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Causes of the Civil WarCauses of the Civil War
Long Term CausesLong Term Causes Separation / Division between North and SouthSeparation / Division between North and South
Social / CulturalSocial / Cultural
EconomicEconomic
PoliticalPolitical
Slavery….perhaps the most importantSlavery….perhaps the most important
Immediate Causes Immediate Causes Events and Issues of the 1850s…mostly centered on Events and Issues of the 1850s…mostly centered on
Slavery / Slave issueSlavery / Slave issue
Origins and Expansion Origins and Expansion of Slavery; of Slavery;
Slavery to the 1850s: Slavery to the 1850s: As cause of the Civil War, As cause of the Civil War,
18611861
1619 in Virginia1619 in Virginia
Slavery began in the US in 1619 – in Jamestown, Slavery began in the US in 1619 – in Jamestown, Virginia – 19 slaves bought by Tobacco PlantersVirginia – 19 slaves bought by Tobacco Planters
Slow at first; high costs, Spanish and Portuguese Slow at first; high costs, Spanish and Portuguese merchants dominated the trade /no British traders, then merchants dominated the trade /no British traders, then monopoly given to one British company…monopoly given to one British company…
After monopoly ended, slavery become a significant After monopoly ended, slavery become a significant and indispensable part of the Southern plantation and indispensable part of the Southern plantation economy (less expensive and more availability) …economy (less expensive and more availability) …tobacco, rice, indigotobacco, rice, indigo
Indentured Servants to SlavesIndentured Servants to Slaves
May have been intended to treat them as Indentured May have been intended to treat them as Indentured Servants at first but this soon changed (no Servants at first but this soon changed (no compulsion, costs of replacing, force of race)compulsion, costs of replacing, force of race)
Slaves replaced Indentured Servants who became a Slaves replaced Indentured Servants who became a troublesome element once released (issues with troublesome element once released (issues with Freedom Dues) and because not enough Indentured Freedom Dues) and because not enough Indentured Servants were willing to come to the coloniesServants were willing to come to the colonies
Increased to 500,000 by 1776, with the majority in Increased to 500,000 by 1776, with the majority in SouthSouth
Slave CodesSlave CodesTo control / regulate slavery the southern colonies introduced Slave To control / regulate slavery the southern colonies introduced Slave Codes (added to later, and more and more enforce)Codes (added to later, and more and more enforce)
What had been a fairly loose, informal system gradually evolved into What had been a fairly loose, informal system gradually evolved into an increasingly harsh, rigid, regulated, system that controlled nearly an increasingly harsh, rigid, regulated, system that controlled nearly every aspect of their lives.every aspect of their lives.
They were forbidden fromThey were forbidden from Leaving their masters premises w/o permissionLeaving their masters premises w/o permission Being out of doors after darkBeing out of doors after dark Congregating with other slaves except at churchCongregating with other slaves except at church Carrying firearmsCarrying firearms Owning propertyOwning property Striking a white person even in self defenseStriking a white person even in self defense Testifying in court against a white person Testifying in court against a white person
Slave Codes contd..Slave Codes contd..
Also: Also:
Marriages among slaves were not legally recognizedMarriages among slaves were not legally recognized
If an owner killed a slave while punishing him, the act If an owner killed a slave while punishing him, the act was not considered a crime.was not considered a crime.
Slaves faced the death penalty for killing or even Slaves faced the death penalty for killing or even resisting a white person and for inciting to revolt. resisting a white person and for inciting to revolt.
Prohibited white people from teaching slaves to read or Prohibited white people from teaching slaves to read or writewrite
Abolished in the Northern StatesAbolished in the Northern StatesReligious groups in the North (Quakers) opposed Religious groups in the North (Quakers) opposed SlaverySlavery
Not needing slavery – no plantations – it was easier for Not needing slavery – no plantations – it was easier for the North to oppose the system the North to oppose the system
Implicitly condemned by Jefferson in a deleted clause of Implicitly condemned by Jefferson in a deleted clause of the Declaration of Independence - blaming King George the Declaration of Independence - blaming King George for imposing it on them and accusing him of refusing to for imposing it on them and accusing him of refusing to allow it to end - and, of course, “All Men Are Created allow it to end - and, of course, “All Men Are Created Equal”….Equal”….
All Northern States had abolished Slavery by the 1780sAll Northern States had abolished Slavery by the 1780s
Northwest Ordinance, 1787Northwest Ordinance, 1787
The Northwest Ordinance of 1787, issued by the The Northwest Ordinance of 1787, issued by the Articles of Confederation gov. banned slavery from Articles of Confederation gov. banned slavery from the newly organized and settled territories……the newly organized and settled territories……
Constitution of 1788Constitution of 1788
At Philadelphia, the Northern states stopped pursuing At Philadelphia, the Northern states stopped pursuing the issue of Slavery when it started to become divisivethe issue of Slavery when it started to become divisive
Implicitly recognizes Slavery through its three Implicitly recognizes Slavery through its three references to itreferences to it
Three Fifths CompromiseThree Fifths Compromise Provision for returning fugitive slaves, andProvision for returning fugitive slaves, and Delaying the ban on the importation of slaves for 20 Delaying the ban on the importation of slaves for 20
yrs – 1808 – no mention of ending slaveryyrs – 1808 – no mention of ending slavery
1010thth Amendment Amendment
Decision about slavery is a State’s Right: “powers not Decision about slavery is a State’s Right: “powers not granted to the national gov. nor prohibited to the granted to the national gov. nor prohibited to the states are reserved to the states and to the people.”states are reserved to the states and to the people.”
Southern States legalized the institution….states Southern States legalized the institution….states rightsrights
Decline in ImportanceDecline in Importance
By the late 1780s, slavery in the South was not as By the late 1780s, slavery in the South was not as important as it had been. important as it had been.
Tobacco plantations declined – cotton plantations Tobacco plantations declined – cotton plantations emergedemerged
The demand for Cotton was high but production was The demand for Cotton was high but production was too slow to make it very profitabletoo slow to make it very profitable
Whitney’s Cotton ‘GinWhitney’s Cotton ‘GinThis changed after Whitney’s invention of the Cotton This changed after Whitney’s invention of the Cotton Gin (1790): separated the black sticky seed from the Gin (1790): separated the black sticky seed from the cotton fiber at speed cotton fiber at speed
Expansion of labor intensive Cotton production – it Expansion of labor intensive Cotton production – it became the South’s most important Plantation / Cash became the South’s most important Plantation / Cash crop (replaced tobacco, sugar, rice) - created a new crop (replaced tobacco, sugar, rice) - created a new demand for Slaves (reinvigorated Southern slavery)demand for Slaves (reinvigorated Southern slavery)
Importation of Slavery increased (not yet banned – until Importation of Slavery increased (not yet banned – until 1808): Slave families / women were rewarded for 1808): Slave families / women were rewarded for having more kidshaving more kids
Eli WhitneyEli Whitney
Cotton ‘Gin and Interchangeable PartsCotton ‘Gin and Interchangeable Parts
Slave Population and ValueSlave Population and ValueThe Slave population increased fromThe Slave population increased from
500,000500,000 17761776 700,000 700,000 1790 1790 1.5 m1.5 m 1820 1820 3.2 m 3.2 m 18501850 4m 4m 18601860
Because demand was high, the cost / value of Slaves increasedBecause demand was high, the cost / value of Slaves increased
$400$400 in 1790 to in 1790 to $1800 $1800 in 1860 in 1860
By 1860 Slaves / Slave property was valued at By 1860 Slaves / Slave property was valued at $2 $2 billionbillion
Peculiar InstitutionPeculiar Institution
Called the “Peculiar Institution” because while it was Called the “Peculiar Institution” because while it was expanding rapidly in the US (mostly from natural expanding rapidly in the US (mostly from natural reproduction / some smuggling after 1808) it was being reproduction / some smuggling after 1808) it was being abolished in the rest of the world…..(except for Brazil abolished in the rest of the world…..(except for Brazil and Cuba)….the British abolished slavery from their and Cuba)….the British abolished slavery from their empire in 1833 (William Wilberforce)empire in 1833 (William Wilberforce)
““Cotton is King” Cotton is King”
Cotton became vital to the National Economy, as well Cotton became vital to the National Economy, as well as to the Southern economy (cotton planters could as to the Southern economy (cotton planters could make huge profits, though the plantation system was make huge profits, though the plantation system was often financially “unstable and wasteful”)often financially “unstable and wasteful”)
In 1800, the US exported $5m worth of cotton, or 7% In 1800, the US exported $5m worth of cotton, or 7% of the value of the nations total exports. of the value of the nations total exports.
By 1810 this had increased to $15mBy 1810 this had increased to $15mBy 1840 to $63m, and By 1840 to $63m, and By 1860 to $191m, or 57% of the value of all US By 1860 to $191m, or 57% of the value of all US exportsexports
Importance Nationally and InternationallyImportance Nationally and InternationallySouthern Cotton supplied the Northern textile industrySouthern Cotton supplied the Northern textile industry
Much of the South’s Cotton was shipped overseas from Much of the South’s Cotton was shipped overseas from Northern ports by Northern Shippers. Northern ports by Northern Shippers.
Southerner Cotton Planters borrowed from Northern banks. Southerner Cotton Planters borrowed from Northern banks.
The South supplied Britain with 75% of her supply of The South supplied Britain with 75% of her supply of cotton (textile industry employed one fifth of British work cotton (textile industry employed one fifth of British work force) (felt Britain would come to their aid in a Civil War)force) (felt Britain would come to their aid in a Civil War)
The South produced half of the entire World’s Cotton The South produced half of the entire World’s Cotton
Huge dependence: The South felt that Cotton Was indeed Huge dependence: The South felt that Cotton Was indeed “King” “King”
Conditions of SlaveryConditions of SlaveryMost slaves lived in rigid, harsh, prison-like conditions, in Most slaves lived in rigid, harsh, prison-like conditions, in crude dwellings, with just enough food to survive on, and crude dwellings, with just enough food to survive on, and were overworked, usually in the cotton fields (“field were overworked, usually in the cotton fields (“field slaves”); from dawn ‘till dusk, six days a week…slaves”); from dawn ‘till dusk, six days a week…
But they were not asked to do dangerous work - such as But they were not asked to do dangerous work - such as clearing malaria infested swamps, tunnel blasting or clearing malaria infested swamps, tunnel blasting or repairing roofs.. repairing roofs..
Done by hired $1 a day laborers, rather than by their $1,800 Done by hired $1 a day laborers, rather than by their $1,800 investmentinvestment
Conditions / work was harsher in the Deep South – the Conditions / work was harsher in the Deep South – the “black belt” during colonial period – rice, indigo.. “black belt” during colonial period – rice, indigo..
Conditions of Slavery contd..Conditions of Slavery contd..
Domestic slaves had it slightly easier, though female Domestic slaves had it slightly easier, though female slaves were subjected to the unwanted sexual advances of slaves were subjected to the unwanted sexual advances of their owners (preferred to be Field Slaves – less scrutiny, their owners (preferred to be Field Slaves – less scrutiny, more company of fellow slaves)more company of fellow slaves)
On some of the smaller farms, where the landowners On some of the smaller farms, where the landowners might own just a handful of slaves, slaves were generally might own just a handful of slaves, slaves were generally treated a lot better. treated a lot better.
The owner might work alongside the slaves, and get to The owner might work alongside the slaves, and get to know them betterknow them better
Here the Codes were not always enforced, esp. the Here the Codes were not always enforced, esp. the reading and writing restriction. reading and writing restriction.
Slave AuctionsSlave AuctionsSlave Auctions are considered to be the most Slave Auctions are considered to be the most dehumanizing aspect of Slavery, both physically and dehumanizing aspect of Slavery, both physically and psychologically (psychologically (Uncle Tom’s Cabin Uncle Tom’s Cabin shows the harshness shows the harshness of enforced separation of families)of enforced separation of families)
Slaves were examined like livestock, given new names, Slaves were examined like livestock, given new names, and families were separated. and families were separated.
Traders tried to deceive buyers by blacking gray hair, Traders tried to deceive buyers by blacking gray hair, oiling withered skin…..oiling withered skin…..
Families were split up (“enforced separation”) and the Families were split up (“enforced separation”) and the children sold off – “sold down the river”children sold off – “sold down the river”
Freed SlavesFreed Slaves
Some slaves were voluntarily freed by their owners, esp. Some slaves were voluntarily freed by their owners, esp. mulattoes – manumission (change of heart, through their mulattoes – manumission (change of heart, through their will’s, purchased their freedom), some ran away and will’s, purchased their freedom), some ran away and were not captured. were not captured.
Pop. of 250,000 freed slaves in the South and 250,000 in Pop. of 250,000 freed slaves in the South and 250,000 in the North by 1860 the North by 1860
In South and even in the North they faced In South and even in the North they faced discrimination, segregation, prejudice / “a third race” – discrimination, segregation, prejudice / “a third race” – though some prospered (William Johnson): found only though some prospered (William Johnson): found only the most menial and low paying jobs, couldn’t vote, and the most menial and low paying jobs, couldn’t vote, and were sometimes “hijacked” back into slavery were sometimes “hijacked” back into slavery
Faced prejudice in North, esp. from Irish immigrants – Faced prejudice in North, esp. from Irish immigrants – much of the agitation in the Nth against the spread of much of the agitation in the Nth against the spread of slavery into the new territories in the 1840s and 1850s slavery into the new territories in the 1840s and 1850s grew out of race prejudice, not humanitarianism.grew out of race prejudice, not humanitarianism.
Strong anti-black feeling was evident in the North from Strong anti-black feeling was evident in the North from the attacks on Abolitionist leaders such as Frederick the attacks on Abolitionist leaders such as Frederick Douglass who was frequently beaten by racist mobsDouglass who was frequently beaten by racist mobs
White southerners (often raised by black nurses) liked White southerners (often raised by black nurses) liked the black as an individual but despised the race, while the black as an individual but despised the race, while northerners professed to like the race but disliked the northerners professed to like the race but disliked the individual blacksindividual blacks
Slave ResponseSlave ResponseCombination of Resignation/Adaptation, Resistance, Combination of Resignation/Adaptation, Resistance, RebellionRebellion
Most slaves Adapted / Accepted their situation with Most slaves Adapted / Accepted their situation with resignation; relied on their heritage and culture – music, resignation; relied on their heritage and culture – music, religion, family bonds - for comfort, enjoyment – were religion, family bonds - for comfort, enjoyment – were resilientresilient
Some Resisted; varied from pretending not to Some Resisted; varied from pretending not to understand directions (Sambo stereotype; “dim-witted”) understand directions (Sambo stereotype; “dim-witted”) wounding themselves - to get out of doing difficult jobs; wounding themselves - to get out of doing difficult jobs; working at a slow pace; sabotaging machinery to get a working at a slow pace; sabotaging machinery to get a break from work; ran away – punished for these (lash; break from work; ran away – punished for these (lash; “breakers”)“breakers”)
Slave Rebellions – the most extreme form of resistanceSlave Rebellions – the most extreme form of resistance
1. 1. Stono RebellionStono Rebellion (1739) South Carolina; 20 slaves (1739) South Carolina; 20 slaves escaped, armed themselves, joined by 100 others, tried to escaped, armed themselves, joined by 100 others, tried to escape into Florida, killed 22, captured, beheadedescape into Florida, killed 22, captured, beheaded
2. 2. Gabriel Prosser led Gabriel Prosser led 1,000 slaves in Richmond VA, in 1,000 slaves in Richmond VA, in 1800; betrayed and suppressed. Prosser and 35 others 1800; betrayed and suppressed. Prosser and 35 others executed.executed.
3. 3. Denmark Vesey,Denmark Vesey, in 1822, a free mulatto, organized a in 1822, a free mulatto, organized a revolt in Charleston S. Carolina: betrayed. Vesey and 30-revolt in Charleston S. Carolina: betrayed. Vesey and 30-35 others were hung..35 others were hung..
Slave Rebellions – the most extreme form of resistanceSlave Rebellions – the most extreme form of resistance
4. 1831, 4. 1831, Nat TurnerNat Turner, a slave preacher, org. a major uprising , a slave preacher, org. a major uprising along N.C. / VA border - the largest in US History. along N.C. / VA border - the largest in US History.
Dreamed he was destined to lead slaves to freedom; Dreamed he was destined to lead slaves to freedom; messianic messianic
Escaped from plantation at night, armed themselves with Escaped from plantation at night, armed themselves with guns and axes, and went from house to house in guns and axes, and went from house to house in Southampton County VA, killed 60 Southampton County VA, killed 60
Eventually overpowered by state and fed. troops, who killed Eventually overpowered by state and fed. troops, who killed hundreds of the slaves, beheading some, put the severed hundreds of the slaves, beheading some, put the severed heads on poles as an example to other slaves who might be heads on poles as an example to other slaves who might be considering rebellion. considering rebellion.
Who Owned Slaves?Who Owned Slaves?The majority of slave-owners were small farmers (owned 10 The majority of slave-owners were small farmers (owned 10 or less slaves; worked with them in the fields, struggled or less slaves; worked with them in the fields, struggled financially, lived modestly)financially, lived modestly)
The majority of slaves were owned by big landowners The majority of slaves were owned by big landowners (1,733 families) on Plantations of more than 100 slaves(1,733 families) on Plantations of more than 100 slaves
Slave-owners made up Slave-owners made up 25%25% (one fourth) of the population (one fourth) of the population
The majority of white southerners – The majority of white southerners – 75%75% - did not own - did not own slaves – they were struggling non slave-owning subsistence slaves – they were struggling non slave-owning subsistence farmers (cotton and hogs), including impoverished farmers (cotton and hogs), including impoverished hillbillies / mountain whites / crackers / clay eaters – even hillbillies / mountain whites / crackers / clay eaters – even slaves made fun of themslaves made fun of them
Who Owned Slaves?Who Owned Slaves?
Slaves were concentrated in the Deep South / Black Slaves were concentrated in the Deep South / Black Belt: from S. Carolina and Georgia into Alabama, Belt: from S. Carolina and Georgia into Alabama, Mississippi, and LouisianaMississippi, and Louisiana
Only 0.5% of Southerners owned more than 100 slaves Only 0.5% of Southerners owned more than 100 slaves each. each.
A minority of Southerners owned Slaves: A tiny A minority of Southerners owned Slaves: A tiny minority owned more than 100 slaves minority owned more than 100 slaves
Yet almost the entire South supported the institution of Yet almost the entire South supported the institution of Slavery (except for the “mountain whites”).. ….(later)Slavery (except for the “mountain whites”).. ….(later)
Growth of Abolitionism in the NorthGrowth of Abolitionism in the North Abolitionist movement began in the 1820s and 1830s, as Abolitionist movement began in the 1820s and 1830s, as
part of the Reform Movements; Perfectibility of Society..part of the Reform Movements; Perfectibility of Society..
Benjamin Lundy advocated: Benjamin Lundy advocated: Voluntary, Gradual, Voluntary, Gradual, Compensated Emancipation, followed by re-Colonization Compensated Emancipation, followed by re-Colonization to Africato Africa - reflects Nth racism / blacks were loathed in the - reflects Nth racism / blacks were loathed in the North (Liberia, 1822, capital Monrovia: 15,000 transported North (Liberia, 1822, capital Monrovia: 15,000 transported there, but after 1860 virtually all Sth slaves were native born there, but after 1860 virtually all Sth slaves were native born African Americans, with no desire to be sent to Africa)African Americans, with no desire to be sent to Africa)
But his American Colonization Society made little But his American Colonization Society made little headway: shortage of money, Slaves opposed re-headway: shortage of money, Slaves opposed re-Colonization, little voluntary EmancipationColonization, little voluntary Emancipation
William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison More radical group - William Lloyd Garrison advocated More radical group - William Lloyd Garrison advocated
Mandatory, Immediate, Non-Compensated Mandatory, Immediate, Non-Compensated Emancipation, followed by full equality as US citizens - Emancipation, followed by full equality as US citizens - in his Boston newspaper the in his Boston newspaper the LiberatorLiberator
Formed the Formed the American Anti Slavery SocietyAmerican Anti Slavery Society in 1833, in 1833, uniting many smaller groupsuniting many smaller groups
By 1835 there were more than 400 societies: by 1838 By 1835 there were more than 400 societies: by 1838 there were 1350, with more than there were 1350, with more than 250,000250,000. .
His tone, language, were uncompromising and abrasiveHis tone, language, were uncompromising and abrasive
Lundy and GarrisonLundy and Garrison
William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison““I am aware that many object to the severity of my I am aware that many object to the severity of my language; but is there not cause for severity? I will be as language; but is there not cause for severity? I will be as harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this harsh as truth, and as uncompromising as justice. On this subject, I do not wish to think, or to speak, or write, with subject, I do not wish to think, or to speak, or write, with moderation. moderation.
……No! no! Tell a man whose house is on fire to give a moderate No! no! Tell a man whose house is on fire to give a moderate alarm; tell him to moderately rescue his wife from the hands of the alarm; tell him to moderately rescue his wife from the hands of the ravisher; tell the mother to gradually extricate her babe from the fire ravisher; tell the mother to gradually extricate her babe from the fire into which it has fallen; – but urge me not to use moderation in a into which it has fallen; – but urge me not to use moderation in a cause like the present. I am in earnest – I will not equivocate – I will cause like the present. I am in earnest – I will not equivocate – I will not excuse – I will not retreat a single inch – AND I WILL BE not excuse – I will not retreat a single inch – AND I WILL BE HEARD. The apathy of the people is enough to make every statue HEARD. The apathy of the people is enough to make every statue leap from its pedestal, and to hasten the resurrection of the dead.” leap from its pedestal, and to hasten the resurrection of the dead.” ((The LiberatorThe Liberator))
Garrison’s SupportersGarrison’s SupportersGarrison was supported by Preachers of the Second Great Garrison was supported by Preachers of the Second Great Awakening, esp. Charles Grandison Awakening, esp. Charles Grandison FinneyFinney: and the Lane : and the Lane Rebels, led by Theodore Dwight Rebels, led by Theodore Dwight WeldWeld and the and the TappanTappan brothers…and Wendell Phillips (“abolitionists golden brothers…and Wendell Phillips (“abolitionists golden trumpet” – would not eat sugar cane or wear cotton trumpet” – would not eat sugar cane or wear cotton clothing.clothing.
Expelled from the Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati Expelled from the Lane Theological Seminary in Cincinnati presided over by presided over by Lyman BeecherLyman Beecher (father of Catherine (father of Catherine Beecher, and Harriet Beecher Stowe) for organizing an Beecher, and Harriet Beecher Stowe) for organizing an 18 18 dayday debate on slavery (he was an abolitionist too). debate on slavery (he was an abolitionist too).
Weld wrote a pamphlet "Weld wrote a pamphlet "American Slavery As It Is" American Slavery As It Is" in in 1839, one of the most influential pieces of Abolitionist 1839, one of the most influential pieces of Abolitionist literature at the time – showed how harsh the system was: literature at the time – showed how harsh the system was: influenced Harriet Beecher Stowe’s influenced Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom's Cabin. Uncle Tom's Cabin.
Also supported by Also supported by Wendell PhillipsWendell Phillips – abolitionists – abolitionists “golden trumpet” – refused to eat sugar cane or wear “golden trumpet” – refused to eat sugar cane or wear cotton clothing: advocated boycott on goods produced cotton clothing: advocated boycott on goods produced from material from slave Southfrom material from slave South
William Lloyd GarrisonWilliam Lloyd Garrison
Garrison’s harsh rhetoric and self-righteousness caused his Garrison’s harsh rhetoric and self-righteousness caused his movement to splinter in 1840movement to splinter in 1840
At an 1845 meeting he condemned the US Constitution as At an 1845 meeting he condemned the US Constitution as "an agreement with hell and a covenant with death," "an agreement with hell and a covenant with death," because it recognized the legality of slaverybecause it recognized the legality of slavery
He tore it up and stamped on it – some regarded this as He tore it up and stamped on it – some regarded this as disrespectful of this sacred document disrespectful of this sacred document
He also advocated that women be permitted to lead the He also advocated that women be permitted to lead the movement on equal terms – this too caused tensionmovement on equal terms – this too caused tension
““Yet, his three decades of agitation had shifted public Yet, his three decades of agitation had shifted public opinion significantly. By forcing Americans to face the opinion significantly. By forcing Americans to face the gap between slavery and the ideals of liberty and gap between slavery and the ideals of liberty and equality, he helped lay the foundation for equality, he helped lay the foundation for emancipation”emancipation”
Black AbolitionistsBlack AbolitionistsDavid WalkerDavid Walker, wrote a pamphlet in 1829, , wrote a pamphlet in 1829, Walkers Walkers Appeal... to the Colored Citizens Appeal... to the Colored Citizens
Said that the US is the country of blacks more than it is of Said that the US is the country of blacks more than it is of whites – they had enriched it with their blood and tearswhites – they had enriched it with their blood and tears
Urged slaves to rebel and kill their mastersUrged slaves to rebel and kill their masters
Sojourner TruthSojourner Truth, a former slave, gave powerful , a former slave, gave powerful abolitionist speeches about the evils of slavery at revivalist abolitionist speeches about the evils of slavery at revivalist meetings (and women’s rights). meetings (and women’s rights).
Used the proceeds from the sale of her biography Used the proceeds from the sale of her biography The The Narrative Life of Sojourner TruthNarrative Life of Sojourner Truth to assist escaped slaves to assist escaped slaves
Other Abolitionists: Black LeadersOther Abolitionists: Black LeadersFrederick DouglassFrederick Douglass – considered the greatest black leader– considered the greatest black leader
Former slave, escaped to MA, then left for England and Former slave, escaped to MA, then left for England and participated in the Abolitionist movement thereparticipated in the Abolitionist movement there
Returned to the US, purchased his freedomReturned to the US, purchased his freedom
Founded an antislavery newspaper - Founded an antislavery newspaper - North StarNorth Star - in NY. - in NY.
Autobiography: Autobiography: Narrative of the Life of Frederick Narrative of the Life of Frederick DouglassDouglass, presented a damning picture of slavery. , presented a damning picture of slavery.
Spoke at Abolitionist meetings: powerful voice, Spoke at Abolitionist meetings: powerful voice, charismatic personality; demanded equality after charismatic personality; demanded equality after Emancipation, supported political solution – Free Soil Emancipation, supported political solution – Free Soil Party, Rep Party….then C War Party, Rep Party….then C War
Martin DelaneyMartin Delaney: one of the few black leader who : one of the few black leader who supported re-colonization in Africasupported re-colonization in Africa
The Underground RailroadThe Underground Railroad Encouraged and assisted Slaves to run awayEncouraged and assisted Slaves to run away
Loose informal chain of safe houses (stations) along escape Loose informal chain of safe houses (stations) along escape routes where Abolitionists assisted them, providing food, routes where Abolitionists assisted them, providing food, clothing, shelter, until they reached the North or Canadaclothing, shelter, until they reached the North or Canada
About 1,000 slaves a year were smuggled to freedom in this About 1,000 slaves a year were smuggled to freedom in this manner, from the 1830s manner, from the 1830s
Harriet TubmanHarriet Tubman, the most famous “conductor” – a , the most famous “conductor” – a runaway herself, risked re-capture in 19 return forays to runaway herself, risked re-capture in 19 return forays to rescue 300 others (inc. her parents): rescue 300 others (inc. her parents): The Moses of her The Moses of her PeoplePeople: a bounty of $40,000 on her head: a bounty of $40,000 on her head
Uncle Tom's CabinUncle Tom's Cabin, 1852., 1852.Harriet Beecher Stowe’sHarriet Beecher Stowe’s work of fiction was perhaps the work of fiction was perhaps the most powerful piece of Abolitionist literature / propaganda most powerful piece of Abolitionist literature / propaganda in these yrsin these yrs
Motivated to write it by the harsh Fugitive Slave Law of Motivated to write it by the harsh Fugitive Slave Law of 1850. Inspired by writings of Weld / Revivalism of Second 1850. Inspired by writings of Weld / Revivalism of Second GAGA
She hoped to awaken the North to the evils of slavery by She hoped to awaken the North to the evils of slavery by exposing its brutality, inhumanity, immorality, through a exposing its brutality, inhumanity, immorality, through a captivating story – focuses on the break up of families captivating story – focuses on the break up of families
She opened the eyes of many who had no idea how cruel She opened the eyes of many who had no idea how cruel Slavery really was; huge impact: accelerated growth of Slavery really was; huge impact: accelerated growth of Abolitionism Abolitionism
Sold more than 300,000 copies within a year; re-Sold more than 300,000 copies within a year; re-printed many times (millions eventually)– one of the printed many times (millions eventually)– one of the best sellers in US history….dramatized by countless best sellers in US history….dramatized by countless theatre companies throughout the nationtheatre companies throughout the nation
Uncle Tom's CabinUncle Tom's Cabin, 1852, 1852Lincoln said to her in 1862, "so you’re the little woman who Lincoln said to her in 1862, "so you’re the little woman who wrote the book that made this great war“ – helped start the wrote the book that made this great war“ – helped start the War and helped the North to win itWar and helped the North to win it
Many Union soldiers said that her book inspired them to Many Union soldiers said that her book inspired them to enlist enlist
It also had a huge impact abroad – read in Britain, and It also had a huge impact abroad – read in Britain, and translated and read in other parts of Europetranslated and read in other parts of Europe
British Govt. realized the popularity of the book and its British Govt. realized the popularity of the book and its impact on the British public – knew it would not get support impact on the British public – knew it would not get support if it advocated going to war on behalf of the South to protect if it advocated going to war on behalf of the South to protect the supply of Cottonthe supply of Cotton
Hinton HelperHinton Helper
TheThe Impending Crisis of the SouthImpending Crisis of the South (1857), also (1857), also brought home to the Northern public the evils of brought home to the Northern public the evils of slavery – he hated slavery (and blacks), felt non-slavery – he hated slavery (and blacks), felt non-slaveowning whites were hurt most by slaveryslaveowning whites were hurt most by slavery
Popular book, thousands of copies were printed; Popular book, thousands of copies were printed; banned in South banned in South
Abolitionists used the book, by a Southern white Abolitionists used the book, by a Southern white middle class writer, in support of their causemiddle class writer, in support of their cause
Forms and Expansion of Abolitionism Forms and Expansion of Abolitionism
Speeches, debates, sermons… Lundy, Garrison, Weld, Speeches, debates, sermons… Lundy, Garrison, Weld, Phillips, using moral, religious Persuasion Phillips, using moral, religious Persuasion
Writing: pamphlets (Weld), books (Truth, Douglass, Writing: pamphlets (Weld), books (Truth, Douglass, Helper, Walker), novels (Beecher-Stowe), newspapers Helper, Walker), novels (Beecher-Stowe), newspapers (Garrison, Douglass)(Garrison, Douglass)
Political action / pressure; bringing anti-slavery petitions / Political action / pressure; bringing anti-slavery petitions / resolutions before Congress and forming third parties; resolutions before Congress and forming third parties; Liberty Party and Free Soil Party, then Republican Party: Liberty Party and Free Soil Party, then Republican Party: attempts to prevent expansion – Tallmadge Amendment, attempts to prevent expansion – Tallmadge Amendment, WilmotWilmot
Boycotting goods made by slave labor (Phillips)Boycotting goods made by slave labor (Phillips)
Call for slave rebellion – extremists like David Walker’s Call for slave rebellion – extremists like David Walker’s (1829) “Appeal to the Colored People” – “rise up and throw (1829) “Appeal to the Colored People” – “rise up and throw off the yoke of slavery” - you are three million strong – had off the yoke of slavery” - you are three million strong – had you not rather be killed than be a slave to a tyrant……also you not rather be killed than be a slave to a tyrant……also John Brown / Bleeding Kansas / Harpur’s FerryJohn Brown / Bleeding Kansas / Harpur’s Ferry
Underground Railroad - Harriet TubmanUnderground Railroad - Harriet Tubman
Opposition to AbolitionismOpposition to AbolitionismThough growing steadily, Abolitionism also had its Though growing steadily, Abolitionism also had its opponents in the North…..recent immigrants, racism, opponents in the North…..recent immigrants, racism, supporters of Constitutional rights of South, industrialists in supporters of Constitutional rights of South, industrialists in North depending on Cotton….North depending on Cotton….
Abolitionists were sometimes physically attacked and Abolitionists were sometimes physically attacked and intimidatedintimidated
In Connecticut the abolitionist Prudence Crandall was In Connecticut the abolitionist Prudence Crandall was forced to close her school after threats and intimidation forced to close her school after threats and intimidation when she started to admit African American childrenwhen she started to admit African American children
In Philadelphia, the headquarters of the Abolitionist In Philadelphia, the headquarters of the Abolitionist movement was burned to the ground in 1834 movement was burned to the ground in 1834
In Boston a mob seized Garrison, dragged him through In Boston a mob seized Garrison, dragged him through the streets with a rope around his neck and threatened to the streets with a rope around his neck and threatened to hang himhang him
In NY the house of Lewis Tappan was broken into and In NY the house of Lewis Tappan was broken into and ransackedransacked
In Alton, Illinois, Rev. Elijah Lovejoy, editor of an In Alton, Illinois, Rev. Elijah Lovejoy, editor of an Abolitionist newspaper, had his presses destroyed, his Abolitionist newspaper, had his presses destroyed, his office set fire on three occasions, on fourth occasion he office set fire on three occasions, on fourth occasion he tried to resist and was shot dead (1837)tried to resist and was shot dead (1837)
Know as the “martyr abolitionist”Know as the “martyr abolitionist”
Abolitionism grew slowly from the 1820-1840s, then Abolitionism grew slowly from the 1820-1840s, then became a popular movement in the 50s, due to the events became a popular movement in the 50s, due to the events of that decadeof that decade
Abolitionism and the Civil WarAbolitionism and the Civil WarGrowth of Abolitionist Movement, esp. in the 1850s, Growth of Abolitionist Movement, esp. in the 1850s, was a critical factor in causing the Civil Warwas a critical factor in causing the Civil War
Aroused the North to the evils of Slavery: contributed Aroused the North to the evils of Slavery: contributed to determination of North to stop it expanding and to to determination of North to stop it expanding and to try to abolish it in the South / Emancipate Southern try to abolish it in the South / Emancipate Southern SlavesSlaves
It’s condemnations contributed to alienating the South, It’s condemnations contributed to alienating the South, to the development of a siege mentality, compelling the to the development of a siege mentality, compelling the South to secede and then fight to preserve the systemSouth to secede and then fight to preserve the system
It caused both the North and South to become It caused both the North and South to become outraged, pushing them towards Civil War….outraged, pushing them towards Civil War….
Slavery and the Civil WarSlavery and the Civil War““Slavery was not the only source of discord. The two Slavery was not the only source of discord. The two sections were very different and they wanted different sections were very different and they wanted different things from their national government…Although there things from their national government…Although there were serious differences between the sections, all of them were serious differences between the sections, all of them except slavery could have been settled through the except slavery could have been settled through the democratic process. democratic process.
…….Slavery poisoned the whole situation. It was the issue that .Slavery poisoned the whole situation. It was the issue that could not be compromised, the issue that made men so angry they could not be compromised, the issue that made men so angry they did not want to compromise…did not want to compromise…It was not the only cause of the Civil It was not the only cause of the Civil War, but it was unquestionably the one cause without which the war War, but it was unquestionably the one cause without which the war would not have taken place.would not have taken place. The antagonism between the sections The antagonism between the sections came finally, and tragically, to express itself through the slavery came finally, and tragically, to express itself through the slavery issue.” (Bruce Catton, issue.” (Bruce Catton, The Civil WarThe Civil War))