Causes and Precedents of Wwi4 (1)

8/12/2019 Causes and Precedents of Wwi4 (1)

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M A I N Q U E S T I O N :

W H A T W A S T H E S O C I A L , E C O N O M I C ,P O L I T I C A L A N D C U L T U R A L I M P A C T O F

W O R L D W A R S D U R I N G T H E F I R S T H A L F O FT H E 2 0 T H C E N T U R Y ?

Unit I: The World in crisis

during the first half of the 20thcentury


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N A T I O N A L I S M

I M P E R I A L I S MA R M S R A C E

B E L L E P O Q U E

S H O R T T E R M C A U S E S

Causes and precedents of

World War I


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L A T E X I X C E N T U R Y - E A R L Y X X C E N T U R Y

Nationalism


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What is a nation?

Nowadays, the nation is a very powerful concept. However, before the French Revolution, it was

barely used.

NATION = NATURAL FEELING?

NATION = HISTORICAL CONSTRUCTION


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Different definitions of a Nation

Nation = group of people whoare citizens of a State

May be quickly changed Against Absolutism

Political

Nation = group of people whopossess the same language,history, religion, traditions, etc.

May not be quickly changed Against national division

Cultural


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Nationalism

(Cultural) Nationalism = Ideology that seeks theunity and greatness of cultural nations under asingle State


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Expressions of Nationalism

Nationalist ideology (set of ideas regardingnationalism)

Nationalist movements (political movements of

nationalist ideology) Nationalist States (States formed from nationalist

movements)


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Nationalist ideology

When? Late XVIII Century Early XIX Century What? National self-determination

Precedents: Enlightenment: natural laws, citizenship, permanent change Post-Kantian philosophers (Fichte, Schelling, Herder): idea of

self-determination


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Nationalist movements and States

Unification: Italy (1870)

Germany (1871)

Separatism (decadence of large empires) Ottoman

Austro-Hungarian


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Europe, 1850


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Nationalism as national greatness

IMPERIALISM

Militarydevelopment

Industrialdevelopment

Territorialexpansion


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L A T E X I X C E N T U R Y - E A R L Y X X C E N T U R Y

Imperialism


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World map, 1822


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World map, 1885


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World map, 1914

Source: http://www.balagan.org.uk/war/world-maps.htm


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Imperialism

Imperialism = territorial, economic, andideological rule of overseas territories or States

Key points:

Berlin Conference (1884)Scramble for Africa

Fashoda incident (1898)

Entente Cordiale (1904)


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Imperialism and World War I

Resentment of countries that had small Empires(Germany, Italy)

Imperial diplomacyEntente cordiale

(friendship between England and France)

Colonial armies fight in WWI (Australia, Canada,etc.)


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Nationalism and World War I

Nationalism was a cause of Imperialism

Nationalism caused Arms Race

Russian Pan-slavism Balkan wars (1912, 1913)

1stBalkan War (1912): Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia and

Montenegro attacked Turkey and won 2ndBalkan War (1913): Bulgaria attacked Greece and Serbia

and lost (also Romania and Turkey attacked Bulgaria)


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Web of alliances (p. 21)

Precedents: Bismarck's Realpolitik (Alliance system)

Imperial alliances

Friendships: England France (imperial powers)

France Russia (v. Germany)

Germany Austria-Hungary (defensive alliance) Russia Serbia (panslavism)


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Web of alliances

Rivalries: England v. Germany (Naval arms race,

industrialism)

France v. Germany (Franco-Prussian war) Serbia v. Austria-Hungary (Serbia)

Ottoman Empire v. Russia (Balkans)

France v. Italy (Tunisia)


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WWI alliances

Triple Entente

France

England

Russia

USA (1917)

Italy (1915)

Triple Alliance

Germany

Austria-Hungary

Italy (did notfight)

Turkey (1914)


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1914

Source: http://firstworldwar.olemarius.net/


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1915

Source: http://www.worldology.com/Europe/world_war_1_effect.htm


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Arms race/ Armed Peace

Arms race = competition among countries to achievethe best armed forces: Amount of weapons

Technology of weapons

Number and preparation of soldiers Military strategies (Schlieffen Plan -1905)

Before WWI: England, France, Germany (p. 22).

Causes: imperial rivalries and friendships


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1871-1914: Belle poque?

Yes

No large warsDevelopmentof science,

arts, andeconomyOptimism

No

ImperialismSocialinequality

Arms race/alliancesystem


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A S S A S S I N A T I O N O F A R C H D U K E F R A N ZF E R D I N A N D

SHORT TERM CAUSE OF WWI


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Precedents

Decadence of Ottoman Empire led to new Slavcountries in the Balkan Peninsula

Austro-Hungary still ruled over Bosnia

Bosnian nationalists opposed Austro-HungarianEmpire. Some of them had ties in the Serbianmilitary (they shared Pan-Slavism)

Russian people are also Slavs, and wanted accessto Mediterranean Sea, so they were allied toSerbia.

B lk


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Balkan wars

Source: m.eb.com/assembly/54541

Assassination of archduke Franz


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Assassination of archduke FranzFerdinand

- 28 June 1914Franz Ferdinand is assassinated byBosnian nationalist Gavrilo Princip

- Austria-Hungary uses this opportunity to set strict

demands to Serbiaultimatum- Germany hands blank cheque to Austria-Hungary

- Serbia rejects the ultimatum and Austria declareswar (28 July 1914)


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Premature activation of alliances

- Russia sees Austrian mobilization as a threatRussian mobilization

- Germany mobilizes against Russia and Francewar

- Germany violates Belgian neutrality (defendedby England), Schlieffen Plan

St t b ild t


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Steps to build a concept map:

1. Order the events chronologically2. Identify causes and consequences

3. Identify how the concepts are related

4. Connect them with arrows and labels that show therelation between them.

Example:Concept map/Timeline


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Industrialcapacity

Militarism(ArmsRace)

Colonies

(imperialism)

World War I

Nationalism Balkancrisis

Alliancesystem

1850 1870 1895 1914

Warplans

Concept map/Timeline

Short termcause of

Causes

Allows

Shapes

Allows

Leadsto

Activates

Allows

Causes

Leadsto

Increasethe effectof

Leadsto

Allows

Increase

Causes

Documents

Causes and Precedents of Wwi4 (1)