Causation - KU Leuven · Factors: CseNyV , CsedNyV N Modal verbs N éng-yu àn Verb (literally can-wish verb)-Possibility: 能 can/could, 能够 ,会 will/would, 可 ,可能

Analytic Causatives in Mandarin Chinese: Analytic Causatives in Mandarin Chinese: A Usage-based Collocational AnalysisA Usage-based Collocational Analysis

Yanan Hu, Yanan Hu, DirkDirk GeeraertsGeeraerts, Dirk , Dirk SpeelmanSpeelman

UniversityUniversity of of LeuvenLeuvenRU Quantitative RU Quantitative LexicologyLexicology and and VariationalVariational LinguisticsLinguistics

Outline

IntroductionIntroductionIntroductionIntroduction1

Theory & MethodologyTheory & MethodologyTheory & MethodologyTheory & Methodology2

Research QuestionsResearch QuestionsResearch QuestionsResearch Questions3

OperationOperationOperationOperation4

Results & DiscussionResults & DiscussionResults & DiscussionResults & Discussion5

ConclusionConclusionConclusionConclusion6

Introduction

• Causation• Causatives: lexical & periphrastic/productive/analytic

causatives Shibatani (1976)

Introduction

Lexical causatives:气候催熟了苹果。

Qì hòu cuī shú le píng guǒThe climate urge ripe (past tense marker) the appleThe climate ripens the apple.

Analytic causatives:气候使苹果熟了。

Qì hòu shǐ píng guǒ shú leThe climate CAUSE the apple ripe (past tense marker)The climate caused the apple to ripen.The climate made the apple ripe.

Chinese Analytic Causative Construction我让客人围着桌子坐下。

Wǒ ràng kè rén wéi zhe zhuō zi zuò xiàI CAUSE the guests surround (present tense marker) the table sit downI asked the guests to sit around the table.NP1 + VP1 + NP2 + VP2Causer + CAUSE + Causee + Caused motion

Research Target

CAUSE in analytical construction of Chinese causal expressions7 forms of monomorphemic realization:• 使shǐ• 令lìng• 让ràng• 叫jiào1• 教jiào2• 给gěi• 要yào

Auxiliary verbs

• How (dis)similar are they?• What distinguishes them?• Who, when and where prefer

which of them?

Outline







Theory & Methodology

Theoretical Framework:Theoretical Framework:Theoretical Framework:Theoretical Framework: Cognitive Linguistics (Geeraerts & Cuyckens [eds.] 2007);

Cognitive semantics in context, usage-based model of language (Geeraerts 2009)

Method: Method: Method: Method: Statistics for Corpus Linguistics, corpus-based linguistic studies (Speelman 1997); distinctive collexeme analysis (Gries & Stefanowitsch 2004); Dutch doen and laten (Speelman & Geeraerts 2009)

Outline







Research Questions

1111 2222 3333 4444

collocation?collocation?collocation?collocation?lexical fixation at play in the link between any slot and causatives

significant?significant?significant?significant?decisive factors that influence the choice

interaction?interaction?interaction?interaction?joint effect on choosing one over others

effect size?effect size?effect size?effect size?comparison of the factors’ impacts on distinguishing causatives

Outline







Operation

CorpusCorpusCorpusCorpus:::: Tao, Hongyin and Richard Xiao (2007) The UCLA Chinese Corpus (1st

edition). UCREL, Lancaster. • Info: one million tokens; written; 2000-2005; 15 genres• 1642 (-84) observations

FactorsFactorsFactorsFactors:::: Causer, Causee, V2, CseNyV, CsedNyV

Procedure:Procedure:Procedure:Procedure:• Coding• Distinctive collexeme analysis• Regression analysis: binomial and multinomial• Model comparison• Visualization

Factors: CseNyV, CsedNyV

N

Modal verbs

Néng-yuàn Verb (literally can-wish verb)

-Possibility: 能can/could,能够,会

will/would,可,可能may/might,可以,得以;

-Inclination: 愿意,乐意,情愿,肯,要

shall,愿,想要,要想,敢,敢于,乐于(be willing to);

-Necessity: 应should,应该must,应当

ought to,得,该,当,须得need,犯得着,犯不着,理当;

-Evaluation:值得,便于,难于,难以(be difficult to),易于; etc.

Outline







Results & Discussion

Collocation

Collocation

Collocation

Collocation

Binomial m

odels

Binomial m

odels

Binomial m

odels

Binomial m

odels

Multinom

ial model

Multinom

ial model

Multinom

ial model

Multinom

ial model

Visualization

Visualization

Visualization

Visualization

Reasoning of Collocational Analysis

a b

dc

a/(a+c) ＞b/(b+d)

Results: Collocation

Node: rNode: rNode: rNode: rààààngngngngCollocate: Collocate: Collocate: Collocate: CrChiCrChiCrChiCrChi

attraction repulsion

Results: Collocation

• Significant Collocation• Summary table: Collocational Significance & Strength


Collocation

Collocation

Collocation

Collocation

Binomial m

odels

Binomial m

odels

Binomial m

odels

Binomial m

odels

Multinom

ial model

Multinom

ial model

Multinom

ial model

Multinom

ial model

Visualization

Visualization

Visualization

Visualization

Results: Binomial Models

Results: Binomial Models

• Binomial Models• Summary table: Significance & Direction of “one vs. others” models

• Interaction? ×


Collocation

Collocation

Collocation

Collocation

Binomial m

odels

Binomial m

odels

Binomial m

odels

Binomial m

odels

Multinom

ial model

Multinom

ial model

Multinom

ial model

Multinom

ial model

Visualization

Visualization

Visualization

Visualization

Results: Multinomial Model (ref=“ràng”)

Results: Multinomial Model (ref=“ràng”)

• Statistics• Summary table: Significance & Direction of “ each vs.

ràng” model

• Interaction? ×


Collocation

Collocation

Collocation

Collocation

Binomial m

odels

Binomial m

odels

Binomial m

odels

Binomial m

odels

Multinom

ial model

Multinom

ial model

Multinom

ial model

Multinom

ial model

Visualization

Visualization

Visualization

Visualization

Results: Visualization of Effect Size

Row vs. ColumnRow vs. ColumnRow vs. ColumnRow vs. Column

Effect SizeEffect SizeEffect SizeEffect Size

Outline







Conclusion

Collocation

★5 collocational slots★ attraction & repulsion pattern★ significance & strength★ categorization

Significance

★ binomial & multinomial models★ the majority★ a good model that explains our data

Interaction

★ fitted models including interaction ★ high p-value★ not better, if not worse★ dropped

Effect Size

★ 5 collocation factors for each of the other 6 causatives vs. ràng★ across the table★ ranking in ideal case★ who’s the winner

for further information:for further information:http://wwwling.arts.kuleuven.be/http://wwwling.arts.kuleuven.be/qlvlqlvl

yananyanan..huhu@@studentstudent.kuleuven.be.kuleuven.be

Any questions and suggestions are welcome.

Documents

Causation - KU Leuven · Factors: CseNyV , CsedNyV N Modal verbs N éng-yu àn Verb (literally can-wish verb)-Possibility: 能 can/could, 能够 ,会 will/would, 可 ,可能