Causal Attributions and Teacher Effectiveness in Music Education in St. Lucia

8/8/2019 Causal Attributions and Teacher Effectiveness in Music Education in St. Lucia

1/84

Rpmmlmd f`hn9 Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ hmn ^`hkf`r @gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm Op{lk 8

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[kfaae ag @npkh~lam

Ghkpe~| ag Fpohml~l`{ hmn @npkh~lam

Khw` Flee Khozp{


2/84

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~a ohc` lm~`rmhe h~~rlbp~lam{ gar ghlepr` ap~kao`{- Lozelkh~lam{ hmn r`kaoo`mnh~lam{ gar

kprrlkpepo {z`klhel{~{ hr` he{a nl{kp{{`n-


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Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ hmn ^`hkf`r @gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm Op{lk ;

^hbe` ag Kam~`m~{

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Kfhz~`r Am`9 Ln`m~lglkh~lam ag ~f` Zrabeò - 7

^f` Mh~pr` ag ~f` Zrabeò --- 6

H~~rlbp~lam ^fàr| 8:

Zprza{` ag ~f` [~pn| 86

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Kfhz~`r fr``9 O`~fanaead| -- 26

[pbi`k~{ 26

O`h{prò`m~ Lm{~rpo`m~ - 26

Zlea~ `{~lmd ag Xp`{~lammhlr` - ;:

R`{`hrkf N`{ldm -- ;8

Zrak`npr` - ;;

Elol~h~lam{ --- ;>

@~flkhe L{{p`{ -- ;0


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Kfhz~`r Gapr9 Hmhe|{l{ hmn Nl{kp{{lam ag Glmnlmd{ - ;7

^r`h~o`m~ ag Nh~h - ;6

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Nl{kp{{lam - 0>

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[poohr| -- 78

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R`kaoo`mnh~lam{ gar Gp~pr` [~pn| - 74

R`g`r`mk`{ - 4:


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El{~ ag ^hbe`{

^hbe` 8 Zhr~lklzhm~{ b| [kfaae E`w`e hmn D`mn`r ;4

^hbe` 2 Kaozhrl{am ag Op{lk ^`hkf`r{ hmn Zrlmklzhe{ Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ b|

[kfaae E`w`e >:

^hbe` ; Kaozhrl{am ag Op{lk ^`hkf`r{ Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ b| Op{lk ^`hkflmd

@vz`rl`mk` -- >;

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^hbe` 0 Kaozhrl{am ag ^`hkf`r/@gglkhk| Z`rk`z~lam{ ag Op{lk ^`hkf`r{ hmn

Zrlmklzhe{ >


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Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ hmn ^`hkf`r @gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm Op{lk @npkh~lam lm [hlm~ Epklh

Kfhz~`r Am`9 Ln`m~lglkh~lam ag ~f` zrabeò

^f` iab ag h op{lk ~`hkf`r khm b` aw`rtfèolmd hmn h kfhee`md` `w`m gar ~fa{` op{lk

~`hkf`r{ tfa hr` xphelgl`n fhw` pmn`rdam` zr`zhrh~ar| ~rhlmlmd hmn tfa fhw` fldf e`wè{ ag

kaoz`~`mk` lm zrhk~lkhe {clee{ &Cèe| 2::6,- Op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hr` `vz`k~`n ~a gpeglee ~f` marohe

np~l`{ h{{aklh~`n tl~f ~f` ~`hkflmd zrag`{{lam h{ tèe h{ `mdhd` lm ohm| a~f`r hk~lwl~l`{ rèh~`n

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za{{`{{ a~f`r {clee{ elc` {ldf~ {lmdlmd nlk~h~lam kaoza{lmd hmn hrrhmdlmd tflkf hr` m`k`{{hr|

gar ~f` ~`hkflmd ag d`m`rhe op{lk- Lm hnnl~lam op{lk ~`hkf`r{ ag~`m {z`mn opkf ag ~f`lr ~lo`

tarclmd hg~`r {kfaae fapr{ hmn lmwaew`n lm kaoopml~| `w`m~{- Hee ag ~fa{` rae`{ {clee{ hmn

hk~lwl~l`{ garo zhr~ ag tfh~ l{ kam{ln`r`n ~a b` h daan op{lk zradrhoo` tflkf hm `gg`k~lw`

op{lk ~`hkf`r l{ {pzza{`n ~a ohmhd`-

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whep` hmn fh{ ope~lze` b`m`gl~{- H tèe/~hpdf~ op{lk zradrhoo` ~hz{ lm~a h whrl`~| ag e`hrmlmd

naohlm{ hmn òzea|{ {`w`rhe {clee{ hmn hblel~l`{ &Kh~`rhee Kfhze`hp ' Lthmhdh 8


7/84


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~`hkflmd- Lm h kh{` {~pn| tflkf lmw`{~ldh~`n l{{p`{ kamk`rmlmd ~`hkf`r r`~`m~lam hmn h~~rl~lam

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h{ am` ag ~f` kam~rlbp~lmd ghk~ar{- Op{lk ~`hkf`r{ tfa fhn pm{pzzar~lw` zrlmklzhe{ tfa t`r` ma~

kamwlmk`n ag ~f` whep` ag op{lk `npkh~lam ar op{lk ~`hkf`r{ tfa r`k`lw`n r`{l{~hmk` hmn el~~e`

{pzzar~ grao a~f`r {~hgg oòb`r{ gè~ l{aeh~`n hmn t`r` oar` elcè| ~a `vz`rl`mk` bprm/ap~-

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hm `gg`k~lw` op{lk ~`hkf`r hmn `xph~`{ tl~f grhpn h ~`hkf`r tfa h~~òz~{ ~a ~`hkf h {pbi`k~ ~fh~

f` ar {f` na`{ ma~ cmat tèe `mapdf- Lm h kaozhrh~lw` {~pn| ag ~f` azlmlam{ ag zr`/{`rwlk` hmn

`vz`rl`mk`n ~`hkf`r{ &^`hkfap~ 8


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~fa{` c`| zeh|`r{ lm op{lk `npkh~lam h{ ~a tf| op{lk ~`hkf`r{ {pkk``n ar ghle h~ z`rgarolmd ~f`lr

mpo`rap{ rae`{-

^f` Mh~pr` ag ~f` Zrabeò

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[z`klhel{~ gar op{lk tl~f ~f` Olml{~r| ag @npkh~lam gar h |`hr hmn h fheg- Grao {kfaae wl{l~{ hmn

lm~`rhk~lam{ tl~f zrlmklzhe{ hmn op{lk ~`hkf`r{ ~f` r`{`hrkf`r th{ hbe` ~a d`~ h glr{~/fhmn

hkkapm~ ag {ao` ag ~f` kfhee`md`{ h{{aklh~`n tl~f ~f` hnwhmkò`m~ ag op{lk `npkh~lam lm [~-

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kprrlkpepo {z`klhel{~{ kam~lmp` ~a {~rpdde` ~a dlw` oar` zr`whe`mk` hmn zraolm`mk` ~a op{lk h{ h

{pbi`k~- H~ ohm| {kfaae{ tf`r` op{lk l{ b`lmd agg`r`n ~f` op{lk ~`hkf`r{ fhw` w`r| el~~e`

~rhlmlmd lm z`nhdad| hmn elol~`n zrhk~lkhe {clee{ hmn {a ~f` xphel~| ag op{lk ~`hkflmd hmn

e`hrmlmd l{ ag dr`h~ kamk`rm- Lm hnnl~lam oa{~ {kfaae{ hr` `xplzz`n tl~f w`r| elol~`n r`{aprk`{

tflkf d`m`rhee| lmkepn` h c`|bahrn r`karn`r{ lm {ao` kh{`{ hmn h {`~ ag z`rkp{{lam

lm{~rpo`m~{- H~ h g`t a~f`r {kfaae{ tflkf hr` gar~pmh~` ~a fhw` a~f`r lm{~rpo`m~{ elc` h

{~`èbhmn ~f`r` l{ ma op{lk ~`hkf`r tl~f {pgglkl`m~ zrhk~lkhe {clee{ ~a ohc` gpee p{` ag ~f`

r`{aprk`{- [ao` {kfaae{ hr` pmhbe` ~a heeakh~` h {pl~hbe` {zhk` ar keh{{raao h{ h op{lk raao

tfle` ~f` z`r`mmlhe zrabeò ag ~f` hb{`mk` ag zaelk| hmn ~f` ehkc ag lozar~hmk` dlw`m ~a op{lk

hmn a~f`r {pbi`k~{ lm ~f` hr~{ kam~lmp` ~a loz`n` `ggar~{ h~ zraoa~lmd ~f` {pbi`k~-

B`dlmmlmd lm 8


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Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ hmn ^`hkf`r @gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm Op{lk : {z`klhel{~ ~`hkf`r{ ame| ~fr`` fhw` {a ghr dam` am ~a

zpr{p` n`dr``{ lm op{lk-

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~`hkf`r{ `mdhd` lm h whrl`~| ag hk~lwl~l`{ lmkepnlmd d`m`rhe keh{{raao ~`hkflmd lm{~rpo`m~he hmn

kfalr `m{òbe` hmn ardhmlylmd hmn zr`zhrlmd {~pn`m~{ gar zhr~lklzh~lam lm nlgg`r`m~ hk~lwl~l`{

d`hr`n ~athrn{ n`wèazlmd ~f` op{lkhe ~he`m~{ ag ba~f ~`hkf`r hmn {~pn`m~- Hkkarnlmd ~a

F`mm`{| &8


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Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ hmn ^`hkf`r @gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm Op{lk 8:

l~ hzz`hr{ ~fh~ op{lk ~`hkf`r{ tfa ehkc ~f` m`k`{{hr| zrhk~lkhe {clee{ ~`mn ~a nòam{~rh~` h ehkc

ag kamgln`mk` hmn `w`m~phee| {f| hth| grao hk~lwl~l`{ hmn mh~lamhe kaoz`~l~lam{ tflkf ~f`|

bèl`w` oh| fldfeldf~ ~f`lr t`hcm`{{`{-

Lm hnnl~lam ~a ~fa{` kamk`rm{ nprlmd o``~lmd{ tl~f {kfaae zrlmklzhe{ lm hm h~~òz~ ~a

lozraw` ~f` op{lk zradrhoo` ~f` r`{`hrkf`r ma~`n ~fh~ ~f` zlk~pr` tflkf zrlmklzhe{ fhn ag ~f`

zradrhoo` {ao`~lo`{ kam~rhnlk~`n tl~f ~f` z`rk`z~lam{ ag ~f` op{lk ~`hkf`r- He{a op{lk

~`hkf`r{ kam~lmphee| fldfeldf~`n ~f` m``n gar ~rhlmlmd |`~ ~f`r` th{ el~~e` `wln`mk` ~fh~ ~f`

~`hkf`r{ t`r` hk~phee| b`m`gl~~lmd grao ar hzze|lmd tfh~ th{ ~hpdf~ h~ tarc{faz{- Hkkarnlmd ~a

~f` kprrlkpepo {z`klhel{~ h~ ~f` ~lo` h Zrlohr| Op{lk ^`hkf`r{ Dpln` th{ he{a n`wèaz`n ~a

h{{l{~ mawlk` op{lk ~`hkf`r{ tl~f ~f`lr o`~fanaead|- ^fl{ dpln` {f` {h|{ l{ kprr`m~e| b`lmd

pmn`rp~lely`n- L~ l{ hdhlm{~ ~fl{ bhkcdrapmn ~fh~ ~f` r`{`hrkf`r {ht ~f` m``n ~a òzea| h~~rlbp~lam

~fàr| h{ h o`hm{ ag `vholmlmd ~f` zr`wlap{e| o`m~lam`n h{{poz~lam{ hmn kamk`rm{ hmn ~a

`vzear` gpr~f`r ~f` z`rk`lw`n khp{`{ hmn `vzehmh~lam{ gar ~fa{` flmnrhmk`{ grao ~f` z`r{z`k~lw`{

ag ~fa{` lmwaew`n lm ~f` nh|/~a/nh| zrak`{{ ag op{lk `npkh~lam-

H~~rlbp~lam fàr|

H~~rlbp~lam ~fàr| fh{ r`k`lw`n kam{ln`rhbe` h~~`m~lam lm ~f` hr`h ag op{lk `npkh~lam- ^f`

~fàr| fh{ b``m zraza{`n h{ h th| ag pmn`r{~hmnlmd ~f` `vzehmh~lam{ ar khp{he h~~rlbp~lam{ tflkf

zàze` ohc` gar ~f` `w`m~{ tflkf akkpr lm ~f`lr elw`{ hmn lm ~f` elw`{ ag a~f`r{ &OkLm`rm`| '

Whm @~~`m 2::>,- Hkkarnlmd ~a &H{op{ 8


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lmnlwlnphe op{~ n`~`rolm` ~fh~ ~f` b`fhwlapr th{ n`elb`rh~`- Lm ~f` ~flrn {~hd` ~f` b`fhwlapr l{

~f`m h~~rlbp~`n ~a `l~f`r lm~`rmhe ar `v~`rmhe khp{`{-

Am` ag ~f` ohlm pmn`re|lmd zrlmklze`{ ag B`rmhrn T`lm`r{ &8


12/84


khp{he `vzehmh~lam{ gar {pkk`{{ hmn ghlepr` p{`n b| lmnlwlnphe{- ^fa{` `vzehmh~lam{ hr` hblel~|

`ggar~ ~h{c nlgglkpe~| hmn epkc- Hblel~| hmn epkc r`g`r ~a z`r{amhe hmn lm~`rmhe ghk~ar{ tf`r`h{

~h{c nlgglkpe~| hmn epkc r`g`r ~a `mwlramo`m~he ghk~ar{- ^f` kamk`z~ ag epkc he{a `mkaozh{{`n

a~f`r ghk~ar{ {pkf h{ ~`hkf`r `gg`k~{ oaan ar gh~ldp`- T`lm`r keh{{lgl`n ~fa{` gapr ghk~ar{ lm~a h

~ta/nlo`m{lamhe oanè9 eakp{ hmn {~hblel~|- F` eh~`r hnn`n h ~flrn nlo`m{lam khee`n

kam~raeehblel~| &Aroran 2::6,- Oa{~ r`{`hrkf p{lmd h~~rlbp~lam ~fàr| fat`w`r ~`mn{ ~a òzea|

~f` ~ta/nlo`m{lamhe hzzrahkf ~a kh~`darlylmd khp{he h{krlz~lam{ mhoè|9 eakp{ ag kam~rae ar

lm~`rmhe/`v~`rmhe hmn {~hblel~| &Nlkc 2::7,-

^f` eakp{ nlo`m{lam r`g`r{ ~a ~f` lm~`rmhe hmn `v~`rmhe ghk~ar{ ~a tflkf hm lmnlwlnphe

h~~rlbp~`{ khp{`{ ar ~f` `v~`m~ ~a tflkf zàze` bèl`w` ~fh~ {pkk`{{ ar ghlepr` arldlmh~` tl~flm

~fò ar lm ~f`lr `mwlramo`m~- ^fl{ nlo`m{lam l{ k`m~rhe lm lmgep`mklmd zàze`{ hgg`k~lw`

r`{zam{`{ hmn n`~`rolmlmd am`{ oa~lwh~lam gar {pkk`{{- Zàze` tl~f hm lm~`rmhe eakp{ ag kam~rae

hr` p{phee| oar` {pkk`{{gpe ~fhm ~fa{` tl~f hm `v~`rmhe eakp{ ag kam~rae- ^f`| g`è zrapn tf`m

~f`| {pkk``n hmn {fho` tf`m ~f`| `vz`rl`mk` ghlepr` &@|{`mkc 2::>,- ^f`| hr` oar` elcè| ~a

`vz`k~ ~fh~ ~f`lr `ggar~ tlee |lèn daan z`rgarohmk` hmn ~fh~ ~f`lr z`rgarohmk` tlee brlmd

r`thrn{-

Zàze` he{a h{krlb` b`fhwlapr{ hmn `w`m~{ ~a ghk~ar{ tflkf hr` elhbe` ~a kfhmd` grao am`

{l~ph~lam ~a ~f` m`v~ &pm{~hbe`, ar ~a ghk~ar{ tflkf hr` elcè| ~a ròhlm ~f` {ho` aw`r ~lo`

&{~hbe`,- Hkkarnlmd ~a [ohr~ hmn ^l`rm`| &2::;, {~hblel~| l{ ~f` oa{~ lozar~hm~ nlo`m{lam

bèl`w`n ~a hgg`k~ `vz`k~hmk| ag gp~pr` hkfl`wò`m~ ar zr`nlk~lmd am`{ gp~pr` b`fhwlapr- Zàze`

tfa bèl`w` ~fh~ ~f`| fhw` {pkk``n`n h~ h ~h{c h{ h r`{pe~ ag ~f`lr hblel~| ar ~f` {lozelkl~| ag ~f`

~h{c hr` elcè| ~a `vz`k~ ~f` {ho` r`{pe~{ lm ~f` gp~pr` np` ~a ~f` {~hbe` mh~pr` ag ~fa{` ghk~ar{-

Lmnlwlnphe{ tfa z`rgaro zaare| h~ h ~h{c bp~ bèl`w` ~fh~ ~f`lr zaar z`rgarohmk` th{ np` ~a hm


13/84

Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ hmn ^`hkf`r @gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm Op{lk 8;

pm{~hbe` khp{` {pkf h{ bhn epkc tlee oa{~ zrabhbe| z`r{l{~ h~ ~f` ~h{c hmn fhw` `vz`k~h~lam{ ag

gp~pr` {pkk`{{-

^f` kam~raeehblel~| nlo`m{lam r`g`r{ ~a ~f` h~~rlbp~lam{ tflkf t` ohc` ~a ~flmd{ ~fh~ t`

bèl`w` hr` kam~raeehbe` ar ~flmd{ tflkf t` fhw` ma lmgep`mk` ar kam~rae aw`r- H ~`hkf`r tfa

bèl`w`{ ~fh~ fl{ {~pn`m~{ hr` ma~ zhr~lklzh~lmd lm fl{ keh{{ hk~lwl~l`{ b`khp{` ~f`| nam~ elc` op{lk

l{ ohclmd hm h~~rlbp~lam bh{`n am hm pmkam~raeehbe` ghk~ar lg f` bèl`w`{ ~fh~ f` l{ ma~ lm h

za{l~lam ~a ohc` ~fò elc` ~f` {pbi`k~- Kamw`r{è| lg f` bèl`w`{ ~fh~ ~f`lr ehkc ag zhr~lklzh~lam

l{ h{ h r`{pe~ ag lm{pgglkl`m~ nlr`k~lam{ am fl{ zhr~ ar zaare| {~h~`n lm{~rpk~lam{ f` l{ oar` elcè|

~a h~~òz~ ~a rò`n| ~f` {l~ph~lam- N`z`mnlmd am ~f` ~|z` ar kaoblmh~lam{ ag h~~rlbp~lam{ t`

ohc` &lm~`rmhe `v~`rmhe {~hbe` hmn pm{~hbe`, ba~f za{l~lw` hmn m`dh~lw` òa~lam{ khm b`

`wac`n- Za{l~lw` r`{zam{`{ elc` zrln` hmn kamgln`mk` hr` elcè| ~a akkpr tf`m hm w`m~ l{

h~~rlbp~`n ~a lm~`rmhe kam~raeehbe` hmn {~hbe` ghk~ar{- M`dh~lw` òa~lam{ {pkf h{ dple~ hmn

hmd`r tlee akkpr tf`m h~~rlbp~lam{ hr` bh{`n am lm~`rmhe kam~raeehbe` hmn pm{~hbe` ghk~ar{-

T`lm`r &8


14/84

Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ hmn ^`hkf`r @gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm Op{lk 8>

{pkf h{ oa~lw`{ ar z`r{amhel~| ~rhl~{ &Kaam Ol~~`r`r ^heba~ ' Whmkfèeh 2:8:,- ^fl{ l{

r`g`rr`n ~a h{ ~f` hk~ar/ab{`rw`r blh{-

Hma~f`r lozar~hm~ zrlmklze` ag h~~rlbp~lam ~fàr| l{ ~fh~ zàze`{ h~~rlbp~lam{ hr` o`rè|

~f`lr z`rk`z~lam{ hmn oh| ar oh| ma~ b` ~f` hk~phe khp{`{ ag `w`m~{ ar ap~kao`{ &Hfe`{ 2::>,-

^f` ghk~ ~fh~ hm lmnlwlnphe bèl`w`{ ~f` h~~rlbp~lam fat`w`r l{ oar` lozar~hm~ ~fhm ~f` hkkprhk|

ag ~f` h~~rlbp~lam lm `waclmd h zhr~lkpehr òa~lam ar b`fhwlapr- [ao`~lo`{ zàze`{ h~~rlbp~lam{

oh| b` lmhkkprh~` b`khp{` ag ~f`lr ~`mn`mk| ~a ~hc` kr`nl~ gar ~f`lr {pkk`{{ hmn ~a hwaln

r`{zam{lblel~| gar ghlepr`h {l~ph~lam cmatm h{ {èg/{`rwlmd blh{ &@|{`mkc 2::>,- Lm a~f`r

lm{~hmk`{ lmnlwlnphe{ tfa h~~òz~ ~a `vzehlm ~f` b`fhwlapr{ ag a~f`r{ ~`mn ~a h~~rlbp~` ~fa{`

b`fhwlapr{ ~a lm~`rmhe khp{`{ ar lm a~f`r tarn{ ~a beho` ~f` z`r{am gar ~f`lr hk~lam{ ar ghlepr`-

@eel{ Hbrho{ hmn Hbrho{ &2::


15/84


hmn hr` elcè| ~a b` nl{kaprhd`n b| ghlepr`- Kamw`r{è| zàze` tfa fhw` `vz`rl`mk`n {pkk`{{ b|

aw`rkaolmd fprne`{ hmn ab{~hke`{ hmn ~frapdf {p{~hlm`n `ggar~ e`hrm ~a bèl`w` oar` lm ~f`lr

hblel~l`{ ~a oh{~`r kfhee`mdlmd hk~lwl~l`{ m`k`{{hr| ~a {pkk``n-

Ipndo`m~{ hbap~ {èg/`gglkhk| hr` he{a {hln ~a b` garo`n lm h k|kelkhe ohmm`r ar

{lolehre| b| h {èg/gpegleelmd zrazf`{|- [pkk`{{gpe ap~kao`{ ~`mn ~a kr`h~` za{l~lw` bèl`g{ tflkf

hr` p{`n lm {fhzlmd gp~pr` `gglkhk| bèl`g{- ^f` oar` `gglkhk| am` fh{ ~f` oar` `ggar~ hmn

z`r{l{~`mk` am` {fat{ tflkf e`hn{ ~a lozraw`n z`rgarohmk` hmn kam{`xp`m~e| dr`h~`r {èg/

`gglkhk| &Zhihr`{ 2::7,- ^f` r`w`r{` l{ he{a ~rp` gar eat {èg/`gglkhk| bèl`g{- Hm lmnlwlnphe tl~f

h z`rk`z~lam ag eat {èg/`gglkhk| l{ elcè| ~a `vz`mn el~~e` `ggar~ am h ~h{c r`{pe~lmd lm hm

pm{pkk`{{gpe ap~kao`- ^fl{ ghlepr` ap~kao` l{ wl`t`n h{ gpr~f`r `wln`mk` ag lmkaoz`~`mk` ~fp{

r`lmgarklmd ar gpr~f`r nlolml{flmd ~f` lmnlwlnphe{ {èg/`gglkhk| bèl`g{-

^`hkf`r {èg/`gglkhk| fh{ b``m ln`m~lgl`n h{ h {z`klglk garo ag {èg `gglkhk| hmn l{ n`glm`n

h{ ~f` bèl`g{ tflkf ~`hkf`r{ fhw` hbap~ ~f`lr atm hblel~| ~a brlmd hbap~ n`{lr`n ap~kao`{ lm ~f`

keh{{raao `w`m hoamd nlgglkpe~ ar pmoa~lwh~`n {~pn`m~{ &OkLm`rm`| ' Whm @~~`m 2::>,-

Kam{l{~`m~ tl~f a~f`r r`{`hrkf am {èg/`gglkhk| ~`hkf`r {èg/`gglkhk| l{ he{a kam{ln`r`n ~a b`

kam~`v~/{z`klglk lm ~fh~ ~`hkf`r{ hr` `vz`k~`n ~a g`è h dr`h~`r ar e`{{`r {`m{` ag {èg/`gglkhk|

n`z`mnlmd am ~f` {l~ph~lam ~fh~ ~f`|r` lm- H op{lk ~`hkf`rtfa g`è{ w`r| kamgln`m~ ~`hkflmd

op{lkhe kamk`z~{ ~a {~pn`m~{ gar `vhoze` oh| g`è h opkf eat`r {`m{` ag `gglkhk| tf`m

`mdhd`n lm {lmdlmd hk~lwl~l`{ ar tarclmd tl~f h kfalr- H{ h r`{pe~ ag ~f` kam~`v~phe mh~pr` ag {èg/

`gglkhk| bèl`g{ zàze` ~`mn ~a kfaa{` hk~lwl~l`{ hmn `mwlramo`m~{ tflkf ~f`| bèl`w` ~f`| khm

fhmne` hmn tflkf tapen heeat ~fò ~a `vz`rl`mk` ~f` oa{~ {pkk`{{- Hkkarnlmd ~a Bhmnprh

&8


16/84


Kea{è| rèh~`n ~a {èg/`gglkhk| ~fàr| l{ ~f` {èg/tar~f ~fàr| ag hkfl`wò`m~ oa~lwh~lam-

Hkkarnlmd ~a Ohr~lm Kawlmd~am h{ kl~`n lm OkLm`rm`| hmn Whm @~~`m &2::>, lmnlwlnphe{ hr`

{ao`~lo`{ oa~lwh~`n ~a `mdhd` lm {èg/zra~`k~lw` b`fhwlapr lm arn`r ~a ohlm~hlm h {`m{` ag

z`r{amhe tar~f hmn hzzrawhe b| a~f`r{- [pkf b`fhwlapr kapen lmkepn` ghlelmd ~a ~r|

zrakrh{~lmh~lmd hmn hwalnlmd ghlepr` {l~ph~lam{- Zàze` he{a ~`mn ~a ohmlzpeh~` ~f`lr h~~rlbp~lamhe

bèl`g{ hbap~ ~f` {aprk`{ hmn khp{`{ ag ~f`lr {pkk`{{ hmn ghlepr` lm arn`r ~a ohlm~hlm ~f`lr {èg/

tar~f- ^f`| hr` lmkelm`n ~a h~~rlbp~` hblel~| ghk~ar{ ~a ~f`lr {pkk`{{ tflkf {~r`md~f`m{ ~f`lr

g`èlmd{ ag {èg/tar~f hmn oa~lwh~`{ ~fò ~a kam~lmp` ~r|lmd- ^f`| he{a zr`g`r ~a bèl`w` ~fh~

ghlepr` l{ np` ~a h ehkc ag `ggar~ ar {ao` a~f`r ghk~ar rh~f`r ~fhm eat hblel~|-

^`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{

^`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ fh{ b``m ln`m~lgl`n h{ b`lmd am` ag ~f` oa{~ lozar~hm~ ghk~ar{

hgg`k~lmd {~pn`m~ hkfl`wò`m~- Rha hmn Cpohr &2::>, `vzehlm ~f` ~`ro h{ b`lmd ~f` hblel~| ag

~`hkf`r{ ~a hkkaozel{f ~f`lr dahe{ ~frapdf ~f` `gg`k~lw` kaoblmh~lam ag ~`hkf`r kaoz`~`mk`

tflkf l{ ~f` hblel~| ~a p{` cmate`nd` hmn {clee hmn ~`hkf`r z`rgarohmk` tflkf l{ ~f` p{` ag

cmate`nd` hmn {clee lm h zhr~lkpehr {l~ph~lam- ^f`r` hr` ~fr`` h{{poz~lam{ tflkf pmn`rel` ~fl{

n`glml~lam- ^f` glr{~ l{ ~fh~ `gg`k~lw` ~`hkf`r{ op{~ b` hthr` ag tfh~ ~fa{` dahe{ hr` hmn op{~

za{{`{{ ~f` kaoz`~`mk` ~a hkfl`w` ~fò- ^fa{` dahe{ hr` `l~f`r {`~ b| ~fò{èw`{ ar b| a~f`r{

{pkf h{ ~f` zrlmklzhe ar kprrlkpepo {z`klhel{~- [`kamne| ^fa{` dahe{ hr` p{phee| nlr`k~e| ar

lmnlr`k~e| kamk`rm`n tl~f {~pn`m~ e`hrmlmd hmn ~flrne| ~`hkf`r{ hr` ma~ `gg`k~lw` hee ~f` ~lo`-

^f` n`dr`` ag ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ n`z`mn{ am h rhmd` ag ghk~ar{ {pkf h{ ~f` ~`hkf`r{ atm

h~~l~pn`{ whep`{ hmn `vz`rl`mk`- L~ he{a n`z`mn{ am ~f` hblel~| hmn `vz`rl`mk` ag {~pn`m~{ ~f`

{kfaae kprrlkpepo hmn ~f` xphel~| ag dahe{ tflkf hr` {`~-


17/84


Ohryhma &2::;, n`{krlb`{ ~fr`` h{z`k~{ ag ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ tflkf f` r`g`r{ ~a h{

~`hkf`r/e`wè ghk~ar{9 lm{~rpk~lamhe {~rh~`dl`{ keh{{raao ohmhdò`m~ hmn keh{{raao kprrlkpepo

n`{ldm- @gg`k~lw` ~`hkf`r{ hr` bèl`w`n ~a fhw` h~ ~f`lr nl{za{he h tln` whrl`~| ag `gg`k~lw`

lm{~rpk~lamhe {~rh~`dl`{ {pkf h{ ~lo` ohmhdò`m~ ~`hkf`r `vz`k~h~lam{ hmn `ggar~ r`lmgarkò`m~

tflkf ~f`| p{` h~ ~f`lr hzzrazrlh~` ~lo`{- Keh{{raao ohmhdò`m~ l{ am` ag ~f` dr`h~`{~ kamk`rm{

ag ~`hkf`r{ {lmk` nl{klzelm` zrabeò{ kam~rlbp~` ~a ~f` bldd`{~ {fhr` ag zrabeò{ tflkf {kfaae{

ghk` `{z`klhee| h~ zpbelk {kfaae{ &^hpb`r 2::4,- Nl{klzelm` khm `l~f`r ohc` ar br`hc h ~`hkf`r

hmn l{ hm lozar~hm~ n`klnlmd ghk~ar lm fat `gg`k~lw` h ~`hkf`r l{- [ao`~lo`{ ~f` br`hc natm lm

nl{klzelm` khm he{a r`{pe~ grao ~f` zaar n`{ldm ag ~f` kprrlkpepo- Lmmhzrazrlh~` kprrlkpepo tflkf

na`{ ma~ kh~`r gar ~f` lm~`r`{~{ ar hblel~| ag {~pn`m~{ khm kam~rlbp~` ~a {~pn`m~ ol{b`fhwlapr- Am`

ag ~f` {~rh~`dl`{ {pdd`{~`n gar lozrawlmd ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ hzhr~ grao ~`hkf`r ~rhlmlmd hmn

zrag`{{lamhe n`wèazo`m~ hk~lwl~l`{ l{ ~f` lozar~hmk` ag {pzzar~ grao kaee`hdp`{ hmn ~f`

kaeehbarh~lam ag `ggar~{ grao ~f` `m~lr` {~hgg-

^fl{ {~pn| {apdf~ ~a hzze| ln`h{ z`r~hlmlmd ~a h~~rlbp~lam ~fàr| h{ l~ rèh~`{ ~a ~`hkf`r

`gg`k~lw`m`{{ hmn {èg/`gglkhk| ~a dpln` ~f` r`{`hrkf- ^f` r`{`hrkf`r ~f`r`gar` h{{po`{ ~fh~ ~f`

clmn{ ag h~~rlbp~lam{ tflkf op{lk ~`hkf`r{ ohc` khm fhw` hm `gg`k~ am ~f`lr hblel~| ~a `v`kp~`

~f`lr rae`{ `gg`k~lwè| hmn ~fh~ {èg `gglkhk| zeh|{ hm lozar~hm~ rae` lm n`~`rolmlmd ba~f ~f`lr

h~~rlbp~lamhe {~|e`{ hmn ~f`lr hkfl`wò`m~/rèh~`n b`fhwlapr- Hm pmn`r{~hmnlmd ag ~`hkf`r{

z`rk`z~lam{ ag {èg/`gglkhk| hmn ~f`lr h~~rlbp~lamhe {~|e`{ gar `vhoze` kapen `vzehlm ~f`lr

pmtleelmdm`{{ ~a zhr~lklzh~` lm mh~lamhe op{lk kaoz`~l~lam{ ~a h~~`mn ~rhlmlmd tarc{faz{ ar ~a

lozeò`m~ m`t kprrlkpepo- Hm lm{ldf~ lm~a tf| l~ hzz`hr{ ~fh~ op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hr` ma~ c``m ~a

gpr~f`r ~f`lr op{lkhe {~pnl`{ khm he{a b` dhlm`n- ^f` r`{`hrkf`r he{a f|za~f`{ly`n ~fh~ ~f`

h~~rlbp~lam{ ag zrlmklzhe{ oh| ma~ m`k`{{hrle| b` kamdrpap{ tl~f ~fh~ ag ~f` ~`hkf`r{ hmn oh|


18/84


fhw` hm lozhk~ am ~f` e`wè ag {pzzar~ tflkf ~f`| dlw` ~a ~f` ~`hkf`r{ h{ tèe h{ am ~f`

oa~lwh~lam ag ~`hkf`r{ ~a hkfl`w`-

Hm pmn`r{~hmnlmd ag ~f` khp{he h~~rlbp~lam{ hmn h~~rlbp~lamhe {~|e`{ ag ~`hkf`r{ l{ he{a

m`k`{{hr| gar kprrlkpepo {z`klhel{~{ lm zehmmlmd lm~`rw`m~lam {~rh~`dl`{ ~a n`he tl~f ~f` kamk`rm{

ag ~fa{` lmwaew`n lm op{lk `npkh~lam- B| ln`m~lg|lmd ~f` m``n{ hmn kamk`rm{ ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{

oar` hzzrazrlh~` kprrlkpepo khm b` n`{ldm`n hmn n`wèaz`n hmn b`~~`r ~rhlmlmd tarc{faz{ ~a

o``~ ~f` m``n{ ag ~`hkf`r{ khm b` {~rh~`dlkhee| ardhmly`n- L~ l{ he{a m`k`{{hr| ~a `vholm` fat

zrlmklzhe{ z`rk`lw` ~f`lr op{lk zradrhoo`{ hmn ~f` z`rgarohmk` ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ {lmk`

zrlmklzhe{ zeh| hm lmgep`m~lhe rae` lm op{lk `npkh~lam h~ {kfaae{-

Zprza{` ag ~f` [~pn|

W`r| el~~e` r`{`hrkf fh{ b``m nam` am ~f` khp{he h~~rlbp~lam{ ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{

gar ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm op{lk `npkh~lam- Oa{~ ag ~f` r`{`hrkf l{ elol~`n ~a h~~rlbp~lam{ gar

{~pn`m~ hkfl`wò`m~ lm op{lk ar ~f` z`rk`z~lam{ ag zr`/{`rwlk` op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hbap~ `gg`k~lw`

~`hkf`r h~~rlbp~`{- A~f`r rèh~`n {~pnl`{ nam ma~ kh~`r gar op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{

z`rk`z~lam{ hbap~ ~f` aw`rhee op{lk zradrhoo`- ^fl{ {~pn| l{ lm~`mn`n ~a hnn ~a ~f` ban| ag

cmate`nd` am h~~rlbp~lam ~fàr| lm op{lk `npkh~lam b| `v~`mnlmd ~f` r`{`hrkf ~a z`rk`z~lam{ ag

~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm ~f` whrl`n rae`{ tflkf op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hr` vz`k~`n ~a gpeglee h~ ba~f ~f`

zrlohr| hmn {`kamnhr| e`wè- ^fl{ {~pn| he{a vholm`{ ~f` khp{he h~~rlbp~lam{ grao ~f`

z`r{z`k~lw`{ ag ba~f op{lk ~`hkf`r hmn zrlmklzhe lm hm `ggar~ ~a ab~hlm h oar` bhehmk`n wl`t ag

~f` ghk~ar{ tflkf hr` z`rk`lw`n ~a hgg`k~ op{lk `npkh~lam- â nh~` ma {pkf {~pn| fh{ b``m nam`-

^f` ohlm zprza{` ag ~fl{ r`{`hrkf zrai`k~ ~f`r`gar` th{ ~a lmw`{~ldh~` ~f` khp{he h~~rlbp~lam{ ag

op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{ lm [~- Epklh gar ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm op{lk `npkh~lam- ^f`

gaeeatlmd h{{poz~lam{ t`r` ohn`9


19/84

Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ hmn ^`hkf`r @gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm Op{lk 80/l~ò [~hd`{ ag Kamk`rm kf`kcel{~ bh{`n am ~f`

Kamk`rm{/Bh{`n Hnaz~lam Oanè &KBHO, lm arn`r ~a ln`m~lg| ~f` kamk`rm{ ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{-

Hoamd ~f` kamk`rm{ ln`m~lgl`n t`r` ~`hkf`r{ lmhblel~| ~a ohlm~hlm keh{{ kam~rae g`èlmd{ ag

lmkaoz`~`mk` lm k`r~hlm {l~ph~lam{ elc` lm gram~ ag zhr`m~{ hmn h ehkc ag {pzzar~ gar ~f` op{lk


21/84


zradrhoo`- ^f` ehkc ag ~lo` ~a zehm hmn zr`zhr` hmn b`lmd hbe` ~a oa~lwh~` {~pn`m~{ t`r` he{a

{ao` kamk`rm{ rhl{`n- Lm hma~f`r {~pn| Dhrnm`r &2:8:, kaozhr`n ~f` glmnlmd{ ag 8 0 a~f`r r`dpehr ~`hkf`r{ hmn lmnlkh~`n ~fh~ op{lk ~`hkf`r{ t`r` oar` elcè|

~fhm a~f`r ~|z`{ ag ~`hkf`r{ ~a kfhmd` iab{ h{ h r`{pe~ ag nl{h~l{ghk~lam tl~f ~f`lr tarclmd

kamnl~lam{- Fl{ glmnlmd{ he{a r`w`he`n ~fh~ op{lk ~`hkf`r{ z`rk`z~lam ag hnolml{~rh~lw` {pzzar~

fhn ~f` oa{~ {hel`m~ lmgep`mk` am ba~f ~`hkf`r {h~l{ghk~lam hmn r`~`m~lam-

Lm hma~f`r {~pn| Olc{yh Ra`n`r hmn Bldd{ &2:8:, {prw`|`n 2;0 bhmn nlr`k~ar{ lm hm

`ggar~ ~a glmn ~f`lr azlmlam{ hbap~ ~f` {clee{ hmn kfhrhk~`rl{~lk{ tflkf ~f`| bèl`w`n kam~rlbp~`n ~a

`gg`k~lw` op{lk ~`hkflmd h{ tèe h{ ~f`lr z`rk`z~lam{ ag ~f` {~rpdde`{ hmn r`thrn{ tflkf bhmn

nlr`k~ar{ `vz`rl`mk`- ^f` {pbi`k~{ t`r` r`xplr`n ~a rhmc h el{~ ag op{lk hmn z`r{amhe ~`hkflmd

{clee{ hmn kfhrhk~`rl{~lk{ lm arn`r ag lozar~hmk` hmn ~a he{a r`{zamn ~a az`m/`mn`n l~ò{-^f`

glmnlmd{ lmnlkh~`n ~fh~ z`r{amhe hmn ~`hkflmd {clee{ t`r` rhmc`n fldf`r ~fhm op{lk {clee{-

^`hkf`r{ fldfeldf~`n ghk~ar{ elc` ~f`lr `m~fp{lh{o `m`rd| hmn hblel~| ~a oa~lwh~` {~pn`m~{-

L{{p`{ rèh~`n ~a keh{{raao ohmhdò`m~ t`r` kl~`n ~f` oa{~ h{ kfhee`md` ghk~ar{ tfle{~ {~pn`m~

{pkk`{{ th{ ~f` oa{~ ag~`m kl~`n r`thrn ghk~ar-

Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ gar [pkk`{{ hmn Ghlepr`

^f` rèh~lam{flz b`~t``m lmnlwlnphe{$ khp{he h{krlz~lam{ ag {pkk`{{ hmn ghlepr` hmn

hkfl`wò`m~/rèh~`n b`fhwlapr fh{ b``m nòam{~rh~`n lm {`w`rhe {~pnl`{- Lm {pkf {~pnl`{ l~ fh{

b``m {fatm ~fh~ ~f` ~|z` ag h{krlz~lam{ lmnlwlnphe{ ohc` gar ~f` ap~kao` ag hm hkfl`wò`m~ ~h{c

lmgep`mk`{ ~fò ~a z`rgaro nlgg`r`m~e| am ~f`{` ~h{c{- Lm hm `hre| karrèh~lamhe {~pn| b| T`lm`r

F`kcfhp{`m O`|`r hmn Kaac &8


22/84


lmnlwlnphe{ tfa ohc` nlgg`r`m~ h{krlz~lam{ tlee z`rgaro nlgg`r`m~e| hmn ~fh~ ~f`r` th{ h

r`eh~lam{flz b`~t``m ~f`lr khp{he h~~rlbp~lam{ hmn ~f` lm~`m{l~| ag ~f`lr z`rgarohmk`- Lmnlwlnphe{

tfa h~~rlbp~`n ghlepr` ~a pm{~hbe` khp{`{ / bhn epkc ar lm{pgglkl`m~ `ggar~ hzz`hr`n ~a z`rgaro

tl~f dr`h~`r lm~`m{l~| ~fhm lmnlwlnphe{ tfa h~~rlbp~`n ~f`lr ghlepr` ~a {~hbe` khp{`{ / ehkc ag

hblel~| ar ~h{c nlgglkpe~|-

Lm hma~f`r {~pn| fat`w`r Bhr/^he hmn @grhlo &8


23/84


azza{l~` {`ò`n ~a fhzz`m tf`m zhr~lklzhm~{ t`r` ~aen ~fh~ ~f`| ghle`n- H ehkc ag `ggar~ th{

dlw`m h{ ~f` ohlm `vzehmh~lam gar ghlepr` am hm `h{| ~h{c tf`r`h{ ~h{c nlgglkpe~| hmn ehkc ag

hblel~| t`r` bèl`w`n ~a b` r`{zam{lbe` gar ghlepr` h~ h nlgglkpe~ ~h{c- ^f` {~pn| {fat`n ~fh~

lmnlwlnphe{ z`rk`lw`n e`wè{ ag ~h{c nlgglkpe~| h{ {ldmlglkhm~ n`~`rolmhm~{ ag ~f` t`ldf~lmd tflkf

whrlap{ khp{he h{krlz~lam{ tlee r`k`lw`-

H~~rlbp~lamhe Blh{

Dp{c`|&8


24/84


{~pn`m~{ lm hm `ggar~ ~a glmn ap~ ~f` h~~rlbp~lam{ tflkf ~f`| ohn` gar ~f`lr {pkk`{{ ar ghlepr` lm

op{lk- Glw` fpmnr`n hmn mlm`~|/glw` dlre{ hmn 08< ba|{ grao ~ta m`ldfbarlmd kl~l`{ hmn kapm~|

zpbelk {kfaae {|{~ò{ lm mar~f Dàrdlh t`r` {è`k~`n- ^f` glmnlmd{ {fat`n ~fh~ op{lkhe hblel~|

th{ ~f` oa{~ lozar~hm~ khp{he h~~rlbp~lam gaeeat`n b| `ggar~- Gar ~f` kapm~| {kfaae{ keh{{

`mwlramo`m~ th{ ~f` oa{~ lozar~hm~ tfle` gòhe`{ oar` ~fhm ohe`{ z`rk`lw`n hblel~| hmn

`ggar~ ~a b` oar` lozar~hm~- ^fl{ lozel`n ~fh~ {~pn`m~{ tfa zh{{`n op{lk b`khp{` ag hblel~|

t`r` elcè| ~a `vz`k~ {pkk`{{ lm ~f` gp~pr`3 fat`w`r ~fa{` tfa ghle`n op{lk b`khp{` ag hblel~|

oldf~ kam~lmphee| `vz`k~ ghlepr`-

E`d`~~` &8


25/84


ag tf`~f`r ~f` {~pn`m~{ {pkk``n`n ar ghle`n- Lm hma~f`r {~pn| kaozhrlmd fldf hmn eat `gglkhk|

~`hkf`r{ lm rèh~lam ~a keh{{raao ohmhdò`m~ Darnam &2::8, gapmn ~fh~ fldf `gglkhk| ~`hkf`r{

t`r` oar` kamgln`m~ hbap~ b`lmd hbe` ~a ohmhd` ol{b`fhwlapr hmn e`{{ elcè| ~a g`è hmdr| ar

òbhrrh{{`n hbap~ {~pn`m~ ol{b`fhwlapr- Eat `gglkhk| ~`hkf`r{ fat`w`r t`r` oar` elcè| ~a

ipnd` nlgglkpe~ {~pn`m~{ h{ fhwlmd kframlk zrabeò{ hmn oar` elcè| ~a p{` {`w`r` zpml{fo`m~-

Bhmnprh &8


26/84


Lm hma~f`r {~pn| tflkf `vholm`n ~f` z`rk`z~lam{ ag kfarhe nlr`k~ar{ hmn zrlmklzhe{ hbap~

~f`lr {kfaae{ kfarhe zradrhoo` Oh|{/Ihkc{am &2::0, gapmn ~fh~ oa{~ zrlmklzhe{ `vzr`{{`n

{h~l{ghk~lam lm ~f` kfarhe nlr`k~ar hmn {ht ~f` kfarhe op{lk zradrhoo` h{ kam~rlbp~lmd

{ldmlglkhm~e| ~a {kfaae keloh~`- ^f`r` th{ h ma~hbe` nlgg`r`mk` lm ~f` z`rk`z~lam{ ag ~f` |apmd`r

hnolml{~rh~ar{ &202


27/84


^fl{ {~pn| tlee nlgg`r grao zr`wlap{ r`{`hrkf am ~`hkf`r hmn {~pn`m~ h~~rlbp~lam{ lm ~fh~ l~

l{ kamk`rm`n tl~f ~f` h~~rlbp~lam{ ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{ ag zrlohr| hmn {`kamnhr|

{kfaae{ tl~flm ~f` [~- Epklhm kam~`v~- ^f` {~pn| `vholm`{ ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ hmn hkfl`wò`m~

grao ~f` {~hmnzalm~ ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ b`lmd hbe` ~a z`rgaro ~f`lr whrlap{ rae`{ {pkk`{{gpee| hmn

grao ~f` z`r{z`k~lw`{ ag ba~f ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{- A~f`r {~pnl`{ è{`tf`r` fhw` gakp{`n am

~f` {èg/`gglkhk| ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ ~f` h~~rlbp~lam{ tflkf {~pn`m~ ~`hkf`r{ ar op{lk ohiar{ ohc`

gar ~f`lr {pkk`{{ ar ghlepr` h{ {~pn`m~{ ~`hkf`r h~~rlbp~lam{ gar {~pn`m~ z`rgarohmk` ar b`fhwlapr

hmn ~f` z`rk`z~lam{ ag zrlmklzhe{ hbap~ lmnlwlnphe h{z`k~{ ag op{lk ~`hkflmd-

^fl{ r`{`hrkf tlee ~f`r`gar` b` dpln`n b| ~f` gaeeatlmd xp`{~lam{9

Tfh~ khp{`{ na op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{ h~~rlbp~` ~a ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ lmop{lk `npkh~lam1

Hr` ~f`r` hm| nlgg`r`mk`{ lm ~f` khp{he h~~rlbp~lam{ ag `vz`rl`mk`n hmn mawlk` op{lk~`hkf`r{1

Hr` ~f`r` hm| nlgg`r`mk`{ lm ~f` h~~rlbp~lamhe {~|e`{ ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn {kfaaezrlmklzhe{1

Hr` ~f`r` hm| nlgg`r`mk`{ lm ~f` z`rk`z~lam{ ag ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ b`~t``m op{lk~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{1

Hr` ~f`r` hm| nlgg`r`mk`{ lm op{lk ~`hkf`r{ z`rk`z~lam{ ag {èg `gglkhk| hmnzrlmklzhe{ z`rk`z~lam{ ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ {èg `gglkhk|1

L~ l{ faz`n ~fh~ ~f` glmnlmd{ ag ~fl{ {~pn| tlee zrawln` h, dr`h~`r lm{ldf~ lm~a ~f` {~h~p{ ag

op{lk `npkh~lam lm [~- Epklh hmn b, h grho`tarc gar gp~pr` zehmmlmd hmn ardhmlylmd ag ~`hkf`r

~rhlmlmd hmn zrag`{{lamhe n`wèazo`m~ hk~lwl~l`


28/84


Kfhz~`r ;

O`~fanaead|

[pbi`k~{

^f` {pbi`k~{ ln`m~lgl`n gar ~fl{ {~pn| kam{l{~`n ag hee zrlohr| hmn {`kamnhr| op{lk

~`hkf`r{ tfa t`r` h~ ~f` ~lo` hk~lwè| lmwaew`n lm ~`hkflmd op{lk hmn ~f`lr zrlmklzhe{- ^f`

{hoze` th{ ln`m~lgl`n tl~f ~f` h{{l{~hmk` ag ~f` kprr`m~ kprrlkpepo {z`klhel{~{ gar op{lk hmn ~f`

Nl{~rlk~ @npkh~lam Agglk`r{- ^f` r`{`hrkf`r {z`klgl`n ame| ~fl{ drapz b`khp{` l~ th{ gè~ ~fh~ ~f`

kam~rlbp~lam{ ag garo`r ar mam/hk~lw` op{lk ~`hkf`r{ tapen ma~ hkkprh~è| r`ge`k~ ~f` kprr`m~

~r`mn{ lm op{lk `npkh~lam- ^fl{ garo ag zprza{lw` {hozelmd kam{l{~`n ag 88> lmnlwlnphe{3 ;0

zrlmklzhe{ hmn >0 ~`hkf`r{ h~ ~f` zrlohr| e`wè hmn 84 ~`hkf`r{ hmn 84 zrlmklzhe{ h~ ~f`

{`kamnhr| e`wè- [`w`rhe ~`hkf`r{ h~ ~f` zrlohr| e`wè t`r` h{{ldm`n ~a oar` ~fhm am` {kfaae3

f`mk` ~f`r` t`r` h dr`h~`r mpob`r ag zrlmklzhe{ ~fhm ~`hkf`r{- He~fapdf mam/zrabhblel~|

{hozelmd lm {ao` lm{~hmk`{ l{ {hln ~a b` blh{/zram` ar mam/d`m`rhelyhbe` ~f` p{` ag zprza{lw`

{hozelmd lm ~fl{ {~pn| l{ oa{~ hzzrazrlh~` {lmk` l~ `m{pr`{ ~fh~ ~f` {hoze` gl~{ ~f` {z`klglk

r`xplrò`m~{ hmn ~fh~ ~f` {hoze` l{ hm hkkprh~` ar m`hr ~a hkkprh~` r`zr`{`m~h~lam ag ~f`

zazpeh~lam- ^f` r`{pe~{ hr` ~f`r`gar` he{a `vz`k~`n ~a b` hkkprh~`-

O`h{prò`m~ Lm{~rpo`m~

^ta {`zhrh~` r`{`hrkf`r/n`{ldm`n xp`{~lammhlr`{ t`r` p{`n lm ~fl{ {~pn| / am` gar op{lk

~`hkf`r{ tflkf kam~hlm`n ;7 l~ò{ hmn h {eldf~e| oanlgl`n am` gar zrlmklzhe{- ^f` zrlmklzhe{

xp`{~lammhlr` kam~hlm`n 2< l~ò{ hmn {apdf~ e`{{ bladrhzflkhe lmgaroh~lam ~fhm ~f` ~`hkf`r{

lm{~rpo`m~- ^f` tarnlmd ag {ao` ag ~f` l~ò{ th{ he{a kfhmd`n ~a ~flrn z`r{am zramapm{ tf`r`

m`k`{{hr|- Gar `vhoze` tf`r` ~f` ~`hkf`r{ xp`{~lammhlr` r`xplr`n \`{ arMa ~a ~f` {~h~ò`m~9 L

d`m`rhee| `mia| ~`hkflmd op{lk ~f` zrlmklzhe{ w`r{lam r`hn O| op{lk ~`hkf`r hzz`hr{ ~a


29/84

Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ hmn ^`hkf`r @gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm Op{lk 22,- ^f` az`m/`mn`n l~ò{ rèh~`n ~a khp{he

h~~rlbp~lam{ t`r` kh~`darly`n b| ~f` r`{`hrkf`r hmn ~f`r`gar` ma lm~`r/rh~`r rèlhblel~| `{~loh~`{

hr` zrawln`n-

R`{`hrkf N`{ldm

Gar ~fl{ {~pn| ~f` n`{krlz~lw` r`{`hrkf o`~fan th{ p{`n- ^fl{ o`~fan l{ p{`gpe lm ~fh~ l~

n`{krlb`{ ~f` mh~pr` ag h {l~ph~lam h{ l~ `vl{~{ h~ ~f` ~lo` ag ~f` {~pn| hmn rhl{`{ za{{lbe` l{{p`{

gar gp~pr` lmw`{~ldh~lam hmn `vzehmh~lam &Bhemhw`{ ' Khzp~l 2::8,- ^fl{ kprr`m~ r`{`hrkf th{

ohlme| kamk`rm`n tl~f fldfeldf~lmd ~f` `vl{~`mk` hmn ~f` mh~pr` ag khp{he h~~rlbp~lam{ hmn

n`{krlblmd za{{lbe` rèh~lam{flz{ b`~t``m whrlhbe`{ tl~fap~ h~~òz~lmd ~a `{~hbel{f khp{he


32/84

Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ hmn ^`hkf`r @gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm Op{lk ;2

rèh~lam{flz{- L~ he{a hlo`n ~a `vholm` whrlap{ zh~~`rm{ ag h~~rlbp~lam{ hmn b`fhwlapr{ tflkf

ohc`{ ~f` n`{krlz~lw` o`~fan zhr~lkpehre| {pl~hbe` gar hkfl`wlmd ~f`{` abi`k~lw`{-

^f` {~pn| p~lely`{ h xphm~l~h~lw` hzzrahkf lm ab~hlmlmd hmhe|ylmd hmn r`zar~lmd nh~h-

Tl~f ~fl{ o`~fan lmgaroh~lam khm b` `h{le| ardhmly`n {poohrly`n hmn hmhe|y`n p{lmd h

whrl`~| ag {~h~l{~lkhe o`~fan{- He~fapdf xphel~h~lw` o`~fan{ hr` {ao`~lo`{ p{`gpe lm dhlmlmd h

n``z`r pmn`r{~hmnlmd ag {pkf hb{~rhk~ kamk`z~{ h{ h~~rlbp~lam{ z`rk`z~lam{ hmn bèl`g{ ~f`

r`{`hrkf`r e`hm`n ~athrn Bhrbl` &2::,-

^f` {prw`| n`{ldm heeat{ ~f` r`{`hrkf`r ~a ohc` lmg`r`mk`{ hbap~ ~f` h~~l~pn` b`fhwlapr

ar {ao` a~f`r kfhrhk~`rl{~lk ag h {è`k~`n drapz ag z`r{am{ &E`hkakc Thrrlkhm ' Ra{` 2::,- ^f` p{` ag xp`{~lammhlr`{ lm r`{`hrkf fh{ he{a b``m


33/84

Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ hmn ^`hkf`r @gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm Op{lk ;;

krl~lkly`n gar ~f`lr rèlhmk` am ~f` oa~lwh~lam fam`{~| hmn oòar| ag {pbi`k~{ ~a r`{zamn hmn

gar ~f`lr eat r`{zam{` rh~`-Hkkarnlmd ~a O`r~`m{ &2:8:, ~f`{` l{{p`{ khm b` hnnr`{{`n tl~f ~f`

khr`gpe kam{~rpk~lam ag xp`{~lammhlr` l~ò{ h{ tèe h{ kam~hk~lmd {pbi`k~{ zrlar ~a hnolml{~`rlmd

xp`{~lammhlr`{ z`r{amhelylmd rèh~lam{flz{ hmn ohclmd l~ `h{| gar xp`{~lammhlr`{ ~a b` r`~prm`n-

Hee ag ~f`{` t`r` lozeò`m~`n lm ~fl{ {~pn| lm arn`r ~a lmkr`h{` ~f` whelnl~| hmn rèlhblel~| ag ~f`

xp`{~lammhlr`-

He~fapdf lm~`rwl`t{ fhw` b``m r`kaoo`mn`n h{ hm `gg`k~lw` th| ag dh~f`rlmd rlkf lm

n`z~f nh~h hmn h{ h o`~fan ag ~rlhmdpeh~lam &E`hkakc Thrrlkhm ' Ra{` 2::


34/84

Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ hmn ^`hkf`r @gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm Op{lk ;>

{kfaae{ lm ~f` ròhlmlmd {lv nl{~rlk~{ hrapmn ~f` l{ehmn- [ao` zhr~lklzhm~{ az~`n ~a kaoze`~` ~f`

xp`{~lammhlr`{ am ~f` {za~ tfle` a~f`r{ hdr``n ~a h ~ta/nh| ~lo` grho` ~a kaoze`~` ~fò hmn ~a

e`hw` ~fò h~ ~f` nl{~rlk~ agglk`{ ar fhw` ~fò kaee`k~`n {pb{`xp`m~e| b| ~f` r`{`hrkf`r- ^rlz{

t`r` ohn` am {lv nlgg`r`m~ nh|{ ~a whrlap{ zhr~{ ag ~f` l{ehmn gar ~f` zprza{` ag nl{~rlbp~lmd hmn

kaee`k~lmd xp`{~lammhlr`{-

[pbi`k~{ t`r` `mkaprhd`n lm ~f` kaw`r zhd` ~a b` h{ grhmc hmn fam`{~ h{ za{{lbe` hmn

t`r` ròlmn`n ~fh~ ~f` zprza{` ag ~f` r`{`hrkf th{ ~a pe~loh~è| lozraw` ~f` {~hmnhrn ag op{lk

`npkh~lam lm [~- Epklh- Zhr~lklzhm~{ t`r` he{a `mkaprhd`n ~a trl~` hm| hnnl~lamhe kaoo`m~{ am

~f` xp`{~lammhlr` tflkf ~f`| bèl`w`n tapen h{{l{~ lm kehrlg|lmd ~f`lr r`{zam{`{-

Elol~h~lam{

^fl{ zr`{`m~ {~pn| hkcmate`nd`{ k`r~hlm elol~h~lam{ tflkf m``n ~a b` ~hc`m lm~a hkkapm~

tf`m `vholmlmd ~f` glmnlmd{- ^f` nh~h/dh~f`rlmd lm{~rpo`m~ p{`n th{ h r`{`hrkf`r/n`{ldm`n

xp`{~lammhlr` tflkf n`he~ tl~f z{|kfaeadlkhe kam{~rpk~{ {pkf h{ h~~rlbp~lam{ hmn {èg/`gglkhk|-

He~fapdf h~~òz~{ t`r` ohn` ~a `{~hbel{f ~f` whelnl~| ag xp`{~lammhlr` l~ò{ b| {aelkl~lmd ~f`

`vz`r~l{` ag h z{|kfaeadl{~ h ~rp` `{~loh~` ag ~f` xp`{~lammhlr`{ kam{~rpk~ whelnl~| th{ ma~

n`~`rolm`n {lmk` h ghk~ar hmhe|{l{ th{ ma~ nam`- ^lo` kam{~rhlm~{ he{a nln ma~ heeat gar h

~farapdf zlea~ ~`{~lmd ag ~f` {prw`| lm{~rpo`m~- Am` ag ~f` zl~ghee{ ag ~f` lm{~rpo`m~ tflkf

{prghk`n nprlmd ~f` hmhe|{l{ ag nh~h l{ ~f` lobhehmk` lm ~f` mpob`r ag l~ò{ pmn`r ~f` whrlap{

khp{he ghk~ar{- L~ l{ za{{lbe` ~fh~ fhn ~fl{ b``m hkfl`w`n oar` hkkprh~` glmnlmd{ tapen fhw` b``m

ab~hlm`n-

Hma~f`r elol~h~lam ag ~fl{ {~pn| l{ ~fh~ ~f` az`m/`mn`n l~ò{ t`r` kh~`darly`n bh{`n

{aeè| am ~f` ipndò`m~ ag ~f` r`{`hrkf`r hmn ~f`r`gar` na`{ ma~ zrawln` hm| lm~`r/rh~`r


35/84


rèlhblel~| `{~loh~`{- ^f` r`{zam{` rh~` zhr~lkpehre| gar ~f` ~`hkf`r{ th{ he{a rèh~lwè| eat3

~f`r`gar` ~f` glmnlmd{ ag ~fl{ {~pn| oh| ma~ b` d`m`rhelyhbe` np` ~a ~f` {ohee {ly` ag ~f` {hoze`-

@~flkhe L{{p`{

Am` ag ~f` ohlm `~flkhe l{{p`{ hnnr`{{`n h~ ~f` nh~h kaee`k~lam {~hd` th{ ~f` m``n ~a

`m{pr` ~fh~ {pbi`k~{ nln ma~ g`è ka`rk`n lm~a zhr~lklzh~lmd lm ~f` {prw`|- ^fl{ th{ h r`he

za{{lblel~| {lmk` ~f` zhr~lklzhm~{ t`r` elcè| ~a wl`t ~f` r`{`hrkf h{ h Olml{~r| ag @npkh~lam

lml~lh~lw` hmn ~f`r`gar` g`è abeld`n ~a zhr~lklzh~`- ^fl{ l{{p` th{ n`he~ tl~f b| {~h~lmd w`r|

ke`hre| am ~f` kaw`r zhd` ~fh~ ~f` {prw`| th{ lm ma th| rèh~`n ~a ~f` Olml{~r| ag @npkh~lam ~fh~

zhr~lklzh~lam th{ waepm~hr| hmn ~fh~ ~f` hmmphe hzzrhl{he ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{ tapen

lm ma th| b` hgg`k~`n h{ h r`{pe~ ag ~f`lr fam`{~ kaoo`m~{-

^f` l{{p`{ ag kamgln`m~lhel~| hmn hmam|ol~| t`r` heeh|`n b| r`xp`{~lmd lm baen ~`v~ am

~f` kaw`r zhd` ~fh~ {pbi`k~{ ma~ trl~` ~f`lr mho`{ ar {kfaae{ am ~f` xp`{~lammhlr`{-

Xp`{~lammhlr`{ tflkf t`r` r`~prm`n wlh òhle t`r` loo`nlh~è| natmeahn`n hmn zp~ lm h

{`zhrh~` gaen`r tf`r` `hkf xp`{~lammhlr` th{ dlw`m h pmlxp` ln`m~lglkh~lam kan`- ^f`

xp`{~lammhlr`{ gar op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{ t`r` nl{~rlbp~`n hmn kaee`k~`n {`zhrh~è| h{

opkf h{ za{{lbe` lm arn`r ~a `m{pr` ~f` hzz`hrhmk` ag kamgln`m~lhel~| b`~t``m ba~f zhr~l`{-


36/84


Kfhz~`r Gapr

Hmhe|{l{ hmn Nl{kp{{lam ag glmnlmd{

Xp`{~lammhlr`{ t`r` {`m~ ~a 88> zhr~lklzhm~{9 02 zrlmklzhe{ hmn 72 ~`hkf`r{- H ~a~he ag 7:

karr`k~e| kaoze`~`n {prw`|{ t`r` r`~prm`n gar hm aw`rhee r`{zam{` rh~` ag 0;%- Am`

xp`{~lammhlr` th{ waln b`khp{` oa{~ ag ~f` l~ò{ t`r` lmkaoze`~`- ^flr~|/~ta zrlmklzhe{ hmn 26

~`hkf`r{ lm hee r`{zamn`n- Am` ag ~f` ohlm ghk~ar{ tflkf kam~rlbp~`n ~a h eat r`{zam{` rh~` l{ ~f`

{far~ ~lo` grho` tflkf zhr~lklzhm~{ fhn ~a kaoze`~` ~f` xp`{~lammhlr`{- [ao` zrlmklzhe{ hmn

op{lk ~`hkf`r{ t`r` h~ o``~lmd{ lee ar hb{`m~ am ~f` nh|{ tf`m xp`{~lammhlr`{ t`r` ~a b`

kaee`k~`n-

Ma~ `w`r|am` hdr``{ am ~f` olmlopo r`{zam{` rh~` tflkf {fapen b` hkfl`w`n fat`w`r

Iafm{am hmn Kfrl{~`m{`m h{ kl~`n lm O`r~`m{ &2:8:, {pdd`{~ h r`{zam{` rh~` ag 4:%- A~f`r

hp~far{ {pdd`{~ ~fh~ ~f` {ldmlglkhmk` ag ~f` r`{zam{` rh~` he{a n`z`mn{ am ~f` ohlm gakp{ ag ~f`

{~pn| &LHR 2::4, hmn ~fh~ l~ l{ ma~ h{ lozar~hm~ lg ~f` òzfh{l{ l{ ~a ab~hlm lm{ldf~ lm~a h

zhr~lkpehr zf`mao`mam h{ ~fl{ {~pn| hlo{ ~a na-

^f` mpob`r ag kaoze`~`n {prw`|{ r`~prm`n l{ r`zar~`n hkkarnlmd ~a {kfaae e`wè hmn

d`mn`r lm ^hbe` 8-


37/84


^hbe` 8

Zhr~lklzhm~{ b| {kfaae e`wè hmn d`mn`r

^`hkf`r{ Zrlmklzhe{QQQQQQQQQQQQ QQQQQQQQQQQ

Ohe`{ Gòhe`{ Ohe`{ Gòhe`{

QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQ

Zrlohr| < < ; 8

H ~a~he ag 87 op{lk ~`hkf`r{ fhn ~hpdf~ op{lk gar 0 |`hr{ ar e`{{ tfle{~ > gèe lm ~f`

78: |`hr{ kh~`dar| hmn 6 lm ~f` 882: kh~`dar|- [lv~``m ag ~f` op{lk ~`hkf`r{ fhn b``m lm

~f` ~`hkflmd zrag`{{lam gar aw`r 2: |`hr{- ^f`r` t`r` 88 ~`hkf`r{ lm ba~f ~f` 28 ;> hmn >00>

hd` drapz{ hmn 7 lm ~f` ;0>> hd` drapz- ^fr`` ag ~f` zrlmklzhe{ fhn b``m lm ~f` za{~ gar aw`r

2: |`hr{ hmn ~f`r` t`r` 8> zrlmklzhe{ tfa fhn {`rw`n lm ~fh~ khzhkl~| gar 0 |`hr{ ar e`{{-

Lm arn`r ~a b` hbe` ~a zp~ ~f` glmnlmd{ lm~a b`~~`r z`r{z`k~lw` h n`{krlz~lw` hmhe|{l{ ag ~f`

op{lkhe bhkcdrapmn hmn `vz`rl`mk` ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ th{ nam`- [`w`m~| am` z`rk`m~ ag ~f`

~`hkf`r{ r`zar~`n fhwlmd drhn` ; hmn hbaw` lm ~f` H{{aklh~`n Bahrn ag Ra|he [kfaae{ ag Op{lk

&HBR[O, ~fàr| `vho{ tl~f am` ~`hkf`r r`zar~lmd h drhn` 4 tflkf th{ ~f` fldf`{~ lm ~f`

drapz- Lm ~f` HBR[O zrhk~lkhe `vho{ 2


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^r`h~o`m~ ag nh~h

^f` xp`{~lammhlr`{ t`r` glr{~ kf`kc`n gar ~f` kaoze`~`m`{{ ag r`{zam{`{ hmn hm| dehrlmd

`rrar{- Am` xp`{~lammhlr` fhn ~a b` nl{khrn`n {lmk` ~f` ohiarl~| ag l~ th{ e`g~ pmhm{t`r`n b| h

~`hkf`r tfa lmnlkh~`n am ~f` xp`{~lammhlr` ~fh~ {f` th{ ma eamd`r lmwaew`n lm ~`hkflmd op{lk-

^f` nh~h t`r` ~f`m `m~`r`n lm~a [Z[[ hmn kan`n tfle{~ l~ò{ tflkf t`r` m`dh~lwè| tarn`n

t`r` r`w`r{` kan`n- ^f` zrlmklzhe{ nh~h t`r` `m~`r`n lm~a h {`zhrh~` nh~h bh{` {lmk`

xp`{~lammhlr` l~ò{ gar ~f` ~`hkf`r{ xp`{~lammhlr` t`r` nlgg`r`m~- H zrèlolmhr| n`{krlz~lw`

hmhe|{l{ th{ khrrl`n ap~ ~a gpr~f`r ke`hm ~f` nh~h kf`kc gar `rrar{ w`rlg| ol{{lmd r`{zam{`{ hmn

`m{pr` ~fh~ zraz`r kanlmd th{ nam`-

Kam~lmd`mk| ~hbe`{ hr` p{`n lm ~fl{ {~pn| ~a n`{krlb` glmnlmd{ hmn ~a {fat h{{aklh~lam{

b`~t``m whrlhbe`{- Hkkarnlmd ~a Zpmkf &2::0, kam~lmd`mk| ~hbe`{ hr` p{`gpe gar ~f`lr

r`hnhblel~| `h{` ag kam{~rpk~lam hmn ~f`lr hzzelkh~lam ~a h tln` rhmd` ag {l~ph~lam{- ^f`| hr` he{a

h gapmnh~lam gar oar` {azfl{~lkh~`n hmhe|{`{- ^f` kfl {xphr` th{ p{`n ~a ohc` lmg`r`mk`{ hmn

~`{~ ~f` e`wè ag h{{aklh~lam b`~t``m whrlhbe`{- ^fl{ {~h~l{~lkhe ~`kfmlxp` l{ kaooame| p{`n tl~f

kam~lmd`mk| ~hbe`{ hmn ~f` {ar~ ag kh~`darlkhe whrlhbe`{ p{`n lm ~fl{ {~pn|- ^f`y ~`{~ th{ he{a

p~lely`n ~a ~`{~ gar {ldmlglkhm~ nlgg`r`mk`{ b`~t``m z`rk`m~hd` {kar`{-

R`{`hrkf xp`{~lam +89 Tfh~ khp{`{ na op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{ h~~rlbp~` ~a ~`hkf`r

`gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm op{lk `npkh~lam1

Lm arn`r ~a `vholm` ~f` khp{he h~~rlbp~lam{ ag ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{ ~f` z`rk`m~hd` ag

za{l~lw` r`{zam{`{ th{ glr{~ khekpeh~`n gar ~f` \`{!Ma l~ò{ am ~f` h~~rlbp~lam {khe` gar ba~f

op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{- ^f` khp{`{ dlw`m b| r`{zamn`m~{ lm ~f` az`m `mn`n xp`{~lam{

t`r` ~f`m hmhe|y`n hmn kh~`darly`n lm~a T`lm`r{ gapr khp{he ghk~ar{ h{ tèe h{ a~f`r ò`rdlmd

ghk~ar{ tflkf kapen ma~ b` zehk`n pmn`r T`lm`r{ gapr kh~`darl`{- ^f` khp{he ghk~ar{ ln`m~lgl`n


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40/84

Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ hmn ^`hkf`r @gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm Op{lk >:

^hbe` 2

Kaozhrl{am agOp{lk ^`hkf`r{ hmn Zrlmklzhe{Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ b| [kfaae E`w`e

Whrlhbe` Zrlohr| [`kamnhr| ^a~he

Op{lk ^`hkf`r{ Hw`rhd`

R`{aprk`{ ;4-2% 2-7% 2-7%

)m 67 70 808

Zrlmklzhe{ Hw`rhd`

R`{aprk`{ ;2-7% ;7% ;;-4%

[pzzar~ 2>% ;>->% 24->%

Hblel~| 84% -4%

^h{c Nlgglkpe~| 8>% 6-2% 82-8%

@ggar~ 4%


41/84

Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ hmn ^`hkf`r @gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm Op{lk >8

Zrlohr| op{lk ~`hkf`r{ ln`m~lgl`n r`{aprk`{ h{ ~f` oa{~ lmgep`m~lhe ghk~ar gar ~`hkf`r

`gg`k~lw`m`{{ kaozhr`n ~a {`kamnhr| op{lk ~`hkf`r{ tfa `mnar{`n ~f` m``n gar {pzzar~ h{ oar`

lozar~hm~ ~fhm r`{aprk`{ hmn rh~`n l~ {`kamn- Zrlohr| ~`hkf`r{ he{a hzz`hr`n ~a b` oar` hgg`k~`n

b| ~f` ehkc ag ~lo` hmn hblel~| ~fhm {`kamnhr| op{lk ~`hkf`r{ he~fapdf ba~f drapz{ rh~`n ~fò

~f` ~flrn hmn gapr~f oa{~ lmgep`m~lhe ghk~ar{ r`{z`k~lwè|- [`kamnhr| ~`hkf`r{ nln ma~ z`rk`lw`

~f` hblel~| ghk~ar ~a fhw` opkf lmgep`mk` am ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ hmn rh~`n l~ ~f` e`h{~

{ldmlglkhm~ kaozhr`n ~a zrlohr| ~`hkf`r{ tfa bèl`w`n ~fh~ `ggar~ th{ ~f` e`h{~ lmgep`m~lhe

ghk~ar- M`l~f`r drapz gè~ ~fh~ ~h{c nlgglkpe~| zeh|`n h {ldmlglkhm~ rae` lm n`~`rolmlmd ~`hkf`r

`gg`k~lw`m`{{-

Ba~f zrlohr| hmn {`kamnhr| zrlmklzhe{ rhmc`n oa{~ ag ~f` {`w`m ghk~ar{ {lolehre|-

Zrlmklzhe{ ln`m~lgl`n ~f` ehkc ag r`{aprk`{ h{ ~f` oa{~ lozar~hm~ ghk~ar lmgep`mklmd op{lk ~`hkf`r

`gg`k~lw`m`{{ gaeeat`n b| {pzzar~- ^f` glmnlmd{ {pdd`{~ ~fh~ {`kamnhr| {kfaae zrlmklzhe{ {ht h

dr`h~`r m``n gar {pzzar~ gar op{lk ~`hkf`r{ ~fhm nln zrlohr| {kfaae zrlmklzhe{ hmn he~fapdf ba~f

drapz{ rh~`n hblel~| ~flrn zrlohr| zrlmklzhe{ hzz`hr`n ~a g`è oar` {~ramde| hbap~ l~{ lozhk~ am

~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{- Ba~f zrlohr| hmn {`kamnhr| zrlmklzhe{ rh~`n ~lo` h{ ~f` e`h{~ lozar~hm~

ghk~ar- He~fapdf ~f` nh~h r`w`he {ao` ma~lk`hbe` nlgg`r`mk`{ lm z`rk`m~hd` {kar`{ hoamd whrlap{

drapz{ ~f` r`{pe~{ ag h kam~lmd`mk| ~hbe` kfl {xphr` {~h~l{~lkhe ~`{~ r`w`he`n ~fh~ ~fa{` nlgg`r`mk`{

hr` ma~ {~h~l{~lkhee| {ldmlglkhm~ hmn ~fh~ ~f`r` l{ ma nlgg`r`mk` lm ~f` n`dr`` ag lmgep`mk` b`~t``m

~f` h~~rlbp~lam{ ag zrlohr| hmn {`kamnhr| {kfaae ~`hkf`r{ &V2

? :-804@/:8 ng ? 8 z 5 :->> ng ? 8 z 5 :-0:0,-

Ba~f zrlmklzhe{ hmn op{lk ~`hkf`r{ z`rk`lw`n ~f` ehkc ag r`{aprk`{ ~a b` ~f` ohlm ghk~ar

lmgep`mklmd ~f` hblel~| ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ ~a khrr| ap~ ~f`lr rae`{ `gg`k~lwè|- ^f` m``n gar oar`

{pzzar~ th{ he{a `mnar{`n b| ba~f drapz{ h{ ~f` {`kamn oa{~ lmgep`m~lhe ghk~ar gar ~`hkf`r


42/84


`gg`k~lw`m`{{- Xp`{~lammhlr` l~ò{ r`dhrnlmd {pzzar~ lmnlkh~`n ~fh~ h fldf z`rk`m~hd` ag ~f`

op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{ t`r` {h~l{gl`n tl~f ~f` hoapm~ ag {pzzar~ dlw`m b| ~f` zrlmklzhe{

&40% hmn 46% r`{z`k~lwè|, fat`w`r ame| 0>% ag ~`hkf`r{ hmn ;8% ag zrlmklzhe{ r`zar~`n

b`lmd {h~l{gl`n tl~f ~f` {pzzar~ grao kprrlkpepo {z`klhel{~{- ^f` m``n gar ~rhlmlmd hmn oar`

op{lk tarc{faz{ gar ~`hkf`r{ th{ ~f` oa{~ `mnar{`n {pzzar~ ghk~ar b| ba~f drapz{

&~`hkf`r{ ? 6;% ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ t`r` h~ ~f` ~lo` ag ~f`

{prw`| `mdhd`n lm zrlwh~` op{lk keh{{`{ tfle{~ >7% fhn zehm{ tl~flm h glw`/|`hr z`rlan ~a

zpr{p` op{lkhe {~pnl`{-

^f` ehkc ag ~lo` th{ ~f` ~flrn m`v~ fldfe| `mnar{`n khp{he ghk~ar b| op{lk ~`hkf`r{-

Zrlmklzhe{ am ~f` a~f`r fhmn rh~`n hblel~| oar` fldfe| ~fhm ~lo` hmn z`rk`lw`n ~f` ~lo` ghk~ar h{

~f` e`h{~ lozar~hm~ tl~f ame| ~ta zrlohr| {kfaae zrlmklzhe{ kl~lmd l~ h{ h khp{` &8-8% m ? 8~f am

~f` zrlmklzhe{ el{~ ag h~~rlbp~lam{ &82-8%, tf`r`h{ op{lk ~`hkf`r{ rh~`n l~ 7~f

&;-;%,- Zrlmklzhe{

oar` ~fhm op{lk ~`hkf`r{ z`rk`lw`n ~`hkflmd op{lk ~a b` kfhee`mdlmd hmn h rèh~lwè| {ldmlglkhm~

lmgep`mk` am op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hblel~| ~a `vkè- A~f`r glmnlmd{ {pdd`{~ ~fh~ he~fapdf ba~f drapz{

z`rk`lw`n op{lk ~`hkflmd ~a fhw` l~{ kfhee`md`{ ~f`| nln ma~ wl`t ~f` hk~phe ~`hkflmd ag op{lk

h{ nlgglkpe~- Lm r`{zam{` ~a ~f` {~h~ò`m~ ~`hkflmd op{lk l{ h nlgglkpe~ ~h{c mam` ag ~f` op{lk

~`hkf`r{ hdr``n tfle{~ ame| ; zrlmklzhe{ hdr``n ~fh~ l~ th{- H g`t zrlmklzhe{ he{a `vzr`{{`n h


43/84

Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ hmn ^`hkf`r @gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm Op{lk >;

nlgg`r`m~ wl`t lm ~f`lr `vzehmh~ar| kaoo`m~{ hmn azlm`n ~fh~ op{lk th{ ma~ nlgglkpe~ bp~ h gpm

~a ~`hkf {pbi`k~-

R`{`hrkf xp`{~lam +29 Hr` ~f`r` hm| nlgg`r`mk`{ lm ~f` khp{he h~~rlbp~lam{ ag `vz`rl`mk`n hmn

mawlk` op{lk ~`hkf`r{1

^f` ~ta drapz{ tflkf t`r` {`e`k~`n ~a hnnr`{{ ~fl{ xp`{~lam t`r` ~`hkf`r{ tfa fhn

~hpdf~ op{lk grao 80 |`hr{ hmn ~`hkf`r{ tfa fhw` b``m ~`hkflmd op{lk gar aw`r 2: |`hr{-

^f`r` t`r` ma zhr~lklzhm~{ lm ~f` pmn`r 8 |`hrkh~`dar|- ^f` z`rk`m~hd` ag r`{zam{`{ gar `hkf

khp{he ghk~ar th{ khekpeh~`n gar ba~f drapz{ hmn ~f`m rhmc`n- ^f` glmnlmd{ ag ~fl{ xp`{~lam hr`

r`zar~`n lm ^hbe` ;-

^hbe` ;

Kaozhrl{am ag Op{lk ^`hkf`r{ Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ b| Op{lk ^`hkflmd @vz`rl`mk`

@vz`rl`mk`

QQQQQQQQQQQQQ

Whrlhbe` 80 |`hr{ Aw`r 2: |`hr{

R`{aprk`{ >:% 0:%

[pzzar~ 26% >;%

^lo` 2>% 24%

m 20 7:

^f`r` th{ h {lolehr zh~~`rm ~a tfh~ th{ gapmn b`gar` lm ~f` ghk~ar{ tflkf t`r` ln`m~lgl`n

h{ b`lmd ~f` oa{~ lmgep`m~lhe- Ba~f lm`vz`rl`mk`n hmn `vz`rl`mk`n op{lk ~`hkf`r{ ln`m~lgl`n

r`{aprk`{ h{ ~f` oa{~ lmgep`m~lhe ghk~ar gar ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ gaeeat`n b| {pzzar~- ^lo` th{

rh~`n h{ ~f` ~flrn oa{~ lozar~hm~ ghk~ar- H kam~lmd`mk| ~hbe` kfl {xphr` {~h~l{~lkhe ~`{~ r`w`he`n


44/84

Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ hmn ^`hkf`r @gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm Op{lk >>

~fh~ ~f`r` th{ ma {ldmlglkhm~ nlgg`r`mk` lm ~f` ab{`rw`n gr`xp`mkl`{ b`~t``m ~f` ~ta drapz{ &V2

?

:->:6 ng ? 8 z 5 :-02;,- ^f` fldf`r z`rk`m~hd` {kar`{ gar ~f` oar` `vz`rl`mk`n op{lk ~`hkf`r{

~f`r`gar` na ma~ m`k`{{hrle| loze| h dr`h~`r lm~`m{l~| ag `mnar{ò`m~ ~fhm e`{{ `vz`rl`mk`n

op{lk ~`hkf`r{-

R`{`hrkf xp`{~lam +;9 Hr` ~f`r` hm| nlgg`r`mk`{ lm ~f` h~~rlbp~lamhe {~|e`{ ag op{lk

~`hkf`r{ hmn {kfaae zrlmklzhe{1

^f` h~~rlbp~lamhe {~|e` ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{ th{ ln`m~lgl`n b| kaozhrlmd ~f`

khp{`{ oa{~ hmn e`h{~ `mnar{`n b| ba~f drapz{ h{ lozhk~lmd am ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ hmn

kh~`darlylmd ~f` h~~rlbp~lam{ hkkarnlmd ~a T`lm`r{ ~fr``/nlo`m{lamhe oanè- Kaozhrl{am{ t`r`

he{a ohn` hkra{{ {kfaae e`wè- ^f` nlo`m{lam{ ag ~f` oa{~ lmgep`m~lhe khp{` ag ~`hkf`r

`gg`k~lw`m`{{ gar ba~f drapz{ hmn hkra{{ {kfaae e`wè{ hr` `v~`rmhe {~hbe` hmn pmkam~raeehbe`-

^f` h~~rlbp~lam tflkf zrlmklzhe{ ln`m~lgl`n h{ b`lmd e`h{~ lmgep`m~lhe l{ he{a `v~`rmhe {~hbe` hmn

pmkam~raeehbe` lm mh~pr` tf`r`h{ ~f` nlo`m{lam{ ag ~f` e`h{~ lmgep`m~lhe h~~rlbp~lam ln`m~lgl`n b|

~f` op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hr` `v~`rmhe pm{~hbe` hmn pmkam~raeehbe`- Ba~f op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{

~f`r`gar` nl{zeh| {lolehr h~~rlbp~lamhe {~|e`{ hmn hr` kam{l{~`m~ zhr~lkpehre| lm ~f` eakp{ hmn

kam~raeehblel~| nlo`m{lam{- ^f`{` glmnlmd{ loze| ~fh~ ba~f drapz{ hr` ag ~f` wl`t ~fh~ ~f` hblel~|

ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ ~a `gg`k~lwè| khrr| ap~ ~f`lr rae`{ l{ np` ohlme| ~a `v~`rmhe ghk~ar{ ag tflkf

op{lk ~`hkf`r{ fhw` ma kam~rae- @gg`k~lw` op{lk ~`hkflmd ohmhdlmd h {kfaae kfalr ar op{lkhe

`m{òbe` hmn ardhmlylmd hmn fhwlmd {~pn`m~{ zhr~lklzh~` lm op{lkhe hk~lwl~l`{ hr` ~f`r`gar`

kprr`m~e| oar` n`z`mn`m~ am `v~`rmhe!pmkam~raeehbe` ghk~ar{ elc` r`{aprk`{ hmn {pzzar~ ~fhm am

lm~`rmhe!kam~raeehbe` ghk~ar{ elc` hblel~| hmn `ggar~- ^f` glmnlmd{ he{a r`w`he`n ~fh~ n`{zl~`

wl`tlmd `v~`rmhe {~hbe` hmn pmkam~raeehbe` ghk~ar{ h{ r`{zam{lbe` gar ~f`lr `gg`k~lw`m`{{ op{lk

~`hkf`r{ kam~lmp` ~a b` oa~lwh~`n hmn zp~ lm h ghlr hoapm~ ag `ggar~- Gar `vhoze` mam` ag ~f`


45/84


~`hkf`r{ {prw`|`n r`zar~`n fhwlmd ea{~ ~f`lr zh{{lam gar ~`hkflmd op{lk tfle` 69 Hr` ~f`r` hm| nlgg`r`mk`{ lm ~f` z`rk`z~lam{ ag ~`hkf`r

`gg`k~lw`m`{{ b`~t``m op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{1

Z`rk`z~lam{ ag ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ t`r` `vholm`n lm ~ta th|{- Glr{~e| op{lk ~`hkf`r{

t`r` h{c`n ~a rh~` ~f`lr aw`rhee z`rgarohmk` lm `v`kp~lmd ~f`lr rae`{ am h {khe` ag am` ~a ~`m

tfle` zrlmklzhe{ t`r` h{c`n ~a rh~` ~f` op{lk ~`hkf`r{ p{lmd ~f` {ho` {khe`- Lmnlwlnphe{ tfa

r`k`lw`n {kar`{ ag 7 ar hbaw` t`r` kh~`darly`n h{ `gg`k~lw` ~`hkf`r{ tf`r`h{ ~fa{` tfa

r`k`lw`n {kar`{ ag 0 hmn bèat t`r` kh~`darly`n h{ lm`gg`k~lw` ~`hkf`r{- Ba~f drapz{ t`r` he{a

h{c`n ~a rh~` ~f` `v~`m~ ~a tflkf ~f`| bèl`w`n op{lk ~`hkf`r{ t`r` lmwaew`n lm whrlap{ c`|

h{z`k~{ ag op{lk `npkh~lam p{lmd h Elc`r~/~|z` {khe`- Rh~lmd{ ag > hmn hbaw` &ag~`m hmn heth|{,

t`r` kh~`darly`n h{ `gg`k~lw` gar l~ò{ {pkf h{ o| op{lk e`{{am{ lmwaew` el{~`mlmd z`rgarolmd

hmn kaoza{lmd hk~lwl~l`{ {lmk` {pkf hk~lwl~l`{ apdf~ ~a b` h r`dpehr zhr~ ag op{lk ~`hkflmd-

[ao` l~ò{ tflkf r`k`lw`n rh~lmd{ ag ; hmn hbaw` &{ao`~lo`{, t`r` he{a kh~`darly`n h{

`gg`k~lw` {lmk` ~fa{` b`fhwlapr{ t`r` ma~ `vz`k~`n ~a akkpr r`dpehre|- Am` `vhoze` ag {pkf hm

l~ò l{9 L lmwl~` op{lklhm{ hmn a~f`r r`{aprk` z`r{am{ ~a o| {kfaae- ^f` z`rk`m~hd` ag

`gg`k~lw` hmn lm`gg`k~lw` r`{zam{`{ gar ba~f drapz{ lm ~f` nlgg`r`m~ {khe`{ th{ ~f`m khekpeh~`n-

^f` r`{pe~{ hr` {fatm lm ~hbe` >-


46/84


^hbe` >

Kaozhrl{am ag ^`hkf`r @gg`k~lw`m`{{ Z`rk`z~lam{ ag Op{lk ^`hkf`r{ hmn Zrlmklzhe{

Whrlhbe` Op{lk ^`hkf`r{ Zrlmklzhe{

Hk~lw` Kfalr 0;-7% 0:%

Hk~lw` `m{`obe` 0;-7% 20%

Zhr~lklzh~` lm G`{~lwhe{ 60-4% 8::%

Kamk`r~{ hmn h{{`obel`{ 48->% 07-;%

Op{lk e`{{am hk~lwl~l`{ 46-7% >7-7-


47/84


{kfaae{ kaozhr`n ~a 0;-7% ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ &y ? /2-74; z 5 -:0,- Am` ag ~f` lozelkh~lam{ ag

~fl{ l{ ~fh~ op{lk ~`hkf`r{ lm {ao` kh{`{ oh| ma~ heth|{ b` hthr` ag ~f` `ggar~{ hmn hk~lwl~l`{ ag

op{lk ~`hkf`r{ zhr~lkpehre| tfh~ da`{ am lm{ln` ~f` keh{{raao- He{a {ldmlglkhm~ hmn ~a leep{~rh~`

gpr~f`r 46-7% ag ~`hkf`r{ kaozhr`n ~a >7-7-%

ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ lmnlkh~`n ~fh~ ~f`| r`dpehre| ardhmly` hk~lwl~l`{ elc` {z`klhe h{{`obel`{ hmn

kamk`r~{ kaozhr`n ~a 07-;% ag ~`hkf`r{- ^fl{ glmnlmd th{ he{a ma~ {~h~l{~lkhee| {ldmlglkhm~

&y ? #8-;


48/84


R`{`hrkf xp`{~lam +09 Hr` ~f`r` hm| nlgg`r`mk`{ lm ~f` h~~rlbp~lam{ ag z`rk`lw`n `gg`k~lw` hmn

lm`gg`k~lw` op{lk ~`hkf`r{1

R`{pe~{ ag h gr`xp`mk| kapm~ r`w`he`n ~fh~ ~`hkf`r{ tfa rh~`n ~f`o{`ew`{ fldfe| am ~f`

`gg`k~lw`m`{{ {khe` `mnar{`n ~f` m``n gar {pzzar~ h{ ~f` ohlm ghk~ar lmgep`mklmd ~f`lr

`gg`k~lw`m`{{ &;8-2%, h{ kaozhr`n ~a ~`hkf`r{ grao ~f` eat drapz tfa ln`m~lgl`n ~f` ehkc ag

r`{aprk`{ &24-2%,- Ba~f drapz{ rh~`n {pzzar~ h{ ~f` {`kamn oa{~ lmgep`m~lhe ghk~ar gar ~`hkf`r

`gg`k~lw`m`{{ &`gg`k~lw` ? ;8-2% lm`gg`k~lw` ? 2;-0%,- Op{lk ~`hkf`r{ lm ~f` fldf `gg`k~lw`m`{{

drapz rh~`n `ggar~ h{ ~f` ~flrn oa{~ lmgep`m~lhe ghk~ar &82-;%, kaozhr`n ~a ~f` eat `gg`k~lw`m`{{

drapz tflkf rh~`n hblel~| h{ ~flrn &8


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Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ hmn ^`hkf`r @gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm Op{lk >2-7-


50/84

Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ hmn ^`hkf`r @gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm Op{lk 0:

Az`m/@mn`n L~ò{

[lv az`m/`mn`n l~ò{ t`r` lmkepn`n lm ~f` xp`{~lammhlr` lm arn`r ~a dhlm h oar` n`~hle`n

ln`h ag ~f` z`rk`z~lam{ ag zhr~lklzhm~{- ^fr`` ag ~f` l~ò{ èlkl~`n ~f` z`rk`z~lam{ ag ba~f drapz{

h{ ~a tf| op{lk ~`hkf`r{ nln ma~ fhw` h kfalr ar `m{òbe` nln ma~ zhr~lklzh~` lm g`{~lwhe{ ar

kaoz`~l~lam{ hmn t`r` ma~ `mdhd`n lm hm| loo`nlh~` zehm{ ~a gpr~f`r ~f`lr op{lkhe {~pnl`{-

A~f`r l~ò{ {apdf~ ~a `vholm` ~f` khp{`{ tflkf ba~f drapz{ bèl`w`n r`{~rlk~`n op{lk ~`hkf`r{

grao b`lmd oar` `gg`k~lw` tfle` am` l~ò lmw`{~ldh~`n tfh~ zhr~lklzhm~{ z`rk`lw`n ~a b` ~f`

dr`h~`{~ {~r`md~f ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{-

Lmhblel~| ~a `mdhd` lm op{lkhe hk~lwl~l`{

Hoamd ~f` r`{zam{`{ dlw`m gar ma~ fhwlmd h {kfaae kfalr ~f` ehkc ag ~lo` hmn {pzzar~

t`r` oa{~ gr`xp`m~e| kl~`n- Op{lk ~`hkf`r{ fldfeldf~`n lmhn`xph~` ~lo` ~a ipdde` hoamd ~f`lr

ohm| hk~lwl~l`{ hmn ~lo` ~a r`f`hr{` tl~f {~pn`m~{ nprlmd ar hg~`r {kfaae h{ {ao` ag ~f` c`| ~lo`

ghk~ar{ lmgep`mklmd ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{- A~f`r ~`hkf`r{ bèl`w`n ~fh~ ~f` hoapm~ ag ~lo` heea~~`n

~a op{lk z`r t``c ar z`r keh{{ th{ lm{pgglkl`m~ ~a hkkaozel{f hm|~flmd tar~ftfle`- Am` op{lk

~`hkf`r `vzehlm`n ~fh~ hzhr~ grao ~`hkflmd op{lk ~a zrhk~lkhee| ~f` `m~lr` {kfaae tflkf ~hc`{ pz

oa{~ ag f`r ~lo` {f` he{a fh{ a~f`r drapz{ ~a h~~`mn ~a- Lm arn`r ~a hnnr`{{ ~fl{ ~lo` l{{p` am`

op{lk ~`hkf`r h~~òz~`n ~a hzzalm~ h {~pn`m~ h{ kfalr f`hn ar nlr`k~ar bp~ `vzehlm`n ~fh~ ~fl{

lml~lh~lw` fhn ma~ b``m dalmd ~aa tèe- A~f`r ~`hkf`r{ h~~òz~ ~a zpee {~pn`m~{ ap~ ag keh{{ gar

r`f`hr{he{ bp~ kehlo ~fh~ ~f`| na ma~ heth|{ r`k`lw` ~f` {pzzar~ ag ~f`lr kaee`hdp`{ tfa hr` ag~`m

pmtleelmd ~a rè`h{` ~f` kfalr oòb`r{ gar hm hk~lwl~| tflkf ~f`| kam{ln`r ~a b` ag el~~e`

hkhnòlk lozar~hmk`-

^f` ehkc ag lm{~rpo`m~{ ar r`{aprk`{ th{ ~f` ohlm r`h{am dlw`m gar ma~ fhwlmd hm

lm{~rpo`m~he `m{òbe`- Op{lk ~`hkf`r{ `vzehlm`n ~fh~ `w`m lm lm{~hmk`{ tf`r` ~f` {kfaae fh{


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lm{~rpo`m~{ ~f`| hr` ma~ {pgglkl`m~ ~a na hm| o`hmlmdgpe tarc tl~f h ehrd` drapz- Am` op{lk

~`hkf`r nlnm~ wl`t `m{òbe` tarc h{ h zrlarl~|- F` `vzehlm`n ~fh~ f` her`hn| ohn` {ao` p{` ag

op{lkhe lm{~rpo`m~{ lm d`m`rhe op{lk keh{{`{ hmn nlnm~ {`` ~f` m``n h~ ~f` oao`m~ ~a `{~hbel{f h

{`zhrh~` `m{òbe`- W`r| el~~e` lm~`rmhe h~~rlbp~lam{ elc` hblel~| ar `ggar~ t`r` ohn` h{ op{lk

~`hkf`r{ fhn h d`m`rhe ~`mn`mk| ~a ohc` `v~`rmhe h{krlz~lam{ gar ~f` hb{`mk` ag h kfalr hmn

`m{òbe` h~ ~f`lr {kfaae{- Am` ~`hkf`r gpr~f`r `vzehlm`n ~fh~ f` hbhmnam`n fl{ kfalr b`khp{` ag

~f` lmnl{klzelm` ag fl{ kfalr oòb`r{- ^f`{` glmnlmd{ t`r` lmgaroh~lw` {lmk` l~ lozel`{ ~fh~

op{lk ~`hkf`r{ na ma~ kprr`m~e| bèl`w` ~fh~ ~f` `{~hbel{fo`m~ ag h {pkk`{{gpe kfalr ar `m{òbe`

l{ lm ~f`lr kam~rae- Lm hnnl~lam he~fapdf a~f`r glmnlmd{ {fat ~fh~ op{lk ~`hkf`r{ z`rk`lw`

~fò{èw`{ ~a b` oan`rh~è| kaoz`~`m~ ~f`| wl`t `v~`rmhe ghk~ar{ {pkf h{ hn`xph~` ~lo` hmn

r`{aprk`{ hmn ~f` {pzzar~ ag kaee`hdp`{ h{ krpklhe ghk~ar{-

Tfle{~ zrlmklzhe{ he{a kl~`n ~f` ehkc ag r`{aprk`{ h{ r`h{am{ tf| op{lk ~`hkf`r{ nln ma~

fhw` kfalr{ ar `m{òbe`{ ~f`r` th{ oar` ag h ~`mn`mk| gar ~fò ~a ln`m~lg| r`h{am{ tflkf t`r`

lm~`rmhe ~a op{lk ~`hkf`r{- Oar` ~fhm am` zrlmklzhe {~h~`n ~fh~ ~f`lr op{lk ~`hkf`r{ t`r` ma~

kaool~~`n hmn ~fh~ ~f`| nlnm~ g`è ~fh~ kfalr ar `m{òbe` th{ h zrlarl~| gar ~f` ~`hkf`r{-

Hma~f`r zrlmklzhe f|za~f`{ly`n ~fh~ he~fapdf {f` cmat{ ag f`r op{lk ~`hkf`r{ zrhk~lkhe

lm{~rpo`m~he {clee{ {f` na`{m~ bèl`w` ~fh~ ~f` ~`hkf`r l{ h{ kaoz`~`m~ lm kfarhe tarc hmn f`mk`

~f` r`h{am tf| ~f` {kfaae kfalr l{ ma~ hk~lw`- [`w`rhe zrlmklzhe{ he{a kl~`n ~f` ehkc ag {clee

xphelglkh~lam{ hmn oa~lwh~lam ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ h{ `vzehmh~lam{ gar ~f` hb{`mk` ag `m{òbe`{ h~

~f` {kfaae- Ba~f zrlmklzhe{ hmn op{lk ~`hkf`r{ fat`w`r t`r` lm kamkarnhmk` tl~f ~f` wl`t ~fh~

op{lk ~`hkf`r{ d`m`rhee| zhr~lklzh~` lm op{lk g`{~lwhe{ hmn kaoz`~l~lam{-

^f`r` he{a hzz`hr`n ~a b` nlgg`r`mk`{ lm `vz`k~h~lam{ b`~t``m zrlmklzhe{ hmn op{lk

~`hkf`r{- [`w`rhe zrlmklzhe{ `vzehlm`n gar `vhoze` ~fh~ ~f`lr {kfaae kfalr{ ame| hzz`hr ~a b`


52/84


gpmk~lamhe tf`m ~f`r` l{ h {z`klhe akkh{lam ar g`{~lwhe- ^fl{ lozel`{ ~fh~ ~fa{` zrlmklzhe{ tapen

zr`g`r ~a fhw` h {kfaae kfalr ~fh~ l{ oar` hk~lw` ~frapdfap~ ~f` {kfaae |`hr- [ao` op{lk

~`hkf`r{ am ~f` a~f`r fhmn hr` {h~l{gl`n tl~f zp~~lmd ~ad`~f`r kfarhe ar `m{òbe` z`rgarohmk`{

ame| tf`m m`k`{{hr|- Am` {`kamnhr| {kfaae zrlmklzhe lm hm h~~òz~ ~a èpklnh~` gpr~f`r am ~f`

rh~lmd tflkf {f` dhw` f`r op{lk ~`hkf`r gar `gg`k~lw`m`{{ `vzehlm`n ~fh~ op{lk ~a f`r l{

{ao`~flmd tflkf op{~ b` f`hrn hmn ~fh~ {f` fhrne| `w`r f`hr{ hm| op{lk fhzz`mlmd h~ ~f`

{kfaae- [f` `vz`k~{ ~a {`` h~ e`h{~ h g`t {~pn`m~{ zeh|lmd lm{~rpo`m~{ hmn z`rgarolmd h~ whrlap{

akkh{lam{ {pkf h{ {kfaae h{{òbel`{-

Zehm{ ~a gpr~f`r op{lkhe {~pnl`{

Aw`r fheg ag ~f` op{lk ~`hkf`r{ &00%, r`zar~`n ~fh~ ~f`| t`r` ma~ kprr`m~e| `mdhd`n lm

hm| zrlwh~` op{lk keh{{`{ m`l~f`r nln ~f`| fhw` hm| loo`nlh~` zehm{ ~a gpr~f`r ~f`lr op{lkhe

{~pnl`{- ^f` oa{~ gr`xp`m~ r`h{am{ agg`r`n t`r` ~lo` hmn oam`|- [ao` op{lk ~`hkf`r{ `vzehlm`n

~fh~ l~ l{ nlgglkpe~ gar ~fò ~a h~~`mn keh{{`{ hg~`r {kfaae b`khp{` ag a~f`r kaool~o`m~{ hmn ~fh~

~f` eakh~lam ag [E[O za{`{ ~rhm{zar~h~lam l{{p`{- A~f`r ~`hkf`r{ fat`w`r `vzehlm`n ~fh~ ~f`|

t`r` `l~f`r kprr`m~e| zpr{plmd a~f`r kapr{`{ ag {~pn| ar ~fh~ ~f`| fhn zehm{ ~a na {a- Ag ~f`

op{lk ~`hkf`r{ tfa fhn zehm{ ~a gpr~f`r ~f`lr {~pnl`{ ame| ; zehmm`n ~a {~pn| op{lk/rèh~`n

hr`h{- ^f` a~f`r ~`hkf`r{ ln`m~lgl`n kapr{`{ ag {~pn| {pkf h{ ~f`h~`r bp{lm`{{ ohmhdò`m~

kelmlkhe z{|kfaead| hmn kaozp~`r `mdlm``rlmd hmn ohlm~`mhmk`- ^fl{ lozel`{ ~fh~ he~fapdf aw`r

60% ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ r`zar~`n fhwlmd h zh{{lam gar ~`hkflmd op{lk ohm| ag ~fò na ma~ {``

~f` m``n ~a zpr{p` {~pnl`{ lm op{lk ar ~f`| wl`t a~f`r {pbi`k~ hr`h{ h{ oar` ag h zrlarl~| h~

zr`{`m~-


53/84


Flmnrhmk`{ ~a ~`hkf`r gg`k~lw`m`{{

^f` oa{~ gr`xp`m~e| kl~`n ghk~ar kam~rlbp~lmd ~a ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm ~f` az`m/`mn`n

l~ò th{ ~f` m``n gar oar` r`{aprk`{- He~fapdf ~fr`` ~`hkf`r{ ln`m~lgl`n ~f` m``n gar oar`

~rhlmlmd op{lk ~`hkf`r{ t`r` ag ~f` wl`t ~fh~ ~f` ehkc ag hn`xph~` r`{aprk`{ {pkf h{ op{lkhe

lm{~rpo`m~{ hmn h op{lk raao th{ ~f` c`| ghk~ar zr`w`m~lmd ~fò grao hkfl`wlmd oar` h{

op{lk ~`hkf`r{- Mam` ag ~f` op{lk ~`hkf`r{ bèl`w`n ~fh~ ~f`lr ehkc ag `ggar~ n`~`rr`n ~fò grao

b`lmd oar` `gg`k~lw`- He{a tar~f| ag o`m~lam l{ ~f` ghk~ ~fh~ am` ~`hkf`r gè~ ~fh~ b`lmd r`xplr`n

~a ~`hkf h~ ~ta nlgg`r`m~ {kfaae{ elol~`n ~f` lozhk~ ~fh~ {f` kapen ohc` h~ `l~f`r {kfaae- ^fl{ l{

r`w`helmd {lmk` ~f` h{{ldmlmd ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ ~a oar` ~fhm am` {kfaae l{ h ghlre| r`k`m~

lml~lh~lw` lm arn`r ~a kaoz`m{h~` gar ~f` {far~hd` ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{- Oar` ~fhm am` zrlmklzhe he{a

wl`t`n ~f` l{{p` ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ {`rwlklmd oar` ~fhm am` {kfaae h{ h flmnrhmk`- He~fapdf ~f`

m``n gar r`{aprk`{ he{a naolmh~`n zrlmklzhe{ khp{he h{krlz~lam{ ~f`r` th{ h dr`h~`r lmkelmh~lam

am ~f`lr zhr~ ~a kl~` z`r{amhe hmn lm~`rmhe khp{`{ h{ kaozhr`n ~a ~f` op{lk ~`hkf`r{- [ao` ag ~f`

lm~`rmhe khp{`{ ln`m~lgl`n lmkepn`n ~f` m``n gar op{lk ~`hkf`r{ ~a {fat oar` lml~lh~lw` ~a b`

oar` {`rlap{ y`heap{ hmn ~a d`~ oar` ~rhlmlmd-

Op{lk ~`hkf`r{ bldd`{~ kfhee`md`

^f` r`{zam{`{ ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ ~a tfh~ ~f`| z`rk`lw`n h{ ~f`lr bldd`{~ kfhee`md` èlkl~`n

oar` whrl`~| lm r`{zam{`{ ~fhm zr`wlap{ az`m/`mn`n l~ò{- Lm hnnl~lam ~a ~f` ehkc ag r`{aprk`{

a~f`r ghk~ar{ {pkf h{ nlgglkpe~| lm zraoa~lmd ~f` lozar~hmk` ag op{lk ~a {~pn`m~{ kaee`hdp`{ hmn

zhr`m~{ t`r` ln`m~lgl`n- A~f`r op{lk ~`hkf`r{ kl~`n ~f`lr tarceahn hmn fhwlmd ~a ~`hkf h~ oar`

~fhm am` {kfaae h{ ~f`lr bldd`{~ kfhee`md`- Ame| am` ~`hkf`r ln`m~lgl`n ~f` ehkc ag {clee h{ b`lmd h

kfhee`md`- ^f` r`{zam{`{ ag zrlmklzhe{ ~a ~f` {ho` xp`{~lammhlr` l~ò t`r` ip{~ h{ whrl`n bp~

hdhlm e`hm`n ~athrn oar` lm~`rmhe ghk~ar{ ~fhm nln op{lk ~`hkf`r{- Zrlmklzhe{ fldfeldf~`n


54/84


kfhee`md`{ {pkf h{ op{lk ~`hkf`r{ ehkc ag keh{{ kam~rae kfhrl{oh op{lk hblel~| hmn ~f`lr

lmhblel~| ~a ohmhd` ~f`lr ~lo` `gglkl`m~e|- ^f` ehrd` {ly` ag ~f` keh{{`{ th{ he{a wl`t`n b|

zrlmklzhe{ h{ am` ag ~f` bldd`{~ kfhee`md`{ ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{-

Lm arn`r ~a ab~hlm h gpr~f`r lm{ldf~ lm~a ~f` z`rk`z~lam{ ag zhr~lklzhm~{ hbap~ ~f` ghk~ar{

tflkf kam~rlbp~` ~a ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ h xp`{~lammhlr` l~ò tflkf `vholm`n ~f` dr`h~`{~

{~r`md~f ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ th{ lmkepn`n- Hoamd ~f` r`{zam{`{ dlw`m grao ba~f drapz{ % zrlmklzhe{ ? 00%, h{ kaozhr`n ~a op{lkhe hblel~| {pkf h{ tarclmd

tl~f kfalr{ cmate`nd` ag ~fàr| hmn zrhk~lkhe lm{~rpo`m~he {clee{- Hoamd ~f` ~`hkf`r

kfhrhk~`rl{~lk{ op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{ ln`m~lgl`n ~f` hblel~| ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ ~a oa~lwh~`

hmn d`m`rh~` lm~`r`{~ hoamd {~pn`m~{ h{ ~f`lr zrlohr| {~r`md~f- ^fl{ lozel`{ ~fh~ ba~f drapz{

~`mn ~a wl`t d`m`rhe ~`hkf`r kfhrhk~`rl{~lk{ h{ oar` lozar~hm~ lm n`~`rolmlmd ~`hkf`r

`gg`k~lw`m`{{ ~fhm op{lkhe hblel~|-

Nl{kp{{lam

^f` oa{~ fldfe| `mnar{`n h~~rlbp~lam gar ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ b| ba~f zrlmklzhe{ hmn

op{lk ~`hkf`r{ l{ ~f` ehkc ag r`{aprk`{- ^fl{ nlgg`r{ grao ~f` lml~lhe h{{poz~lam{ ohn` lm ~fl{

{~pn| hmn grao oa{~ r`{`hrkf am h~~rlbp~lam ~fàr| lm hkfl`wò`m~ rèh~`n {l~ph~lam{ tflkf {fat

h {~ramd rèh~lam{flz b`~t``m hblel~| hmn `ggar~ h~~rlbp~lam{ hmn hkfl`wò`m~ &Bhr/^he ' @grhlo

8


55/84


a~f`r naolmh~lmd h~~rlbp~lam{ fhw` {prghk`n- H gpr~f`r `vzehmh~lam gar ~fl{ kapen b` ~fh~ ~f` ehkc

ag r`{aprk`{ lm [~- Epklhm {kfaae{ ~a ~`hkf op{lk l{ h opkf drhw`r kamk`rm ~f`r` ~fhm l~ l{ lm

{kfaae{ h~ tflkf {pkf {~pnl`{ fhw` b``m kamnpk~`n- Ba~f op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{ z`rk`lw`

~f` ehkc ag r`{aprk`{ h{ b`lmd h {ldmlglkhm~ flmnrhmk` ~a ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ hmn kam{`xp`m~e| h

n`~`rr`m~ ~a ~f` lozrawò`m~ lm ~f` xphel~| ag ~f` op{lk zradrhoo`- ^f` `mnar{ò`m~ ag ~f`

ehkc ag hn`xph~` r`{aprk`{ b| op{lk ~`hkf`r{ fat`w`r l{ ma~ h m`t glmnlmd hmn fh{ he{a b``m

fldfeldf~`n lm a~f`r kapm~rl`{ {pkf h{ Hgrlkh hmn Lrèhmn lm a~f`r rèh~`n {~pnl`{ tflkf

lmw`{~ldh~` ghk~ar{ hgg`k~lmd ~f` op{lk zradrhoo`{ h~ {kfaae{ &Rp{{è/Batl` 2::


56/84


Olml{~r| ag @npkh~lam- R`{`hrkf am h~~rlbp~lamhe {~|e`{ lm hkfl`wò`m~ rèh~`n {l~ph~lam{ he{a

{pdd`{~ ~fh~ zàze` hr` e`{{ elcè| ~a z`r{l{~ am h ~h{c hmn ~a b` oa~lwh~`n tf`m ~f`| ohc`

`v~`rmhe {~hbe` hmn pmkam~raeehbe` h~~rlbp~lam{ &T`lm`r 8, l~ l{ za{{lbe` ~fh~ op{lk ~`hkf`r{ {èg `{~`ò l{

b`lmd `mfhmk`n b| ~fl{ b`fhwlapr tfle` h~ ~f` {ho` ~lo` ~f`lr drat~f hmn zradr`{{ hr` b`lmd

flmn`r`n- [pkf zh~~`rm{ ag h~~rlbp~lam{ hr` he{a bèl`w`n ~a r`{pe~ lm lmkr`h{`n zrln` hmn ~f`

`vz`k~h~lam ~fh~ {lolehr ap~kao`{ khm b` hkfl`w`n lm ~f` gp~pr`- ^fl{ agg`r{ gpr~f`r {pzzar~ ~a ~f`

wl`t ~fh~ op{lk ~`hkf`r{ z`rk`lw` ~fò{èw`{ h{ `gg`k~lw` zhr~lkpehre| lm ~f` ~`hkflmd ag d`m`rhe

op{lk n`{zl~` ~f` ehkc ag r`{aprk`{ hmn {pzzar~- Lm hnnl~lam np` ~a ~f`lr nòhmnlmd ~lo` ~hbe` l~


57/84


l{ pmn`r{~hmnhbe` ~fh~ op{lk ~`hkf`r{ tapen r`dhrn d`m`rhe op{lk ~`hkflmd h{ ~f`lr ohlm rae`

tfle` a~f`r rèh~`n hk~lwl~l`{ elc` kfalr hr` wl`t`n h{ az~lamhe ar ma~ h{ `xphee| lozar~hm~-

[pkk`{{ lm keh{{raao ~`hkflmd ~f`r`gar` b`kao`{ {|mam|oap{ tl~f hm aw`rhee g`èlmd ag {èg/

`gglkhk|-

He~fapdf ~fl{ {~pn| nln ma~ {z`klglkhee| gakp{ am {pkk`{{ hmn ghlepr` {k`mhrla{ ar

ap~kao`{ ~f` glmnlmd{ lmnlkh~` ~fh~ hzhr~ grao ~f` `v~`rmhe {~hbe` hmn pmkam~raeehbe`

h~~rlbp~lam{ ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{ gar ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ ba~f drapz{ he{a r`w`he h

~r`mn lm h~~rlbp~lmd {pkk`{{gpe op{lk ~`hkflmd ~a hblel~| tflkf l{ hm lm~`rmhe {~hbe` hmn

pmkam~raeehbe` ghk~ar-

[ao` ag ~f` nlgg`r`mk`{ ab{`rw`n lm ~fl{ {~pn| lm ~f` z`rk`z~lam{ hmn `vz`k~h~lam{

ag zrlmklzhe{ hmn op{lk ~`hkf`r{ loze| ~fh~ zrlmklzhe{ hr` ma~ heth|{ hthr` ag tfh~ da`{ am tl~f

~f` op{lk zradrhoo`{ h~ ~f`lr {kfaae{ hmn lm{ln` op{lk keh{{`{- ^f`| he{a hzz`hr ~a fhw` h

nlgg`r`m~ ln`h ag tfh~ ~`hkf`r `gglkhk| hmn `gg`k~lw`m`{{ hr`- Zrlmklzhe{ kaozhr`n ~a op{lk

~`hkf`r{ z`rk`lw` ~lo` h{ ~f` e`h{~ lozar~hm~ ghk~ar hgg`k~lmd ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{- ^fl{ {pdd`{~{

~fh~ he~fapdf zrlmklzhe{ pmn`r{~hmn a~f`r kam{~rhlm~{ tflkf op{lk ~`hkf`r{ tarc tl~f ~f`|

bèl`w` ~fh~ op{lk ~`hkf`r{ fhw` hoze` ~lo` ~a `mdhd` lm keh{{raao op{lk h{ tèe h{ ohmhd`

a~f`r drapz{ hmn hk~lwl~l`{-[ao` zrlmklzhe{ oh| ehkc hm hzzr`klh~lam gar ~f` hoapm~ ag ~lo`

lmwaew`n lm zr`zhrh~lam r`f`hr{he{ hmn lm ardhmlylmd whrlap{ op{lkhe hk~lwl~l`{ gar `vhoze`-

Bh{`n am ~f` nòhmnlmd {kf`npe` tflkf op{lk ~`hkf`r{ fhw` l~ l{ he{a lozel`n ~fh~ zrlmklzhe{

`vz`k~ op{lk ~`hkf`r{ ~a glmn `v~rh ~lo` nprlmd ~f`lr epmkf br`hc{ ar hg~`r {kfaae ~a `mdhd` lm

op{lkhe hk~lwl~l`{- ^f` nlgg`r`mk`{ lm ~f` z`rk`z~lam ag ~lo` h{ hm lmgep`m~lhe ghk~ar kapen zr`w`m~

zrlmklzhe{ grao zrawlnlmd gpr~f`r hnolml{~rh~lw` {pzzar~ ~a op{lk ~`hkf`r{ tflkf l{ m`k`{{hr| ~a

lozraw` ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{-


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He~fapdf ma {ldmlglkhm~ nlgg`r`mk`{ t`r` r`zar~`n lm ~f` aw`rhee ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{

{khe` b`~t``m op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{ ~f`r` t`r` {~h~l{~lkhee| {ldmlglkhm~ nlgg`r`mk`{

hoamd {ao` ag ~f` l~ò{- ^f` r`{pe~{ ag ~f` lmnlwlnphe xp`{~lammhlr` l~ò tflkf r`xplr`n

zhr~lklzhm~{ ~a rh~` ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ l{ he{a rè`whm~ ~a ~f` glmnlmd{ ag ~fl{ {~pn|- ^f` eat`r

{kar`{ tflkf ba~f drapz{ r`k`lw`n lm ~f` aw`rhee {khe` khm b` h~~rlbp~`n ~a ~f` eat {kar`{

r`zar~`n gar k`r~hlm whrlhbe`{ {pkf h{ fhwlmd hk~lw` `m{òbe`{ hmn kfalr{- Tfle{~ ~fl{ aw`rhee

{kar` oh| zr`{`m~ h oar` hkkprh~` hmn r`hel{~lk zlk~pr` ag ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm {kfaae{ {kar`{

ab~hlm`n am ~f` lmnlwlnphe rh~lmd {khe` l~ò r`w`he{ h oar` hkkprh~` zlk~pr` ag ~f` z`rk`z~lam{ ag

ba~f drapz{ hmn ~f` `v~`m~ ~a tflkf {far~ghee{ lm ~f` whrlhbe`{ o`h{pr`n hk~phee| hgg`k~

z`rk`z~lam{ ag ~`hkf`r `gglkhk|- Lm a~f`r tarn{ n`{zl~` ~f` t`hcm`{{`{ ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ lm

{è`k~`n hr`h{ aw`rhee z`rk`z~lam{ ag ~`hkf`r `gglkhk| t`r` {~lee fldf-

^f` nlgg`r`mk` lm rh~lmd{ gar ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ am ~f` lmnlwlnphe rh~lmd {khe` gpr~f`r

fldfeldf~{ ~f` hzzhr`m~ nl{kamm`k~ b`~t``m ~f` z`rk`z~lam{ ag zrlmklzhe{ hmn op{lk ~`hkf`r{ lm

{ao` lm{~hmk`{-L~ lmnlkh~`{ ~fh~ h, op{lk ~`hkf`r{ fhw` hm `vhdd`rh~`n wl`t ag ~f`lr

hkfl`wò`m~{ b, ~f` tarc ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ m``n{ ~a b` oar` wl{lbe` ar k, zrlmklzhe{ m``n ~a

{fat h dr`h~`r lm~`r`{~ lm ~f` hk~lwl~l`{ ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{- Tfh~`w`r ~f` `vzehmh~lam l~ op{~ b`

r`l~`rh~`n ~fh~ tfh~ oh~~`r{ hr` ~f` z`rk`z~lam{ ag lmnlwlnphe{ hmn ma~ ~f` w`rhkl~| ag ~f`

klrkpo{~hmk`{- Op{lk ~`hkf`r{ tfa fhw` hm hozelgl`n bèl`g hbap~ ~f`lr e`wè ag `gg`k~lw`m`{{

gar `vhoze` kapen flmn`r ~f`lr hblel~| ~a lozraw` {lmk` ~f`| tapen b` {h~l{gl`n tl~f ~f`lr

ap~kao` hmn e`{{ lmkelm`n ~a `vz`mn ~f` r`xplr`n `ggar~- [lolehre| zrlmklzhe{ tfa lmhkkprh~è| ar

pmcmatlmde| pmn`rolm` ~f` lozhk~ ag ~f`lr op{lk ~`hkf`r{ `ggar~{ khm kao` hkra{{ h{ b`lmd

pm{|ozh~f`~lk pmhzzr`klh~lw` hmn pmghlr lm ~f`lr `wheph~lam ag ~f` {kfaae{ op{lk zradrhoo`-


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Khp{he H~~rlbp~lam{ hmn ^`hkf`r @gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm Op{lk 0 n`he~ tl~f ~f` hmhe|{l{ hmn nl{kp{{lam ag ~f`

glmnlmd{ p{lmd ~f` zrlmklze`{ ag h~~rlbp~lam ~fàr| h{ h ~fàr`~lkhe grho`tarc- ^fl{ kfhz~`r

kamkepn`{ tl~f h {poohr| ag rè`whm~ glmnlmd{ hmn ~f`lr lozelkh~lam{ gar op{lk kprrlkpepo

{z`klhel{~{- R`kaoo`mnh~lam{ hr` he{a ohn` gar hnnr`{{lmd {ao` ag ~f` z`r~lm`m~ l{{p`{ kaolmd

ap~ ag ~fl{ r`{`hrkf h{ tèe h{ gar gp~pr` {~pn|-

[poohr|

H~~rlbp~lam ~fàr| l{ kamk`rm`n tl~f fat lmnlwlnphe{ lm~`rzr`~ `w`m~{ hmn fat ~f`|

h~~òz~ ~a `vzehlm tf| zàze` na tfh~ ~f`| na- ^f` ~|z` ag h~~rlbp~lam{ t` ohc` ~`mn{ ~a

n`~`rolm` apr hgg`k~lw` r`hk~lam{ ~a {pkk`{{ hmn ghlepr` hmn lmgep`mk`{ apr oa~lwh~lam ~a z`r{l{~

am h ~h{c- H~~rlbp~lam ~fàr| fh{ b``m gapmn ~a b` kea{è| rèh~`n ~a oa~lwh~lam tfle{~ {èg/

`gglkhk| l{ rèh~`n ~a hkfl`wò`m~- T`lm`r &8


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^f` zhr~lklzhm~{ ln`m~lgl`n gar ~fl{ {~pn| t`r` 02 op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn 72 {kfaae zrlmklzhe{

grao ba~f zrlohr| hmn {`kamnhr| {kfaae{ lm [~- Epklh- ^f` lm{~rpo`m~ p{`n gar ~fl{ {~pn| th{ h

r`{`hrkf`r n`{ldm`n {prw`| lm tflkf zhr~lklzhm~{ t`r` h{c`n ~a r`{zamn ~a h kaoblmh~lam ag

gark`n/kfalk` hmn az`m/`mn`n l~ò{- Kaoze`~`n {prw`|{ t`r` r`~prm`n b| 7: zhr~lklzhm~{9 26

op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn ;2 zrlmklzhe{-

Hee ag ~f` h{{poz~lam{ tflkf dpln`n ~fl{ {~pn| t`r` {pzzar~`n ~a whrlap{ n`dr``{ b| ~f`

glmnlmd{ tl~f ~f` `vk`z~lam ag ~f` ohlm ghk~ar h{{po`n ~a lmgep`mk` ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{- ^f`

oa{~ gr`xp`m~e| `mnar{`n h~~rlbp~lam{ gar ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ gar ba~f op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn

zrlmklzhe{ lm rhmc arn`r t`r` r`{aprk`{ hmn {pzzar~- ^fa{` khp{`{ t`r` kam{l{~`m~e| fldfeldf~`n

lm ba~f drapz{ hkra{{ zrlohr| hmn {`kamnhr| {kfaae{ h{ ~f` oa{~ lmgep`m~lhe ghk~ar{ lm ghklel~h~lmd

ar flmn`rlmd ~f` `gg`k~lw`m`{{ ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ lm khrr|lmd ap~ ~f`lr whrlap{ rae`{- ^f` r`{pe~{ ag

~fl{ {~pn| he{a {fat`n ~fh~ he~fapdf ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{ grao ba~f zrlohr| hmn {`kamnhr|

{kfaae{ rh~`n r`{aprk`{ hmn {pzzar~ oar` fldfe| ~f`r` th{ ma {ldmlglkhm~ nlgg`r`mk` lm fat

{~ramde| ~f` whrlap{ drapz{ gè~ hbap~ ~f` `mnar{`n khp{`{- Op{lk ~`hkf`r{ he{a zehk`n oar`

lozar~hmk` am ~lo` h{ am` ag ~f` ghk~ar{ lmgep`mklmd ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ kaozhr`n ~a

zrlmklzhe{- Zrlmklzhe{ rh~`n ~lo` h{ ~f` e`h{~ lmgep`m~lhe ghk~ar hmn ln`m~lgl`n hblel~| h{ b`lmd oar`

lozar~hm~-

Ba~f drapz{ bèl`w` ~fh~ op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hr` d`m`rhee| kaoz`~`m~ `mapdf ~a ~`hkf ~f` e`wè ag

op{lk r`xplr`n hmn ~fh~ ~f`| hr` zp~~lmd lm ~f` m`k`{{hr| `ggar~ n`{zl~` ma~ b`lmd hbe` ~a hkfl`w`

ohvlopo r`{pe~{- Oa{~ ag ~f` hblel~| h~~rlbp~`{ ln`m~lgl`n b| ba~f drapz{ `mnar{`n d`m`rhe

~`hkf`r kfhrhk~`rl{~lk{ rh~f`r ~fhm op{lkhe hblel~|- Glmnlmd{ r`w`he`n ~fh~ ~f`r` t`r` ma

{ldmlglkhm~ nlgg`r`mk`{ lm ~f` z`rk`z~lam{ ag {èg/`gglkhk| b`~t``m op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{-

Op{lk ~`hkf`r{ rh~`n ~fò{èw`{ oan`rh~è| am ~f` {èg/`gglkhk| {khe` hmn ~fl{ z`rk`z~lam th{


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he{a {~ramde| `mnar{`n b| zrlmklzhe{- Ba~f drapz{ fldfeldf~`n op{lk ~fàr| hmn r`karn`r h{ ~f`

hr`h{ lm tflkf op{lk ~`hkf`r{ za{{`{{`n ~f` {~ramd`{~ {clee{ tfle{~ op{lkhe hrrhmdlmd

c`|bahrn hmn `m{òbe` t`r` ln`m~lgl`n h{ ~f` t`hc`{~ hr`h{-

^f`r` th{ h {ldmlglkhm~ nlgg`r`mk` fat`w`r lm ~f` zrlmklzhe{ z`rk`z~lam ag ~`hkf`r

`gg`k~lw`m`{{ lm {ao` hr`h{ h{ kaozhr`n ~a ~f` op{lk ~`hkf`r{- Zrlmklzhe{ dhw` opkf eat`r

rh~lmd{ gar ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ ~fhm op{lk ~`hkf`r{- Zrlmklzhe{ he{a fèn nlgg`r`m~ `vz`k~h~lam{

gar ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ ~fhm nln op{lk ~`hkf`r{- Am ~f` a~f`r fhmn op{lk ~`hkf`r{ tfa t`r`

kh~`darly`n h{ `gg`k~lw` ln`m~lgl`n {lolehr khp{he ghk~ar{ mhoè| r`{aprk`{ hmn {pzzar~ h{ ~fa{`

tfa t`r` rh~`n lm`gg`k~lw`-

^f`r` th{ h {|{~òh~lk ~r`mn gar ba~f drapz{ ~a ohc` `v~`rmhe {~hbe` hmn pmkam~raeehbe`

h~~rlbp~lam{ gar ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ hmn lm~`rmhe {~hbe` hmn pmkam~raeehbe` h~~rlbp~lam{ gar

{pkk`{{/rèh~`n ap~kao`{- Zrlmklzhe{ fhn oar` ag h ~`mn`mk| ~a h{krlb` khp{`{ ~a lm~`rmhe ghk~ar{

tfle{~ op{lk ~`hkf`r{ ohn` oar` `v~`rmhe h~~rlbp~lam{ gar ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{- N`{zl~` ~f`

zr`naolmhm~e| `v~`rmhe eakp{ ag kam~rae ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ tf`r` ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ l{

kamk`rm`n ~f`| kam~lmp` ~a nòam{~rh~` h zh{{lam gar op{lk ~`hkflmd hmn ~a b` fldfe|

oa~lwh~`n-

Lozelkh~lam{ gar Op{lk Kprrlkpepo [z`klhel{~{

Cmate`nd` ag ~f` khp{he h~~rlbp~lam{ z`rk`lw`n b| op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{ ~a

lmgep`mk` ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ khm h{{l{~ kprrlkpepo {z`klhel{~{ lm ln`m~lg|lmd oar` hkkprh~è|

~f` kamk`rm{ ag ~fa{` lmwaew`n hmn zrawlnlmd ~f` rldf~ kamnl~lam{ ~a `mhbe` op{lk ~`hkf`r{ ~a b`

oar` `gg`k~lw`- Hkkarnlmd ~a ~f` zrlmklze`{ ag h~~rlbp~lam ~fàr| hm pmn`r{~hmnlmd ag ~f` aw`rhee

h~~rlbp~lamhe {~|e` ag op{lk ~`hkf`r{ oh| he{a `mhbe` kprrlkpepo {z`klhel{~{ ~a zr`nlk~ ~f` gp~pr`

b`fhwlapr ag ~`hkf`r{ hmn ~a h{{l{~ ~fò tf`r` m`k`{{hr| lm kfhmdlmd fhrogpe h~~rlbp~lam{ hmn


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ohclmd oar` hzzrazrlh~` am`{ tflkf tapen e`hn ~a oar` {pkk`{{/arl`m~`n b`fhwlapr hmn

ap~kao`{-

^f` ehkc ag r`{aprk`{ lm {kfaae{ lm [~- Epklh th{ kam{l{~`m~e| ln`m~lgl`n h{ ~f` c`| ghk~ar

lmgep`mklmd ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ hmn m``n{ ~a b` lmw`{~ldh~`n hmn hnnr`{{`n am h z`r {kfaae

bh{l{- ^f` ~rhnl~lamhe zrhk~lk` ag zprkfh{lmd op{lkhe lm{~rpo`m~{ `m oh{{` hmn n`za{l~lmd ~fò

lm {kfaae{ tl~fap~ glr{~ ln`m~lg|lmd ~f` m``n{ ag ~f` {kfaae hmn ~f` hblel~l`{ ag ~f` op{lk ~`hkf`r

oh| m``n ~a b` r`wl{l~`n- Am` ag ~f` glmnlmd{ kaolmd ap~ ag ~fl{ {~pn| l{ ~fh~ op{lk ~`hkf`r{ fhw`

{z`klglk {clee{ lm whrlap{ h{z`k~{ ag op{lk ~`hkflmd- Zrawlnlmd h ~`hkf`r tfa l{ {clee`n h~ dpl~hr

tl~f hm è`k~ramlk c`|bahrn ~f`r`gar` tapen ma~ b` h grpdhe p{` ag r`{aprk`{-

^f` {pzzar~ ag op{lk {z`klhel{~{ lm zraza{lmd he~`rmh~lw` {~rh~`dl`{ tflkf khm b`

òzea|`n lm {l~ph~lam{ tf`r` glmhmklhe kam{~rhlm~{ elol~ ~f` zrawl{lam ag hn`xph~` r`{aprk`{ ~a

{kfaae{ l{ he{a m`k`{{hr|- Ohr{fhee &2::>, {pdd`{~{ ~fh~ ~f`r` l{ h ea~ tflkf op{lk ~`hkf`r{ khm

na zrlohrle| h~ ~f` zrlohr| e`wè ~a zrawln` {~pn`m~{ tl~f h rlkf hmn {aeln op{lkhe gapmnh~lam-

F` gpr~f`r r`kaoo`mn{ h whrl`~| ag hk~lwl~l`{ tflkf p~lely` rf|~fo{ hmn {amd{ gar `vhoze` ~a

`mkaprhd` `vzearh~lam kr`h~lwl~| hmn lozrawl{h~lam- Lm eldf~ ag ~f` r`zar~`n n`hr~f lm r`{aprk`{

~f`r`gar` l~ l{ loz`rh~lw` ~fh~ zrag`{{lamhe ~rhlmlmd tarc{faz{ he{a zrawln` op{lk ~`hkf`r{ tl~f

~f` r`xpl{l~` {clee{ {a ~fh~ ~f`| kapen hnhz~ ~a ~f` {l~ph~lam-

^f`r` l{ m``n gar oar` lm~`rw`m~lam `ggar~{ hoamd {z`klhel{~{ zrlmklzhe{ hmn a~f`r

{~hc`faen`r{ gar `vhoze` ~a {aew` l{{p`{ {pkf h{ ~f` ehkc ag {zhk` lm {ao` {kfaae{ ~a ~`hkf

op{lk hmn ~a zrawln` h{{l{~hmk` ~a {kfaae{ lm {aprklmd ~f`lr atm gpmn{ ~a zrakpr` op{lkhe

lm{~rpo`m~{- ^f` clmn ag {pzzar~ dlw`m op{~ ~rhm{k`mn ~f` o`r` ardhmlylmd ag ~rhlmlmd

tarc{faz{ lm~a zrawlnlmd gaeeat/pz wl{l~{ ~a lmnlwlnphe op{lk ~`hkf`r{ lm arn`r ~a h{{l{~ ~fò lm

{pkf hk~lwl~l`{ h{ lozeò`m~lmd whrlap{ ~`hkflmd {~rh~`dl`{ tarclmd tl~f `m{òbe`{ ar ~f`


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66/84


`ggar~{ hzz`hr ~a |lèn el~~e` r`{pe~{- Kprrlkpepo {z`klhel{~{ he{a m``n ~a kr`h~` oar` azzar~pml~l`{

gar op{lk ~`hkf`r{ ~a {fhr` b`{~ zrhk~lk`{ hmn ~a nl{kp{{ he~`rmh~lw` th|{ ag hkfl`wlmd dahe{ b|

gakp{lmd oar` am ~`hkf`r hblel~| hzzrazrlh~` `ggar~ hmn kr`h~lwl~|-

Lm arn`r gar ba~f op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hmn zrlmklzhe{ ~a fhw` h oar` abi`k~lw` wl`t ag fat

`gg`k~lw` op{lk ~`hkf`r{ hr` lm khrr|lmd ap~ ~f`lr rae`{ l~ l{ m`k`{{hr| gar kprrlkpepo {z`klhel{~{

~a `{~hbel{f {ao` garo ag olmlopo {~hmnhrn{ ~a b` hkfl`w`n b| ba~f {~pn`m~{ hmn ~`hkf`r{-

Ke`hr dplnèlm`{ {fapen b` kaoopmlkh~`n ~a hee zhr~l`{ lmwaew`n h{ ~a tfh~ `vhk~e| kam{~l~p~`{ h

daan op{lk zradrhoo`- Hkkarnlmd ~a [zrpk` &2::0, hkfl`wò`m~ lm op{lk `npkh~lam khm b`

lmkr`h{`n ~a h dr`h~ `v~`m~ lg h~~hlmhbe` dahe{ hr` {`~ hmn kaoopmlkh~`n ke`hre| ~a ~`hkf`r{- Op{lk

~`hkf`r{ zhr~lkpehre| h~ ~f` zrlohr| {kfaae{ tf`r` ~f`r` hr` ma KVK `vho{ {fapen b` hbe` ~a

fhw` hm ln`h h{ ~a tf`~f`r ar ma~ ~f`| hr` o``~lmd ~f` bh{lk kprrlkpepo r`xplrò`m~{ gar ~f`

whrlap{ e`wè{- ^f`r` {fapen he{a b` hmmphe ~`hkf`r hzzrhl{he{ tflkf tapen {`rw` ~a lmgaro

op{lk ~`hkf`r{ ag ~f`lr {~r`md~f{ hmn t`hcm`{{ hmn ~a `mhbe` kprrlkpepo {z`klhel{~{ ~a zrawln`

{z`klglk h{{l{~hmk` ~a ~`hkf`r{ lm m``n-

R`kaoo`mnh~lam{ gar Lozrawlmd `hkf`r @gg`k~lw`m`{{

Bh{`n am ~f` zr`wlap{ nl{kp{{lam ~f` gaeeatlmd r`kaoo`mnh~lam{ hr` ohn`9

^f` op{lk n`zhr~o`m~ ag KHONP {fapen pmn`r~hc` h {prw`| ag ~f` {z`klglk m``n{ agop{lk ~`hkf`r{ p{lmd ~f` KBHO [~hd`{ ag Kamk`rm Xp`{~lammhlr`- ^fl{ tlee `mhbe`

op{lk {z`klhel{~{ ~a ln`m~lg| ~f` ~|z`{ ag r`{aprk`{ hmn ~f` mh~pr` ag ~f` {pzzar~ m``n`n-

KHONP {fapen ardhmly` h {`rl`{ ag ~rhlmlmd tarc{faz{ gar op{lk ~`hkf`r{ ~a {fhr`

zrhk~lkhe he~`rmh~lw` hmn lmmawh~lw` ~`hkflmd {~rh~`dl`{ tflkf khm b` òzea|`n lm arn`r

~a lozraw` ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{ hmn kaz` tl~f ~f` ehkc ag op{lkhe lm{~rpo`m~{-


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Kprrlkpepo {z`klhel{~{ {fapen ardhmly` o``~lmd{ tl~f {kfaae zrlmklzhe{ hmn Nl{~rlk~@npkh~lam Agglk`r{ lm arn`r ~a kehrlg| hmn nl{kp{{ ~f` n`{lr`n hzzrahkf ~a op{lk

`npkh~lam lm {kfaae{ hmn ~f` dahe{ hmn abi`k~lw`{ ag h op{lk zradrhoo`- ^fa{` dahe{

{fapen he{a b` ke`hre| hr~lkpeh~`n lm nakpo`m~ garo hmn nl{{òlmh~`n ~a hee op{lk

~`hkf`r{ h~ hm hzzrazrlh~` garpo-

Kprrlkpepo {z`klhel{~{ m``n ~a kaoo`mk` ~f` ~rhlmlmd hmn òzat`rlmd ag `vz`rl`mk`nop{lk ~`hkf`r{ ~a h{{l{~ lm zrawlnlmd oar` {pzzar~ ~a ~f` mawlk` ar e`{{ kaoz`~`m~

kaee`hdp`{ ~frapdf h o`m~arlmd zradrhoo`-

Hm hmmphe op{lk ~`hkf`r hzzrhl{he {fapen b` lozeò`m~`n b| KHONP- ^fl{ tlee `mhbe`ba~f ~`hkf`r{ hmn op{lk {z`klhel{~{ ~a fhw` h ke`hr`r ln`h ag ~f` `v~`m~ ~a tflkf ~f` dahe{

ag op{lk `npkh~lam hr` b`lmd hkfl`w`n-

R`kaoo`mnh~lam{ gar Gp~pr` [~pn|

^fl{ {~pn| th{ pmhbe` ~a ab~hlm h ke`hr nl{~lmk~lam b`~t``m fldfe| `gg`k~lw` hmn

lm`gg`k~lw` op{lk ~`hkf`r{ h{ oa{~ op{lk ~`hkf`r{ z`rk`lw`n ~fò{èw`{ ~a b` `gg`k~lw`

kaoz`~`m~ hmn `vz`mnlmd ~f` r`xplr`n `ggar~- Kprrlkpepo {z`klhel{~ oh| b`m`gl~ grao gpr~f`r

r`{`hrkf tflkf p{`{ zprza{lw` {hozelmd ~a ln`m~lg| op{lk ~`hkf`r{ tfa hr` cmatm ~a b`

`gg`k~lw` hmn ~fa{` tfa hr` kam{ln`r`n ~a b` lm`gg`k~lw` hkkarnlmd ~a KHONP{ krl~`rlh lm

arn`r ~a `vholm` ~f` h~~rlbp~lamhe {~|e`{ ag ~f`{` ~ta drapz{ hmn ~a n`~`rolm` tf`~f`r ar ma~

~f`r` l{ hm| rèh~lam{flz b`~t``m h~~rlbp~lamhe {~|e`{ hmn ~`hkf`r `gg`k~lw`m`{{- He{a rèh~`n

tapen b` h {~pn| ag {z`klglk {kfaae{ tflkf fhw` ~f` m`k`{{hr| r`{aprk`{ h{ kaozhr`n ~a ~fa{`

{kfaae{ tl~fap~ lm arn`r ~a `vholm` ~f` h~~rlbp~lam{ gar {pkk`{{ hmn ghlepr` ap~kao`{- ^fl{

tapen gpr~f`r w`rlg| ~f` {ldmlglkhmk` ag r`{aprk`{ h{ ~f` oa{~ lmgep`m~lhe ghk~ar lm ~`hkf`r

`gg`k~lw`m`{{-


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Causal Attributions and Teacher Effectiveness in Music Education in St. Lucia