Catterpilar renewable fuels brochure.pdf

8/16/2019 Catterpilar renewable fuels brochure.pdf

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Renewable FuelsCaterpillar Power PlantsBuilding innovative power solutions


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Our FOCUSis our CUSTOMERS


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Caterpillar is a leading supplier

of medium speed reciprocating

engine power plants for both

interconnected (parallel to grid)

and captive power (island mode)

applications. We offer both

simple cycle and combined cycle

operation and our plants can be

configured to provide combined

heat and power (CHP). Plantoutput capacities range from 2

to over 200 MWe, and we have

a full range of power generation

equipment and complete

engineering, procurement, and

construction (EPC) capabilities.

Recent strides in Caterpillar

biofuel engine technology

and the emergence of new

standards have created expanded

opportunities in the renewable

energy market. We have

developed several alternative

fuel solutions in response to

the increased demand for

incorporating biofuels in power

generation.

Renewable diesel can be made

from such diverse materials suchas vegetable oil, waste cooking

oil, animal fat, and fish oil, as

well as from cellulosic feedstock

consisting of agriculture and

forest biomass.

Caterpillar will help you evaluate

various fuel properties and quality

while we work together to design

a total solution for your business.

OUR PLANTS OFFER OUTSTANDING FUEL FLEXIBILITY

TRADITIONALFOSSIL FUELS

RENEWABLE(e.g. raw/straight vegetable oil

and 100% biodiesel)

NATURAL GAS DUAL-FUEL CAPABILITIES

As we explore the merits of renewable fuels,

our commitment is to find sustainable solutions.

We are continually developing our products and

services to offer you the best possible value and

function for your power plant.


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BIODIESELBiodiesel is produced from raw feedstock by a chemical

conversion known as transesterification reaction. This

process requires several steps to remove any traces of

water and the use of methanol to separate the glycerin

from the fat, leaving behind two byproducts: methyl

esters (well know as Biodiesel) and glycerin (a valuable

component for the pharmaceutical and cosmetic

industries).1

For renewable diesel to be called biodiesel, it must meet

very strict quality specifications. In 2003, the U.S. Congress

proposed that, for tax purposes: “The term ‘biodiesel’

means the monoalkyl esters of long chain fatty acids

derived from plant or animal matter which meet (A) the

registration requirements for fuels and fuel additives

established by the Environmental Protection Agency under

section 211 of the Clean Air Act (42 U.S.C. 7545), and (B)

the requirements of the American Society of Testing and

Materials D6751. (ASTM D 6571).” 2

Two specifications currently exist to determine purity levels

as part of the requirement by engine manufacturers andpetroleum suppliers: ASTM (D6751) for U.S. base market

and CEN (pr EN14214) for European Market. Biodiesel is

designated by the alphanumeric term B100. If the biodiesel

is used as “blend” or “additive,” it is designated BXX,

where XX represents the volume percentage of biodiesel

fuel blended with petroleum-based diesel.

WASTE VEGETABLE OIL (WVO) ANDSTRAIGHT VEGETABLE OIL (SVO)

Waste Vegetable Oil (WVO) and Straight Vegetable Oil

(SVO) can be used directly in a diesel reciprocating engine

if they are properly evaluated and tested.

HDRD HDRD, or Hydrogenation-derived renewable diesel,

is produced by hydrotreating animal fat or vegetable

feedstock. HDRD is also known as “green diesel” or

second-generation biodiesel.3

FISCHER-TROPSCH BTLA process called Fischer-Tropsch BTL, or Bio-to-Liquid

Technology, produces another renewable diesel.4 The main

objective is to convert the carbon monoxide and hydrogen,

called synthesis gas or syngas, into liquid hydrocarbon

fuels. Fuels obtained from this process are also called

Synthetic Fuels.

Understanding RENEWABLE Fuel Types

1 http://www.biodiesel.org/what-is-biodiesel/biodiesel-basics2 Energy Policy Act of 2003, Conference Version, Section 1314

3 http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/emerging_green.html

4 http://www.biofuelstp.eu/btl.html

5 http://oee.nrcan.gc.ca/transportation/alternative-fuels/programs/nrddi/11986

Renewable Diesel Types and Feedstocks5


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Fuel source diversity and possible

variations of blending must be

considered when evaluating potential

engine performance:

ENGINE POWER AND TORQUE

When operating with renewable fuel, a

reduction of power and torque of 3 to 7%

can occur when compared to petroleum

diesel. The main reason for loss power is

attributed to the following fuel properties:

• Cetane Number is related to thevolatility of the fuel and the capacity

of self ignite. Fuels with higher ratings

are more volatile and present better

quality ignition, which directly affect the

combustion process. If the fuel ignites

too late the fuel/air combustion will be

incomplete.

• Heating Value is the energy content

of the fuel, or can be interpreted as

the quantity of heat produced by its

combustion. Fuel with high calorificvalues will usually produce more power

per pound of fuel than fuels with lower

values.

• Viscosity is the ability of the fuel to

resist flow when subject to pressure, in

other words, the thickness of the fuel.

Viscosity directly affects the atomization

of the fuel injected into the combustion

chamber. High viscosity fuels, such as

oil derived from animal fat, will produce

large fuel droplets when sprayed through an injector nozzle, leading to

incomplete combustion.6

FUEL CONSUMPTION

Engines operating on renewable fuels have shown an increase in fuel consumption, mainly due

to their lower heating value. More fuel needs to be injected to compensate for the loss of heating

value. Another factor to be considered is the high viscosity of straight or raw oil and its effect

in the fuel spray atomization. Different blends and feedstock with different heating values, or

different production processes and qualities, also have an impact on engine fuel economy.

For fuels that meet ASTM or CEN standards, in principle, the increase in fuel consumption isproportional to the loss of heating value, compared to Diesel 2.

EMISSIONS

One of the most important qualities of renewable diesel is the reduction in emissions of the air

toxins, SOx, PM, COx, and NOx.

• SOx (Sulfur Oxide) Biodiesel, SVO and WVO are essentially free of sulfur; as a result, no

presence of SOx will be found after combustion.

• PM (Particulate Material) is solid or liquid particles found in the air after a combustion process.

The lack of heavy petroleum residues in renewable fuels can contribute to PM reduction

ranging from 10 to 48%.

• COx (Carbon Monoxide) Biodiesel contains up to 10% oxygen. The presence of oxygen will

promote a more complete combustion, leading to the formation of carbon dioxide rather than

COx. For blended fuels (BXX), the levels of carbon monoxide reduction range from 22% to 48%. 7

• NOx (Nitrogen Oxides) emissions increase or decrease depending on the engine type, ignition

timing, and fuel used. With biodiesel, an increase in NOx is the result of increased oxidation

of atmospheric nitrogen at elevated combustion temperature as the result of the 10% oxygen

present in the fuel.8

Renewable Fuels and Engine Performance

6 Paper AE-1240 Biodiesel Fuel, Vern Hofman, Extension Agricultural Engineer,

North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58105

7 http://www.cytoculture.com/Biodiesel%20Handbook.htm#Nitrogen Oxides

8 Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews

Effect of biodiesel on engine performances and emissions

Jinlin Xuea, Tony E. Grift, Alan C. Hansena

Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, University of Illinois

at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA

College of Engineering, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210031, China

Fuel Weight

lbs/gal

Heat of Combustion

BTU/gal

Cetane

Number

Viscosity

cStNo. 2 Diesel 7.05 140,000 48 3

100% Biodiesel (B100) 7.3 130,000 55 5.7

B20 Mix (20/80) 7.1 138,000 50 3.3

SVO 7.5 130,000 35-45 40-50

Fuel Properties6


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Renewable Fuels and Cat® Engines

You want both optimized fuel consumption and emission standards

compliance. Cat engines are designed to operate on a variety of fuels,

including HFO, MDO, diesel, crude oil, natural gas, LPG, and renewable

fuels. Our world-leading engine program has a range of 2 MW to

14.4 MWe per unit and extensive experience with medium-speed(500 to 1000 rpm) engines so you get the engine that suits your project.

Research and development has led to the key to reducing NOx

emissions: increase compression ratio using a long stroke cylinder,

reduce rotational speed, and provide a high-energy injection system

with precise synchronization of fuel injection and inlet

timing in a spacious combustion chamber.

In 2000, Caterpillar Motoren developed a

new low emission engine (CM) to reduce

soot and NOx for the marine market. This

design is quite applicable to renewable

fuel operation, with low NOx emissions,

excellent load pick up, and invisible soot

at all loads.

Modular design, integrating various

functions in to one component, has

resulted in the highly reliable CM

medium speed engines.

Engine rotation at medium speeds helps

prevent premature wearing of parts and

components, leading to high reliability,

long life, and long overhaul intervals.

With better efficiency than regular high-

speed engines, these engines also have

reduced fuel consumption.

R E N E W A B L E


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OUR GENERATOR SETS ARE DELIVERED COMPLETE WITH STANDARDIZED AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT. Connection points

for fuel, lubricating oil, and cooling water systems are conveniently located at the free end of the engine. Preassembled

and tested at the factory, the auxiliary units are combined modules, designed to ensure safe operation, easy maintenance,

and excellent access for servicing.

Our modular design is simple and reliable, so you get:

• Reduced installation and commissioning time

• Improved project risk mitigation and management capability

• Fewer errors and delays with improved shipping and logistics

• Fewer interface problems

• Effective, responsive global support and service

Caterpillar Power PlantsCaterpillar has global experience in building and

operating oil- and gas-fueled power plants in

demanding conditions, applications, and environments.


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ProfessionalSolutions, Products,and ServicesCat medium-speed engines are ideally suited

for operation in our environmentally focused

power plants, which can reliably operate on

renewable fuels. This helps lower emissions,

reduce greenhouse gases, maximize fuel

diversity, and support your attainment of local

and national renewable energy targets.

Partnering with you, we can develop a

complete power plant solution to meet your

high availability expectations.

Peaking/Intermediate Baseload: Single or multi-engine

plants can be strategically located to feed into the

distribution system (i.e. grid support). Scaleable, modular

design allows for efficient future plant expansion.

Wind Load-following: Use of renewable fuels provides a

complement to the benefits of installed wind capacity with

extremely flexible dispatch control and fast load response.

Industrial CHP: Total plant efficiencies can exceed 90%.

Easily integrated into existing infrastructure, Caterpillar is

a popular choice among mining, textile, cement, and many

other industrial segments.

Combined Cycle: Traditional heat recovery steam

generator (HRSG) and steam turbines or organic Rankine

cycle (ORG) can be used to improve plant efficiency.

POWER PLANT SOLUTIONS –

consultation, capabilities, experience

Caterpillar supports sustainable change on every continent.

Caterpillar Electric Power Division is a global company, operating in more than 15 time zones in 64 locations, communicating in 47 languages.

SERVICES –

hire Caterpillar to run your power plant or help you do it

Operation and Maintenance Agreement (O&M): We handle all aspects of

operation, maintenance, and administration, working with you to establish

and meet specific goals for performance and return on investment.

Maintenance and Repair Agreement (MRA): Our technicians perform all

maintenance and regular analysis of critical engine fluids. You also receive

technical support and staff training, plus all replacement parts.

Maintenance Service Agreement (MSA): We provide technical support, staff

training, and assistance with maintenance and troubleshooting, in addition to

the parts required for regular maintenance.

Technical Service Agreement (TSA): An experienced engineer will train your

staff to improve maintenance techniques and troubleshoot plant equipment.

Field Services: With nearly 200,000 people and 1,500 facilities worldwide

serving in excess of 200 countries, you’re never far from the Caterpillar

support you need.

LEYE0006-00

©2013 Caterpillar

All rights reserved.

CAT, CATERPILLAR, their respective logos, “Caterpillar Yellow”and the “Power Edge” trade dress, as well as corporate andproduct identity used herein, are trademarks of Caterpillar andmay not be used without permission.

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Catterpilar renewable fuels brochure.pdf