistan Observer, eyes and ears of Pakistan.

Retrieved from

pakobserver.net/201204/07/detailnews.asp on 16-

09-2012

Naqvi, Z. F. and S. Lubna (2002), How do women

decide to work in Pakistan? The Pakistan

Development Review, Volume 41(4), pp. 495-513.

Qayyum, W. (2007), Causes of youth

unemployment in Pakistan. The Pakistan

Development Review, Volume 46, No. 4, Part II.