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Cause and effect of

mutation

L Mathias

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What causes mutation

Spontaneous

Increases caused by environmental

factors UV light

X-rays

Benzene, formaldehyde, carbontetrachloride

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Gametic and somatic mutations

Gametic ² testis of males, ovaries offemales, inherited

Somatic ² in normal body cells occuringbeyond zygote formation, not inherited

but may effect the person during theirlifetime. Chimaeras

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Mutagens and their effects

Ionising radiation ²Nuc radiation, xrays,

gamma rays (e.g.medical treatment)associated withdevelopment of

cancers (e.g.leukaemia, thyroidcancer and skin cancer

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Mutagens and their effects

Viruses andmicroorganisms ²

integrate intohuman chromosome,upset genes and can

trigger cancer

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Mutagens and their effects

Environmentalpoisons ²Organic

solvents suchasformaldehyde,tobacco, coaltars, benzene,asbestos, somedyes

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Mutagens and their effects

Alcohol and diet ²High alcohol intake

increase the risk ofsome cancers. Diethigh in fat and thosecontaining burned or

highly preservedmeat

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T he effect of muations

Not all are harmful

Survival advantage Most common among bacteria and

viruses but also seen in insects

If no selective pressure may remain inpopulation

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Harmful mutations

Cystic fibrosis and sickle cell anaemia

Disfunctional proteins

Albinism ² caused by mutation in gene ofenzyme pathway of melanin

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Beneficial mutations

Bacteria ² antibioticresistance throughmutation, transfer between

bacterial species Superbugs such as MRSA

have arisen this way RNA viruses ² such as HIV

² mutates it·s protein coatso that the host human isunable to make antibodiesquick enough against it

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Neutral mutations

Neither harmful or beneficial to the

organism but may be important in anevolutionary sense

Silent mutations

Virtually impossible to detect becauseno observable effect

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