TASK 2CAUSE-EFFECT

THIS LECTURE COVERS:1. Discuss a sample cause-effect essay

2. Steps to write a cause-effect essay

3. Cohesion & coherence

4. Cause-effect language

5. Cause-effect template

5. Practice

6. Homework

7. Essay checklist WTH?

DISCUSS A SAMPLE C&F ESSAYYou should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Write about the following topic:In many parts of the world today there is a profitable market for productswhich lighten or whiten people’s skin.Outline the reasons for using such products and discuss what effects theyhave in terms of health and society.Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from yourown experience or knowledge.You should write at least 250 words.

DISCUSS A SAMPLE C&F ESSAYIn many countries, particularly places like Asia, skin whitening products are incredibly popular andprovide huge profits for the companies involved in their sale. This essay will examine the reasonswhy people use these products and the effects this has on people’s health and on society.The principal reason that people use skin whitening products is because whiter skin is seen to bemore desirable than darker skin. To understand why, we need to firstly look at history. In ancienttimes, those people of a higher status tended to stay indoors, whilst people of a lower statusworked outside, usually farming. As a result, those people who were indoors had much lighter skin,which means that whiter skin is now associated with having a higher status than dark skin.Another reason, which is partly related to this, is the desire for the ‘Western’ look. For example,plastic surgery to creat western eyelids and noses is common in Asia, and the white skin is part ofthis. These beliefs and images are also perpetuated in the media, with adverts showing people withwhite skin as more successful and attractive.However, despite the fact that having whiter skin may improve a person’s self-esteem, theseproducts can have negative effects. Regarding health, there are reports that people are harmingtheir skin permanently as some products bought over the counter have prescription-strengthingredients. For instance, some contain steroids or toxins which can severely damage the skin andother parts of the body. In terms of society, there are also detrimental effects. Such behaviourperpetuates the belief that ‘white’ is better than ‘black’, and thus those with darker skin mayexperience discrimination.In conclusion, people use whitening products due to the fact that white skin, usually through themedia, is portrayed as more desirable. However, steps should be taken to change this image as thedrawbacks of this are clear, with potentially dangerous consequences for people’s future health andsociety as a whole.(328 Words) Score: 7/9

DISCUSS A SAMPLE C&F ESSAYAnswer these questions:1. What are the causes? What signals help you indentify these

causes?2. What are the effects? What signals help you identify these

effects?3. Why does the writer use “however” at the beginning of para 3?4. Does the writer give his/her opinion in the introduction?5. What does the conclusion discuss?

STEPS TO WRITE A C&F ESSAY

1. Brainstorm causes & effects for aproblem (3 minutes)

2. Make an outline (7 minutes)3. Write based on the outline (25 mins)4. Proofread (5 minutes)

You should spend about 40 minutes on this task.Write about the following topic:In many parts of the world today there is a profitable market for productswhich lighten or whiten people’s skin.Outline the reasons for using such products and discuss what effects theyhave in terms of health and society.Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from yourown experience or knowledge.You should write at least 250 words.

STEPS TO WRITE A C&F ESSAY

Fact: using products which lighten or whiten people’s skin.Cause:- beautiful, attractive, easy to find lovers- Highter status- Western lookEffect:- Harmed skin- Misbelief & discrimination- Deformed national beauty

BRAINSTORM

STEPS TO WRITE A C&F ESSAYOUTLINE

Outline 11. Introduction: cause & effect2. Main body:

a. Subtopic 1: 1st main cause- reasons- ex:- effect:

b. Subtopic 2: 2nd main cause- reasons- ex:- effect:

c. Subtopic 3: effects- detail:- ex:

3. Conclusion: cause & effect + comment (recommendation, prediction)

Outline 21. Introduction: cause & effect2. Main body:

a. Subtopic 1: 1st main cause- reasons- example- effects

b. Subtopic 2: 2nd main cause- reasons- example- effects

3. Conclusion: cause & effect + comment (recommendation, prediction)

STEPS TO WRITE A C&F ESSAYOUTLINE

Outline 11. Introduction: cause & effect2. Main body:

a. Subtopic 1: Higher status- Work less and enjoy more- ex: Ancient times- effect: respect & priority

b. Subtopic 2: “Western” look- shows that you’re in vogue- ex: Asian pop singers- effect: everyone looks the

same, lose national identityc. Subtopic 3: harmed skin; discrimination

- detail: ….- ex: Skin cancer; bullying in

citiy schools3. Conclusion: cause & effect + comment

(recommendation, prediction)

Outline 21. Introduction: cause & effect2. Main body:

a. Subtopic 1: 1st main cause- reasons- example- effects

b. Subtopic 2: 2nd main cause- reasons- example- effects

3. Conclusion: cause & effect + comment (recommendation, prediction)

STEPS TO WRITE A C&F ESSAYWRITING BASED ON OUTLINE

[Introduction]In many countries, particularly places like Asia, skin whiteningproducts are incredibly popular and provide huge profits for thecompanies involved in their sale. This essay will examine thereasons why people use these products and the effects thishas on people’s health and on society.

Alternatives:- Examine = discuss = analyse = give an insightful research into- Reason = cause- Effect = consequence = result = influence = impact- Passive structure: A number of reasons along with possible

effects of this problem will be carefully discussed in this essay.

STEPS TO WRITE A C&F ESSAYWRITING BASED ON OUTLINE

[Body para 1]The principal reason that people use skin whitening products isbecause whiter skin is seen to be more desirable than darker skin. Tounderstand why, we need to firstly look at history. In ancient times,those people of a higher status tended to stay indoors, whilst people ofa lower status worked outside, usually farming. As a result, thosepeople who were indoors had much lighter skin, which means thatwhiter skin is now associated with having a higher status than darkskin. Another reason, which is partly related to this, is the desire forthe ‘Western’ look. For example, plastic surgery to creat westerneyelids and noses is common in Asia, and the white skin is part of this.These beliefs and images are also perpetuated in the media, withadverts showing people with white skin as more successful andattractive.

STEPS TO WRITE A C&F ESSAYWRITING BASED ON OUTLINE

[Body para 2]

However, despite the fact that having whiter skin may improve aperson’s self-esteem, these products can have negative effects.Regarding health, there are reports that people are harmingtheir skin permanently as some products bought over the counterhave prescription-strength ingredients. For instance, somecontain steroids or toxins which can severely damage the skin andother parts of the body. In terms of society, there are alsodetrimental effects. Such behaviour perpetuates the belief that‘white’ is better than ‘black’, and thus those with darker skin mayexperience discrimination.

STEPS TO WRITE A C&F ESSAYWRITING BASED ON OUTLINE

[Conclusion]

In conclusion, people use whitening products due to the factthat white skin, usually through the media, is portrayed as moredesirable. However, steps should be taken to change this imageas the drawbacks of this are clear, with potentially dangerousconsequences for people’s future health and society as a whole.

COHESION & COHERENCE

CAUSE-EFFECT LANGUAGE

CAUSE-EFFECT LANGUAGE

CAUSE-EFFECT LANGUAGE

CAUSE-EFFECT LANGUAGE

CAUSE-EFFECT LANGUAGE

CAUSE-EFFECT TEMPLATEIntro

………… has been a growing cause for concern for some time/There is no doubt that …………… However, …………… This essaywill examine the reasons why ……….. and the effects this hason …………………….

Conclusion

In conclusion, ………….. due to the fact that ………… However,steps should be taken to change this image as the drawbacksof this are clear, with potentially dangerous consequences for……………………..

CAUSE-EFFECT TEMPLATECause paragraphs

A number of reasons have been put forward to explain thistrend/problem, but by far the most important, I feel, is………….. Take ….. for instance. ………….This leads to ………….Therefore, ………… Another reason, which is partly/alsoclosely related to this, is …….. To illustrate, ……………. Thisresults in ……. Consequently, ………….

Effect paragraphs

The effects for this have been and will continue to be veryserious. Firstly, ………… It is clear that …………., so ……………Another effect which also has a great impact is …………, whichmeans ………………. It could even be worse that ………………..

PRACTICEYou should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

Present a written argument to an educated reader with no specialist knowledgeof the following topic.

The percentage of overweight children in western society has increased byalmost 20% in the last ten years.

Discuss the causes and effects of this disturbing trend.

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your ownexperience or knowledge.

You should write at least 250 words.

Time frame:1. Brainstorming: 3 minutes2. Outlining: 7 minutes3. Writing the introduction: 5 minutes4. Writing the body paras: 15 minutes5. Writing the conclusion: 5 minutes6. Proofreading: 5 minutes

HOMEWORKEssay prompt 1

The percentage of overweight children in western society has increased byalmost 20% in the last ten years.

Discuss the causes and effects of this disturbing trend.

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your ownexperience or knowledge.

You should write at least 250 words.

Essay prompt 2

Fast food is becomingmore andmore popular.

Discuss the causes and effects of this trend.

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your ownexperience or knowledge.

You should write at least 250 words.

ESSAY CHECKLIST

ESSAY CHECKLIST