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CAUSES OF THE ROMAN CAUSES OF THE ROMAN COLLAPSECOLLAPSE
Marcus Aurelius (180 Marcus Aurelius (180 AD) ended Pax AD) ended Pax Romana.Romana. Next wave of Next wave of
emperors….completely emperors….completely incapable of ruling incapable of ruling Rome.Rome.
ROME’S ECONOMY FAILSROME’S ECONOMY FAILS
Hostile tribes outside boundaries and pirates on Hostile tribes outside boundaries and pirates on Mediterranean Sea disrupted trade!Mediterranean Sea disrupted trade!
Reached limit of expansion, could not get new Reached limit of expansion, could not get new resources (gold and silver)resources (gold and silver)
Desperate for revenue, taxes are raised and coins Desperate for revenue, taxes are raised and coins minted not worth their face valueminted not worth their face value
INFLATION: drop of value of $ and increase in pricesINFLATION: drop of value of $ and increase in prices Agriculture: harvest suffer due to overworked land and Agriculture: harvest suffer due to overworked land and
warwar Food shortages and disease spread.Food shortages and disease spread.
MILITARY AND POLITICAL MILITARY AND POLITICAL TURMOILTURMOIL
Soldiers less disciplined and loyal, Soldiers less disciplined and loyal, fight for general not Rome.fight for general not Rome.
Mercenaries: foreign soldiers hired Mercenaries: foreign soldiers hired to fight, had less loyalty to empireto fight, had less loyalty to empire
Citizen loyalty drops, indifference Citizen loyalty drops, indifference emergesemerges
Lack of motivated, worthy Lack of motivated, worthy emperorsemperors
ATTEMPTS AT REFORMATTEMPTS AT REFORM DIOCLETIAN SPLITS THE EMPIREDIOCLETIAN SPLITS THE EMPIRE
**Splits Empire: **Splits Empire: -EAST: Greek Speaking (Greece, Anatolia, Syria, -EAST: Greek Speaking (Greece, Anatolia, Syria,
Egypt)Egypt)- WEST- Latin Speaking (Italy, Gaul, Britain, Spain)- WEST- Latin Speaking (Italy, Gaul, Britain, Spain)
DIOCLETIAN takes the east! Co-ruler takes West!DIOCLETIAN takes the east! Co-ruler takes West!
284 AD: limited citizens personal freedoms, restored the 284 AD: limited citizens personal freedoms, restored the empire, doubled army, fixed priced goods. empire, doubled army, fixed priced goods.
First Emperor worshipped as a god – act of First Emperor worshipped as a god – act of treasontreason if you didn’t if you didn’t Continued persecution of ChristiansContinued persecution of Christians
Retires 305 AD: Civil War breaks out 311 AD, 4 rulers fight Retires 305 AD: Civil War breaks out 311 AD, 4 rulers fight over Rome!!over Rome!!
CONSTANTINECONSTANTINE
312 AD: Constantine Gains control of Western half312 AD: Constantine Gains control of Western half 324 AD: Constantine Gains control of entire empire324 AD: Constantine Gains control of entire empire
Milvan BridgeMilvan Bridge - conversion to Christianity - conversion to Christianity Edict of MilanEdict of Milan – Tolerance of Christianity – Tolerance of Christianity
330 AD: Moves Capital of Roman Empire from Rome to 330 AD: Moves Capital of Roman Empire from Rome to ByzantiumByzantium: Greek City in Anatolia.: Greek City in Anatolia.
-SIGNIFICANCE: center of power shifts from west to -SIGNIFICANCE: center of power shifts from west to east!east!
-soon Byzantium becomes a wonder like Rome-soon Byzantium becomes a wonder like Rome -CONSTANTINOPLE: Byzantium is renamed to honor -CONSTANTINOPLE: Byzantium is renamed to honor
emperor. (City of Constantine)emperor. (City of Constantine) After death of Constantine: Empire splits again: West After death of Constantine: Empire splits again: West
Crumbles, and East survives!!!!Crumbles, and East survives!!!!
THE EMPIRE CRUMBLES!!!THE EMPIRE CRUMBLES!!!
GERMANIC GERMANIC INVASIONS: INVASIONS:
-370 AD: Mongol Nomads called HUNS -370 AD: Mongol Nomads called HUNS moved into regions outside empire forcing moved into regions outside empire forcing Germanic People to migrateGermanic People to migrate
ATTILA THE HUN!!!ATTILA THE HUN!!! -Huns indirectly responsible for Germanic Invasion!-Huns indirectly responsible for Germanic Invasion!
444 BC: Huns became a direct threat- United under 444 BC: Huns became a direct threat- United under Attila: 100,000 Huns terrorize both halves of empire!Attila: 100,000 Huns terrorize both halves of empire!
-attack 70 cities (not Constantinople or Rome)-attack 70 cities (not Constantinople or Rome)
Bishop of Rome Leo I begins exerting control – beginning of papacy
Attila the Hun invades Italy – persuaded by Leo I to leave Italy
Germanic Tribes Run From The Huns
GERMANIC TRIBESGERMANIC TRIBES:: -tribes of Germans who lived along Northern Frontier -tribes of Germans who lived along Northern Frontier
of Roman Empireof Roman Empire - Roman called them - Roman called them BarbariansBarbarians!!
NAMES OF BARBARIAN TRIBES:NAMES OF BARBARIAN TRIBES: Goths: ItalyGoths: Italy Vandals: Italy, Spain, & N. AfricaVandals: Italy, Spain, & N. Africa Angles, Saxons, and Jutes: BritainAngles, Saxons, and Jutes: Britain Franks: Gaul (France)Franks: Gaul (France)
Visigoths made peace with Emperor Theodosius
Theodosius makes Christianity the Official religion of the Empire
Theodosius
Saint Ambrose converts Theodosius to Christianity
Papal Power Continues to Grow –
Vandals attack Rome – convinced by Leo I to not kill anyone
Vandalism
Roman Empire continues in the East as the Christian Byzantine Empire until 1453
The Papacy and Odoacer
German Odoacer becomes Western Emperor ending Roman rule of the west
476 AD – Generally accepted as the Fall of Rome
LEGACIES OF ROMELEGACIES OF ROME GRECO-ROMAN CULTURE: mixing of GRECO-ROMAN CULTURE: mixing of
elements of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman elements of Greek, Hellenistic, and Roman Cultures (classical civilization)Cultures (classical civilization)
Fine ArtsFine Arts Pompeii: many preservedPompeii: many preserved
Learning and LiteratureLearning and Literature Language: Latin: Romance languagesLanguage: Latin: Romance languages ArchitectureArchitecture
ColosseumColosseum PantheonPantheon AqueductsAqueducts RoadsRoads