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SeismicVulnerabilityAssessmentofBuildingTypesinIndia
CompilationofCatalogueofBuildingTypologiesinIndia
by
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment Project Group of
IIT Bombay
IIT Guwahati
IIT Kharagpur
IIT Madras
IIT Roorkee
Submitted to
National Disaster Management Authority
Government of India
September 15, 2013
ii
CompilationofCatalogueofBuildingTypologiesinIndia
Seismic Vulnerability Assessment Project Group, consisting of the following authors, has contributed to the report:
IIT Bombay
Mahendra Meena
Rohan Shinde
Ashish Sapre
Ravi Sinha
Alok Goyal
IIT Guwahati
SK Deb
Kaustubh Dasgupta
Hemant B Kaushik
IIT Kharagpur
Nirjhar Dhang
Sushanta Chakrabarty
Arghya Deb
IIT Madras
ArunMenon
A Meher Prasad
Devdas Menon
CVR Murty
Deepti R Krrishnan
N Uma
IIT Roorkee
Yogendra Singh
DK Paul
Putul Haldar
Aditya Rahul
Ankita Sood
iii
Table of Contents
List of Tables .................................................................................................................v
Abstract ....................................................................................................................... vii
Chapter 1 Project Background ....................................................................................1
Chapter 2 Building Typology for Seismic Vulnerability Assessment ........................2
Chapter 3 Proposed Building Typologies for India ....................................................4
Chapter 4 Field Surveys by IITs ...............................................................................11
Chapter 5 Building Typologies Prevalent Across Various Regions of the Country .22
5.1 RANDOM RUBBLE STONE WITH MUD/LIME MORTAR (MAST) .............................................................. 22
5.2 DRESSED STONE MASONRY WITH CEMENT MORTAR (MCST) ............................................................... 24
5.3 UNREINFORCED BRICK MASONRY IN MUD/LIME MORTAR (MHBW) ...................................................... 27
5.4 UNREINFORCED BRICK MASONRY IN CEMENT MORTAR (MJBW) .......................................................... 29
5.5 MASONRY MIXED STRUCTURE WITH TIMBER, BAMBOO AND OTHER WOOD ELEMENTS (MRMS) ................. 31
5.6 RC MOMENT RESISTING FRAME DESIGNED FOR GRAVITY LOADS ONLY (CAMF) ........................................ 34
5.7 RC MOMENT RESISTING FRAME DESIGNED WITH SEISMIC FEATURES (CBMF) .......................................... 36
5.8 RC MOMENT RESISTING FRAME WITH UNREINFORCED MASONRY INFILL WALLS (CCMF) ............................ 38
5.9 RC MOMENT RESISTING FRAME WITH FLAT SLAB STRUCTURE (CDMF) ................................................... 43
5.10 RC MOMENT RESISTING FRAME WITH OPEN GROUND STOREY STRUCTURE (CGMF) ................................. 45
5.11 STEEL MOMENT RESISTING FRAME WITH LIGHT WEIGHT PARTITIONS (SCMF) .......................................... 47
5.12 STEEL BRACED FRAME WITH VARIOUS FLOOR/ROOF SYSTEMS (SDBF) .................................................... 49
5.13 STEEL LIGHT METAL FRAME SINGLE STOREY STRUCTURE (SELF) ............................................................. 49
5.14 STEEL MIXED STRUCTURE WITH REINFORCED CONCRETE (SGMS) .......................................................... 51
Chapter 6 Building Typologies in Various Regions of the Country .........................55
6.1 BUILDING TYPOLOGIES FOR NORTH REGION ..................................................................................... 55
6.2 BUILDING TYPOLOGIES FOR NORTH EAST REGION ............................................................................. 57
6.3 BUILDING TYPOLOGIES FOR EAST REGION ........................................................................................ 59
6.4 BUILDING TYPOLOGIES FOR WEST REGION....................................................................................... 60
6.5 BUILDING TYPOLOGIES FOR SOUTH REGION ..................................................................................... 62
Chapter 7 Discussions ...............................................................................................64
References ....................................................................................................................65
ANNEXURE 1.............................................................................................................66
iv
ANNEXURE 2 Catalogue of Building Types for North Region .................................68
ANNEXURE 3 Catalogue of Building Types for North East Region .......................107
ANNEXURE 4 Catalogue of Building Types for East Region .................................150
ANNEXURE 5 Catalogue of Building Types for West Region ................................167
ANNEXURE 6 Catalogue of Building Types for South Region ...............................212
v
List of Tables
Table 3.1 Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings ............................................ 5
Table 3.1(a) Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings ....................................... 6
Table 3.1(b) Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings ....................................... 7
Table 3.1(c) Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings ....................................... 8
Table 3.1(d) Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings ....................................... 9
Table 3.1(e) Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings ..................................... 10
Table 4.1 Details of field surveys carried out by IIT Bombay ........................................... 11
Table 4.1(a) Details of field surveys carried out by IIT Madras* ..................................... 12
Table 4.1(b) Details of field surveys carried out by IIT Roorkee ...................................... 16
Table 4.1(c) Details of field surveys carried out by IIT Guwahati* .................................. 18
Table 4.1(d) Details of field surveys carried out by IIT Kharagpur ................................. 20
Table 5.1 Building Typology: Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST) .... 23
Table 5.2 Building Typology: Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) ..... 25
Table 5.3 Building Typology: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) .......................................................................................................................... 27
Table 5.4 Building Typology: Unreinforced brick masonry in lime/cement mortar (MJBW) ........................................................................................................................... 29
Table 5.5 Building Typology: Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS) ................................................................................................. 32
Table 5.6 Building Typology: RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF) ................................................................................................................... 35
Table 5.7 Building Typology: RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF) ............................................................................................................. 36
Table 5.8 Building Typology: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) ......................................................................................................... 38
Table 5.9 Building Typology: RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF)............................................................................................................................ 43
Table 5.10 Building Typology: RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)........................................................................................................... 45
Table 5.11 Building Typology: Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF) ............................................................................................................................ 48
vi
Table 5.12 Building Typology:With various floor/roof systems (SDMF) ......................... 49
Table 5.13 Building Typology: Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF) . 50
Table 5.14 Building Typology: Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS) .......................................................................................................................................... 51
vii
Abstract
The past few decades have witnessed an increase in the number of damaging earthquakes in India, with tendamaging earthquakes occurring during the last two decades itself. The vast extent of damage and the consequent loss of life associated with these events reflect the poor construction practice in India. Before the 2001 Bhuj earthquake, constructions with poor seismic resistance were assumed to be a feature of non-urban areas, with urban structures considered safer due to the use of engineering knowledge and modern construction materials. However, this earthquake shattered the myth of urban seismic safety through widespread damage to modern buildings. The low awareness among the general public towards structural safety and the inability of regulatory bodies and technical professionals in maintaining quality standards in constructions has created an urgent need to educate the leaders, public, city planners, architects and the engineering professional about the consequences of earthquakes.
There is thus a need to develop standard building typology catalogues of prevalent construction types in India, and to further determine the seismic vulnerability of each class of building in the catalogue. When classes of buildings are considered for risk assessment, the vulnerability can be established in terms of the structural characteristics, and suitable modifiers to the vulnerability function can be established in terms of the geometrical characteristics. Since the construction practices vary in different parts of the country even when using the same construction material, the vulnerability function of different buildings in the typology catalogue will need to be developed for each region separately.
This report presents a summary of the building typologies proposed for India. The proposed building typology is hierarchical, and considers material of construction, structural system, structural irregularities, building height, code compliance and level ofmaintenance. The building typology catalogue is also developed in a format that is amenable to database management and use of portable computing devices for field data collection.
1
Chapter 1 Project Background
India, being a large country, faces continuous threat from natural or manmade disasters in different parts of the country. Earthquake disaster is one such challenge which is sudden and leaves no time for preparation unlike others such as flood or hurricane where advance warning is possible. Earthquake risk reduction requires knowledge of likely consequences of an earthquake in the region or area of interest. Since the impact of earthquakes is strongly dependent on the strength of constructions in the affected area, realistic assessment is feasible only if the nature of constructions and their ability to withstand earthquakes is known. As a result, it is imperative to know about the different types of building constructions in the country and their seismic vulnerability, i.e., expected performance during earthquakes. Use of this knowledge when formulating earthquake risk reduction programs will not only help to reduce human and economic loss, but also to decide the long term actions to increase earthquake resistance of the built environment.
The seismic vulnerability quantifies the propensity of types of buildings to be damaged due to specified ground motions. When carrying out risk assessment of large areas, where the built environment information may be available only at low resolution, vulnerability of the buildings implied in macro-seismic intensity scales is most commonly used. There is thus a need to develop standard building typology catalogues of prevalent construction types in India, and to further determine the seismic vulnerability of each class of building in the catalogue. When classes of buildings are considered for risk assessment, the vulnerability can be established in terms of the structural characteristics, and suitable modifiers to the vulnerability function can be established in terms of the geometrical characteristics. Since the construction practices vary in different parts of the country even when using the same construction material, the vulnerability function of different buildings in the typology catalogue will need to be developed for each region separately.
Keeping above objectives in mind an ambitious project “Seismic Vulnerability Assessment of Building Types in India” was started in June-2011. Project, funded and monitored by National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), was taken up jointly by 5 Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs). To account for the regional construction practices five different IITs in different parts of the country were chosen: (1) IIT Roorkee – North Region,(2) IIT Guwahati – North East Region, (3) IIT Kharagpur – East Region, (4) IIT Bombay – West Region, and (5) IIT Madras – South Region. The overall project coordinated by IIT Bombay and Prof Ravi Sinha wasProject Coordinator. The main aim of the project was to define building typologies for Indian construction and to assess their seismic vulnerability.
2
Chapter 2 Building Typology for Seismic Vulnerability Assessment
The earthquake resistance of buildings greatly influences seismic losses. The overwhelming majority of deaths and injuries in earthquakes occur because of the disintegration and collapse of buildings, and much of the economic loss and social disruption caused by earthquakes is also attributable to the failure of buildings and other human-made structures.
Studies of earthquake damage show that some types of construction tend to be more vulnerable than others. The form of construction of the main vertical load-bearing elements is one of the main determinants of vulnerability of a building. For instance, a building with unreinforced masonry walls can be expected to be much more vulnerable than a timber frame building. Thus, preparation of a building typology catalogue and using the catalogue for seismic vulnerability assessment is necessary (Coburn and Spence, 2002).
A standard building typology catalogue has not been prepared in the country that considers the resistance of buildings to earthquake ground motions as the primary criteria. Preliminary efforts in classifying construction typology for housing in India highlight the diversity in materials and technologies used in construction within the country (EERI-IAEE, 2002).
From the understanding of the problem and the observations regarding wide variation in behaviour of buildings to earthquake ground motions, it is important that a Building Typology Catalogue of India be prepared from seismic vulnerability considerations. The building types given in the catalogue should further be analysed to determine the vulnerability of the each building type. This should also consider the modifications to the vulnerability due to geometric and/or structural modifiers. The outcome of this effort can then provide invaluable information for carrying out earthquake damage scenario analysis, and thereby help to quantify the seismic risk in different parts of the country.
The necessity of preparing a building typology catalogue in the country and determination of seismic vulnerability of different building types has been recognised by experts. In the absence of a building typology catalogue, the Buildings Materials Technologies Promotion Council (BMTPC) has used housing census data for preparing the Vulnerability Atlas of India. The Atlas has provided potential damageability of different buildings on the basis of their material of construction. A more detailed assessment has not been feasible in any country-wide study in the absence of the building typology catalogue, the seismic vulnerability functions and more detailed information on built environment.
Some damage scenario studies have considered the seismic vulnerability of some building types in pilot areas (Arya, 2008, Sinha and Adarsh, 1999, Gulati, 2006, Prasad et al.,
3
2009). These studies have considered sample areas and have provided earthquake damage scenario based on the available information and limited data collection. The structural characteristics of buildings in these studies were not collected to develop the building typology catalogue and thus not directly useful for this work. Apart from modern constructions in urban and semi-urban areas, vernacular architecture and non-engineered, traditional construction techniques are widespread, not only in rural and semi-urban areas, but they also constitute a majority of the dwellings in urban historical nuclei. Hence there is a need to quantify the seismic resistance of such traditional constructions.
4
Chapter 3 Proposed Building Typologies for India
Based on building typologies adopted world-wide for seismic vulnerability, the building typology catalogue for Indian conditions is proposed.
Important international models of building typologies for seismic vulnerability have been evaluated for their technical details and relevance to Indian constructions. These models have been used in different parts of the world. It is noted that the initial proposals for building typology were primarily aimed to improve the ability to assess damage intensity following an earthquake. The typology thus consisted of broad classifications based on the material of construction or a combination of material of constriction and the basic structural system. Over time, as tools for seismic risk assessment were developed, the building typologies have been extended to provide useful data for risk assessment.
It is also seen that very few countries have country-specific building typology. Researchers in several other countries have used standard typology available in published literature.
The recent developments in building typology have considered the requirements of more advanced risk assessment methodologies. These typology catalogues therefore require much larger number of parameters. The typology has been defined consistent with the requirement of vulnerability assessment or for specification of vulnerability functions. It is noted that the parameters used in typology catalogue facilitate selection of vulnerability functions from an ensemble of standard functions.
The Typology Catalogue for Indian buildings has been proposed after evaluating the typology catalogues in other parts of the world. In addition, the proposed typology catalogue has also considered the peculiarities of construction practice in India and experiences from past earthquakes. Parameters such as material of construction, load resisting system, number of storeys, horizontal and vertical irregularities,quality of construction and level of ground are considered for categorization of buildings. It is proposed that buildings can be given unique 12 letters alpha-numeral code following the survey. The survey form and methods are not included in this report and are covered elsewhere. However, it may be mentioned that the survey will cover a much large number of attributes so that in addition to identification of the building type, the survey will also provide useful information regarding exposure and likely consequences of damage due to an earthquake.
Table 3.1 classifies buildings in various categories. A unique alpha-numeric 12 letters code is assigned to each building typology. Each of the parameter considered has been given a two letter code (Alphabet/Numeric).
5
Table 3.1 Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings M
ater
ial
Sub- Types
Load Resisting System(Lateral/Vertical)
Parameters Building Category No. of Stories Irregularity
Quality of Constru-ction
Level of Ground
Mas
onry
(M
)
Rubble stone (field stone) in mud/lime mortar or without mortar (usually with timber roof)
(A)
Stone Masonry Walls
(ST)
Number of stories in the building (01-99)
Horizontal Only (HO)
or
Vertical Only
(VO)
or
Horizontal and Vertical both
(HV)
Code complied and Good
(CG)
Code complied and Poor
(CP)
or
Not codecomplied and Good
(NG)
or
Not code complied and Poor
(NP)
Level Ground (LG)
or
Sloping Ground
(SG)
MASTXXXXXXXX
Massive stone masonry (in lime/cement mortar)
(B)
-do- -do- -do- -do- MBSTXXXXXXXX
Dressed stone (regular shape) masonry (in lime/cement mortar)
(C)
-do- -do- -do- -do- MCSTXXXXXXXX
Mud walls
(D)
Earthen/Mud/
Adobe/RammedEarthen Walls
(EW)
-do- -do- -do- -do- MDEWXXXXXXXX
Mud walls with horizontal wood elements
(E)
-do- -do- -do- -do- MEEWXXXXXXXX
Adobe block walls
(F) -do- -do- -do- -do-
MFEWXXXXXXXX
Rammed earth/Pise construction
(G)
-do- -do- -do- -do- MGEWXXXXXXXX
6
Table 3.1(a) Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings M
ater
ial
Sub- Types
Load Resisting System(Lateral/Vertical)
Parameters Building Category No. of Stories Irregularity
Quality of Constru-ction
Level of Ground
Mas
onry
(M
)
Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar
(H)
Burnt clay brick/block masonry walls
(BW)
-do- -do- -do- -do- MHBWXXXXXXXX
Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar with vertical posts
(I)
-do- -do- -do- -do- MIBWXXXXXXXX
Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar
(J)
-do- -do- -do- -do- MJBWXXXXXXXX
Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs
(K)
-do- -do- -do- -do- MKBWXXXXXXXX
Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof systems)
(L)
-do- -do- -do- -do- MLBWXXXXXXXX
Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams
(M)
-do- -do- -do- -do- MMBWXXXXXXXX
Unreinforced lime/cement (various floor/roof) (N)
Concrete block masonry
(CB) -do- -do- -do- -do- MNCBXXXXXXXX
7
Table 3.1(b) Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings M
ater
ial
Sub- Types
Load Resisting System(Lateral/Vertical)
Parameters Building Category No. of Stories Irregularity
Quality of Constru-ction
Level of Ground
Mas
onry
(M
)
Reinforced, in cement mortar (various floor/roof systems)
(O)
Concrete block masonry
(CB) -do- -do- -do- -do-
MOCBXXXXXXXX
With reinforced concrete (P)
Mixed Structure (MS)
-do- -do- -do- -do- MPMSXXXXXXXX
With composite steel
(Q)
-do- -do- -do- -do- MQMSXXXXXXXX
With timber, bamboo or others (R)
-do- -do- -do- -do- MRMSXXXXXXXX
Str
uct
ura
l Con
cret
e (C
)
Designed for gravity loads only (predating seismic codes i.e. no seismic features)
(A)
Moment Resisting Frame
(MF)
-do- -do- -do- -do- CAMFXXXXXXXX
Designed with seismic features (various ages)
(B)
-do- -do- -do- -do- CBMFXXXXXXXX
Frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls
(C)
-do- -do- -do- -do- CCMFXXXXXXXX
Flat slab structure
(D) -do- -do- -do- -do- CDMFXXXXXXXX
Precast frame structure
(E)
-do- -do- -do- -do- CEMFXXXXXXXX
Frame with concrete shear walls (dual system)
(F)
-do- -do- -do- -do- CFMFXXXXXXXX
8
Table 3.1(c) Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings M
ater
ial
Sub- Types
Load Resisting System(Lateral/Vertical)
Parameters Building Category No. of Stories Irregularity
Quality of Constru-ction
Level of Ground
Str
uct
ura
l Con
cret
e (c
)
Open ground storey structure (G)
Moment Resisting Frame (MF)
-do- -do- -do- -do- CGMFXXXXXXXX
Walls cast in-situ
(H) Shear Wall Structure
(SW)
-do- -do- -do- -do- CHSWXXXXXXXX
Precast wall panel structure
(I)
-do- -do- -do- -do- CISWXXXXXXXX
With load bearing masonry (J)
Mixed Structure (MS)
-do- -do- -do- -do- SJMSXXXXXXXX
With composite steel
(K)
-do- -do- -do- -do- SKMSXXXXXXXX
With timber, bamboo or others (L)
-do- -do- -do- -do- SLMSXXXXXXXX
Ste
el (
S)
With brick masonry partitions
(A)
Moment Resisting Frame
(MF)
-do- -do- -do- -do- SAMFXXXXXXXX
With cast in-situ concrete walls
(B)
-do- -do- -do- -do- SBMFXXXXXXX
With lightweight partitions
(C)
-do- -do- -do- -do- SCMFXXXXXXX
With various floor/roof systems
(D)
Braced Frame
(BF) -do- -do- -do- -do- SDBFXXXXXXXX
Single storey LM frame structure
(E)
Light Metal Frame
(LF) -do- -do- -do- -do- SELFXXXXXXX
With load-bearing masonry (F)
Mixed Structure (MS)
-do- -do- -do- -do- SFMSXXXXXXX
With Reinforced Concrete (G)
-do- -do- -do- -do- SGMSXXXXXXX
9
Table 3.1(d) Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings M
ater
ial
Sub- Types Load Resisting System(Lateral/Vertical)
Parameters Building Category No. of
Stories Irregularity
Quality of Constru-ction
Level of Ground
Ste
el (
S)
With composite steel and concrete vertical members (H)
-do- -do- -do- -do- SHMSXXXXXXX
With Timber, Bamboo or others(I)
-do- -do- -do- -do- SIMSXXXXXXX
Woo
den
Str
uct
ure
s (
W)
Thatch roof
(A)
Load Bearing Timber Frame
(TF)
-do- -do- -do- -do- WATFXXXXXXXX
Post and beam frame
(B) -do- -do- -do- -do-
WBTFXXXXXXXX
Walls with bamboo/reed mesh and post (Wattle and Daub)
(C)
-do- -do- -do- -do- WCTFXXXXXXX
Frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill
(D)
-do- -do- -do- -do- WDTFXXXXXXXX
Frame with plywood/gypsum board sheathing
(E)
-do- -do- -do- -do- WETFXXXXXXX
Frame with stud walls
(F) -do- -do- -do- -do-
WFTFXXXXXXXX
Dhajji-Diwari with light weight sloping roof (G)
-do- -do- -do- -do- WGTFXXXXXXXX
Dhajji-Diwari with heavy/stone sloping roof (H)
-do- -do- -do- -do- WHTFXXXXXXXX
Thatra with timber plank partitionswith light weight sloping roof (I)
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
WITFXXXXXXXX
Thatra with timber plank partitionswith heavy/stone sloping roof (J)
-do-
-do-
-do-
-do-
WJTFXXXXXXXX
10
Table 3.1(e) Proposed Building Typologies for Indian Buildings M
ater
ial
Sub- Types Load Resisting System(Lateral/Vertical)
Parameters Building Category No. of
Stories Irregularity
Quality of Constru-ction
Level of Ground
Woo
den
Str
uct
ure
s (W
)
Thatra with Dhajji-Diwari partitionswith light weight sloping roof (K)
Load Bearing Timber Frame
(TF)
-do- -do- -do- WKTFXXXXXXXX
Thatra with Dhajji-Diwari partitions with heavy/stone sloping roof (L)
-do- -do- -do- -do- WLTFXXXXXXXX
Kath-Kunni walls with stone packingwith light weight sloping roof (M)
-do- -do- -do- -do- WMTFXXXXXXXX
Kath-Kunni walls with stone packingwith heavy/stone sloping roof (N)
-do- -do- -do- -do- WNTFXXXXXXXX
Bam
boo
(B
)
Thatch roof (A) Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions‘Bunga’ (BF)
-do- -do- -do- -do- BABFXXXXXXXX
Building Category column in Table 3.1 gives a unique 12 letter code for each typology where values of X will be values specified in columns: Number of Stories, Irregularity, Quality of Construction and Ground slope. Code for the Number of stories will be same as number of stories (2 digit code) of the building.
11
Chapter 4 Field Surveys by IITs
A number of field survey visits at pilot scale were carried out by survey teams of IITs. The details of these surveys are given below in Table 4.1 and Tables 4.1(a) to 4.1(d) for IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, IIT Roorkee, IIT Guwahati, and IIT Kharagpur respectively.
Table 4.1 Details of field surveys carried out by IIT Bombay
Sr.
No. State District/City
Survey Dates Survey Teams
1. Maharashtra
Latur 19th June to 22nd June,
2012
1. Ashish Sapre, Senior Project Manager, IIT Bombay 2. Rohan Shinde, Senior Project Engineer, IIT Bombay 3. Mahendra Meena, Senior Project Engineer, IIT Bombay
Karad 11th July to 14th July,
2012
1. Ashish Sapre, Senior Project Manager, IIT Bombay 2. Rohan Shinde, Senior Project Engineer, IIT Bombay 3. Mahendra Meena, Senior Project Engineer, IIT Bombay
2. Gujarat
Bhuj 14thMay to 19th May,
2012
1. Ashish Sapre, Senior Project Manager, IIT Bombay 2. Rohan Shinde, Senior Project Engineer, IIT Bombay 3. Mahendra Meena, Senior Project Engineer, IIT Bombay 4. Paresh Vishnoi, 2nd Year M.Tech Student, IIT Bombay
Ahmedabad 30th July to 3rd August,
2012
1. Ashish Sapre, Senior Project Manager, IIT Bombay 2. Rohan Shinde, Senior Project Engineer, IIT Bombay 3. Mahendra Meena, Senior Project Engineer, IIT Bombay 4. Saurabh Shiradhonkar, Research Scholar, IIT Bombay
3. Goa North Goa 2nd July to 6th 1. Ashish Sapre, Senior Project Manager, IIT Bombay
12
Sr.
No. State District/City
Survey Dates Survey Teams
July, 2012 2. Rohan Shinde, Senior Project Engineer, IIT Bombay 3. Mahendra Meena, Senior Project Engineer, IIT Bombay
South Goa 2nd July to 6th
July, 2012
1. Ashish Sapre, Senior Project Manager, IIT Bombay 2. Rohan Shinde, Senior Project Engineer, IIT Bombay 3. Mahendra Meena, Senior Project Engineer, IIT Bombay
Table 4.1(a) Details of field surveys carried out by IIT Madras*
Sr.
No. State District/City Survey Dates Survey Teams
1. Andhra Pradesh
Nellore 9th July to 11th
July, 2012
1. Dr Arun Menon, Assistant Professor, IIT Madras 2. Dr CVR Murty, Professor, IIT Madras 3. Ms. Deepti R. Krrishnan, Project Officer, IIT Madras 4. Mr. Shivang Pathak, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 5. Mr. Abhijeet Singh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 6. Ms. Shreepradha CV, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 7. Ms. Sahana M, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 8. Ms. Karthika Ramesh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 9. Mr. Kishan NR, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 10. Mr. Ashwin Prabhu,Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 11. Mr. Shivraj SM, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras
Prakasam 12th July to 13th
July, 2012
1. Dr Arun Menon, Assistant Professor, IIT Madras 2. Dr A Meher Prasad, Professor, IIT Madras 3. Ms. N. Uma, Senior Project
13
Sr.
No. State District/City Survey Dates Survey Teams
Consultant, IIT Madras 4. Mr. Shivang Pathak, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 5. Mr. Abhijeet Singh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 6. Ms. Shreepradha CV, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 7. Ms. Sahana M, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 8. Ms. Karthika Ramesh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 9. Mr. Kishan NR, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 10. Mr. Ashwin Prabhu, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 11. Mr. Shivraj SM, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras
2. Kerala
Kottayam 25th June to
27th June,2012
1. Dr Arun Menon, Assistant Professor, IIT Madras 2. Ms. Deepti R. Krrishnan, Project Officer, IIT Madras 3. Mr. Shivang Pathak, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 4. Mr. Abhijeet Singh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 5. Ms. Shreepradha CV, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 6. Ms. Sahana M, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 7. Ms. Karthika Ramesh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 8. Mr. Kishan NR, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 9. Mr. Ashwin Prabhu, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 10. Mr. Shivraj SM, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras
Thrissur 28th June to
29th June, 2012
1. Dr Arun Menon, Assistant Professor, IIT Madras 2. Dr A Meher Prasad, Professor, IIT Madras 3. Ms. N. Uma, Senior Project Consultant, IIT Madras 4. Ms. Deepti R. Krrishnan, Project Officer, IIT Madras
14
Sr.
No. State District/City Survey Dates Survey Teams
5. Mr. Shivang Pathak, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 6. Mr. Abhijeet Singh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 7. Ms. Shreepradha CV, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 8. Ms. Sahana M, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 9. Ms. Karthika Ramesh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 10. Mr. Kishan NR, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 11. Mr. Ashwin Prabhu, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 12. Mr. Shivraj SM, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras
3. Tamil Nadu
Chennai
28th May to 1st June, 2012
3rd July to 5th July, 2012
1. Ms. N. Uma, Senior Project Consultant, IIT Madras 2. Ms. Deepti R. Krrishnan, Project Officer, IIT Madras 3. Mr. Shivang Pathak, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 4. Mr. Abhijeet Singh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 5. Ms. Shreepradha CV, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 6. Ms. Sahana M, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 7. Ms. Karthika Ramesh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 8. Mr. Kishan NR, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 9. Mr. Ashwin Prabhu, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 10. Mr. Shivraj SM, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras
Kancheepuram 6th July, 2012
1. Dr Arun Menon, Assistant Professor, IIT Madras 2. Ms. Deepti R. Krrishnan, Project Officer, IIT Madras 3. Mr. Shivang Pathak, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 4. Mr. Abhijeet Singh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 5. Ms. Shreepradha CV, Summer
15
Sr.
No. State District/City Survey Dates Survey Teams
Training Student, IIT Madras 6. Ms. Sahana M, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 7. Ms. Karthika Ramesh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 8. Mr. Kishan NR, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 9. Mr. Ashwin Prabhu, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 10. Mr. Shivraj SM, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras
Coimbatore 17th July to 20th
July, 2012
1. Dr Arun Menon, Assistant Professor, IIT Madras 2. Dr A Meher Prasad, Professor, IIT Madras 3. Dr Devdas Menon, Professor, IIT Madras 4. Ms. N. Uma, Senior Project Consultant, IIT Madras 5. Ms. Deepti R. Krrishnan, Project Officer, IIT Madras 6. Mr. S. Dinakaran, Project Officer, IIT Madras 7. Mr. Senthil Kumar, Project Officer, IIT Madras
Notes:
*The team from IIT Madras collaborated with the following teams from local engineering colleges in Kerala and TamilNadu.
1. Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Technology, Kottayam, KERALA
Faculty
1. Dr A. Praveen, Associate Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering
Students
1. Mr. Sooraj B 2. Mr. Nithin Cherian Mathew 3. Mr. Arjun S 4. Mr. Deepak Vijay 5. Mr. Sreejith PS 6. Mr. Shibin P Shaji 7. Mr. Vishnu Ramesh
16
8. Mr. Jithin Boss KJ
2. Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur
Faculty
1. Mr. Kiran CJ, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Civil Engineering
Students
1. Mr. Ranjith, KB 2. Mr. Sreejith, KS 3. Mr. Sarath, N 4. Mr. Sreekrishna Murali Panicker
3. Govt. College of Technology, Coimbatore
Faculty
1. Prof. Meenambal, Dept. of Civil Engineering 2. Prof. Arockiaraj, Dept. of Civil Engineering
Students
1. Mr. Ligin Somasundaram 2. Mr. N. Raju 3. Ms. Stefi Stephen 4. Ms. J. Arockia Leo Preethy
Table 4.1(b) Details of field surveys carried out by IIT Roorkee
Sr.
No. State District/City Survey Dates Survey Teams
1. NCR-Delhi
South Delhi and
Ghaziabad (Rural)
1. 5th August 2011
2. 10th September to 22nd October, 2011 (Weekends)
3. 25th June to 3rd July, 2012
1. Dr. Shilpa Pal, Assistant Professor, GBU, Greater NOIDA 2. Dr. S.M. Mudassir, Associate Professor, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 3. Ar. Aditya Rahul, Research Fellow, IIT Roorkee 4. Ar. Ankita Sood, Research Fellow, IIT Roorkee 5. Mr. Akhilesh Kumar, PG Student, GBU 6. Mr. Bhanu Pratap Singh, PG Student, GBU
2. Uttarakhand Mussoorie, 1. 5th January
to 12th 1. Dr. Yogendra Singh, Associate Professor, IIT Roorkee
17
Sr.
No. State District/City Survey Dates Survey Teams
Dehradun,
Haridwar, Roorkee, and
nearby villages
January, 2012
2. 26th May to 1st June, 2012
3. 20th June to 23rd June 2012
2. Mr. D.S. Narsimha, Research Scholar, IIT Roorkee 3. Mr. Vijay N. Khose, Research Scholar, IIT Roorkee 4. Ar. Aditya Rahul, Research Fellow, IIT Roorkee 5. Ar. Ankita Sood, Research Fellow, IIT Roorkee 6. Mr. Veereswara Rao, PG Student, IIT Roorkee 7. Mr. Mitesh Surana, PG Student, IIT Roorkee 8. Mr. A. Pramodh, PG Student, IIT Roorkee 9. Mr. Atir Hassan Saifi, Work Hire, IIT Roorkee
3. Uttar
Pradesh
Muzaffarnagar and nearby
villages
1. 10th August to 12th August, 2012
2. 18th August to19th August, 2012
1. Ar. Aditya Rahul, Research Fellow, IIT Roorkee 2. Ar. Ankita Sood, Research Fellow, IIT Roorkee 3. Ar. Deeplaxmi Nulkar, PG Student, IIT Roorkee 4. Ar. Arshiya Ahmed, PG Student, IIT Roorkee
4.
Himachal Pradesh
(H.P.)
Hamirpur, Kangra, Chamba, Shimla, Kinnaur,
Lahaul Spiti, and nearby
villages
1. 7th to 17th Sept., 2011
2. 4th to 16th Nov., 2011
3. 8th to 18th June, 2012
1. Dr. Hemant Kumar Vinayak, Assistant Professor, NIT Hamirpur 2. Ar. Aditya Rahul, Research Fellow, IIT Roorkee 3. Ar. Ankita Sood, Research Fellow, IIT Roorkee
18
Table 4.1(c) Details of field surveys carried out by IIT Guwahati*
Sr.
No. State District/City Survey Dates Survey Teams
1. Arunachal Pradesh
Papum Pare and Lower Subansiri
26th June to 10th August, 2012
1. Techi Nabo, Assistant Engineer, PWD 2. Mano Tayeng, Assistant Engineer, PWD 3. Shanam Yomso, Assistant Engineer, PWD 4. Tumken Ete, Assistant Engineer, PWD 5. Tumken Lollen, Assistant Engineer, PWD 6. Dawa Norbu, Assistant Engineer, PWD
East Siang 20th June to 30th
June, 2012
West Kameng
15th July to 25th July, 2012
Upper Siang and West
Siang
20th June to 30th June, 2012
Changlang and Tirap
15th July to 17th August, 2012
Tawang 20th June to 10th August, 2012
19
Sr.
No. State District/City Survey Dates Survey Teams
2. Assam
Kamrup (Guwahati
and suburbs)
15th June to 17th August, 2012
1. Sudip Paul, M.Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 2. Nithin V.L., M.Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 3. Syed Humayun Basha, Ph.D. Student, IIT Guwahati 4. Rhitwika Barman, Associate Project Engineer, IIT Guwahati 5. Thainswemong Choudhury, PhD Student, IIT Guwahati 6. Biswajit Chand, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 7. V. Dineshkumar, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 8. Sandeep Patil, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 9. Benazir F. Ahmed, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 10. Arijit Acharya, M.Tech. student, IIT Guwahati 11. Snehal Kaushik, Ph.D. student, IIT Guwahati, 12. Sreya Dhar, Ph.D. student, IIT Guwahati 13. Nishant Sharma, Ph.D. student, IIT Guwahati
Silchar and Hailakandi
1st July to 17th August, 2012
1. Anowar H. Laskar, Ph.D. Student, NIT Silchar 2. Ruhul A.Mazumdar, M. Tech. Student, NIT Silchar 3. Samarjit Kalita, M. Tech. Student, NIT Silchar
Jorhat 17th August to 18th August,
2012
1. Sudip Paul, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 2. Nithin V.L., M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 3. Thainswemong Choudhury, Ph.D. Student, IIT Guwahati 4. Biswajit Chand, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati
20
Sr.
No. State District/City Survey Dates Survey Teams
3. Meghalaya
East Khasi Hills
20th June to 31st July, 2012
1. Tennyson Kharmujai, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 2. Kerius Khongmen, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 3. Lashanlang Rynjah, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 4. Comingstarful Marthong, Faculty, Shillong Polytechnic College
Jaintia Hills 20th June to 31st
July, 2012
1. Joelvanstar Tymmenngiang, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 2. Janson David Warjri, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 3. Michael Andrew Duia, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College
West Garo Hills
20th June to 31st July, 2012
1. Protin Rabha, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 2. Nikcheng Ch. Sangma, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 3. Popalson A. Sangma, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College
4. Mizoram Aizawl
20th September to 23rd
September, 2012
*Survey dates provided by IIT Guwahati are flexible as they have carried out the field surveys over the span of months subject to rainy season and hilly area.
Table 4.1(d) Details of field surveys carried out by IIT Kharagpur
Sr.
No. State District/City Survey Dates Survey Teams
1. Orissa Bhubneshwar and Cuttack
16th August to 18th August,
2012
1. Prof. Nirjhar Dhang, IIT Kharagpur 2. Prof. S. Chakraborty, IIT Kharagpur 3. Prof. A. Deb, IIT Kharagpur 4. Md Riyaz Ali, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur 5. Mr. M. Pramodh, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur
21
Sr.
No. State District/City Survey Dates Survey Teams
6. Mr. Sanjay Balakrishnan, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur Mr. Rohit Singh Karakoti, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur
2. West
Bengal Kolkata
10th August to 12th August,
2012
1. Prof. Nirjhar Dhang, IIT Kharagpur 2. Prof. S. Chakraborty, IIT Kharagpur 3. Prof. A. Deb, IIT Kharagpur 4. Md Riyaz Ali, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur 5. Mr. M. Pramodh, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur 6. Mr. Sanjay Balakrishnan, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur 7. Mr. Rohit Singh Karakoti, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur
Chapter 5 Building Typologies Prevalent Across Various Regions of the Country
Based on the series of field surveys carried out by various IITs across the country, most of the building typologies from Table 3.1 are validated. Out of 12 letter unique alpha-numeric code, 4 letter code is used to describe the building typology based on the primary material of construction and load resisting system. These typologies can further be classified into different types depending upon various parameters such as number of storeys, vertical/horizontal irregularities, quality of construction and level of the ground to get its 12 digit unique alpha-numeric code.
Building typologies which are common in all regions of the country are listed below:
1. Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST) 2. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) 3. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) 4. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW) 5. Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS) 6. RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF) 7. RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF) 8. RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) 9. RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF) 10. RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF) 11. Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF) 12. Steel braced frame with various floor/roof systems (SDBF) 13. Steel single storey light metal frame structure (SELF) 14. Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS)
5.1 Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST)
Random rubble stone is of irregular shape, including small or medium-size river stones, smooth stone boulders with rounded edges, or stones from a quarry. Sometimes, these round stones are partially dressed to achieve a relatively regular shape. These stones are usually laid in a low-strength mortar such as mud or lime mortar. The wall thickness is usually on the order of 600 mm, but it can be excessively large—up to 2 m. In many instances, the exterior walls in the building are constructed first and the interior walls are constructed later without any connection. Some example buildings of this typology are illustrated below in Table 5.1
23
Table 5.1 Building Typology: Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST)
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
1.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. Random rubble stone with white sand mortar
2.
Rak
h, C
ham
ba (
H.P
.)
1.A dry stone masonry house
2. A type frame is used for roof.
3.
Kar
ad, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. Masonry with random rubble stone and bricks
2. Mud mortar
24
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
4.
Lho
u vi
llag
e, T
awan
g di
stri
ct,
Aru
nach
al P
rade
sh
Stone-masonry walls with roof of timber planks and timber truss; house of Monpa tribe
5.
Kot
taya
m, K
eral
a
1. RRM plinth
2. Timber posts and wall panels
3. Timber truss roof with Mangalore tiles
5.2 Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST)
Dressed stone masonry is constructed using stones of regular shape that look like solid blocks. A stone with a rectangular or square face is also called ashlar, hence the name ashlar masonry. Mortar in dressed stone masonry walls is usually of poor quality, however the seismic resistance is superior compared to other types of stone masonry due to frictional forces between adjacent stones. The thickness of dressed stone masonry walls is in the range of 300 to 600 mm. A few examples of dressed stone masonry with cement mortar buildings are shown below in Table 5.2.
25
Table 5.2 Building Typology: Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST)
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
1.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
1. Dressed stone unit used for construction in Bhuj rural area
2.
Kar
ad, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. Stone masonry with cement mortar
2. Stone masonry building having thick roof (more than 8 inch thick)
3.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
1. Sloping Nadiya roof type – Mangalore tiles
2. Stone masonry walls with cement mortar
26
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
4.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
1. Sloping Nadiya roof type – Mangalore tiles
2. Stone masonry with cement mortar
5.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar
6.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
1.Stone masonry in cement mortar 2. Built after 1993 Latur earthquake
27
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
7.
Sou
th G
oa
1.Mangalore tiles sloping roof building
5.3 Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)
This type of construction is generally found in rural areas. Typically, this is a single-story construction. The main load-bearing elements are unreinforced brick masonry walls in mud/lime mortar built without any seismic provisions. This construction type has been in practice for less than 100 years. There are typically no foundations in buildings of this type.There is no special provision for the lateral load transfer; in general, these buildings are very weak against the earthquake loads.
Table 5.3 Building Typology: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
1.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
1. Residential and Commercial occupancy
2. Re-entrant corners
3. Year of construction:1938
4.Good workmanship
5.Different storey heights present
28
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
2.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
1.Unreinforced brick in mud mortar
3.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
1. Wooden roof
2. Load bearing unreinforced brick walls
4.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
1. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar
2. Sloping Mangalore tiles roof
29
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
5.
Mad
ampa
tti,
Sou
th
Coi
mba
tore
Tal
uk, T
amil
N
adu
1. Stone masonry with mud mortar
2. Timber truss roof with Mangalore tiles
3. Articulated gable walls
4. Few cross walls
6.
Thr
issu
r, K
eral
a
1. URM laterite stone with LM
2. RRM plinth
3. Sloped roof with timber truss, Mangalore tiles
4. School building
5.4 Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
Unlike the above mentioned building typology MHBW, in this typology cement mortar is used instead of mud mortar. This type of construction is also typical in rural areas.
Table 5.4 Building Typology: Unreinforced brick masonry in lime/cement mortar (MJBW)
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
30
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
1.
Har
idw
ar,
Utt
arak
hand
1. Poor quality of masonry without any earthquake resistant feature
2. Poor foundation leading to crack due to settlement.
2.
Roo
rkee
,
Utt
arak
hand
1. Half brick thick interior walls without ant band
3.
Har
idw
ar,
Utt
arak
hand
A typical lintel over windows and doors – no band
31
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
4.
Guw
ahat
i, K
amru
p di
stri
ct,
Ass
am
Unreinforced Brick Masonry building with cement mortar without bands
5.
Kot
taya
m, K
eral
a
1. URM cement block/clay brick with CM
2. No lintel band
3. Raised dry pack RRM plinth
4. On river embankment
5. Pitched roof (steel tubes, AC sheeting)
6.
Thr
issu
r, K
eral
a
1. URM, laterite blocks and CM
2. RRM plinth
3. RC plinth band, lintel band
4. RC flat and sloped roofs
5.5 Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS)
This building typology comprises masonry as well as timber, bamboo and other wood elements in one single structure. It is also called mixed construction where major construction is masonry with some other wood elements.
32
Table 5.5 Building Typology: Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS)
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
1.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. Wooden column resting on stone block
2. Wooden column embedded in walls
2.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
1.Unreinforced masonry walls
2. Nadiya roof type Mangalore tiles
3.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
1.Bunga construction roof
33
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
4.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
1. Masonry walls with wooden roof
5.
Kar
ad, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. Stone masonry with wooden post
6.
Kar
ad, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. Wooden beam/slab with mud mortar
34
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
7.
Nor
th G
oa
1. Building with wooden vertical posts
2.Composite structure with mud mortar and cement mortar
8.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
1. Masonry mixed structure
2. Wooden balconies
3. GI sheet roof
4. Re-entrant corners
9.
Kot
taya
m, K
eral
a
1. Laterite stone blocks with lime mortar (LM)
2. Wood panels
3. Timber floor
4. Timber truss roof with ties and braces, Mangalore tiles
5.6 RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF)
This building typology consists only frame structure which design only for gravity loads, no seismic features are considered in the design of this type of buildings.
35
Table 5.6 Building Typology: RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF)
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
1.
Taw
ang
tow
n, T
awan
g di
stri
ct, A
runa
chal
Pra
desh
Discontinuity in vertical member of a school building
2.
Kar
ad, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. Moment resisting frame stricture 2. Curved beam
3. Commercial shops on the ground floor
3.
Kar
ad, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. RC frame structure
2. Apartment building
36
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
4.
Kar
ad, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. Under construction moment resisting frame building
2. Unreinforced brick masonry infill walls
5.
Kar
ad, M
ahar
asht
ra
1.Building partially on stilts
2. Repaired building
5.7 RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF)
This building typology contains frames structures like CAMF but design by considering seismic features.
Table 5.7 Building Typology: RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF)
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
37
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
1.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
1.Base isolated structure in Killari
2.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. Base isolating footing
3.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. Base isolating footing
38
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
4.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
1. Base Isolated Hospital in Bhuj
5.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
1. Base isolating footing
5.8 RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
This typology contains frame structure with the non-load bearing walls which is not braced by reinforced beams.
Table 5.8 Building Typology: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
39
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
1.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. Building under construction
2. Unreinforced brick masonry infill walls
2.
Noi
da, N
CR
1. Highly Irregular Plans
3.
Pan
du, G
uwah
ati,
Kam
rup
dist
rict
, A
ssam
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
Building for residential purposes
40
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
4.
Baw
ngka
wn,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
RC frame residential building with unreinforced masonry infill walls and partial open ground storey; built on isolated footing over the hill slopes
5.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
1.Multi-storey building
2. Sunshades
3. RC frame structure
6.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
1.Building with torsional irregularity
2. Communication tower on roof top
3. RC frame structure
4. Stiffness irregularities
41
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
7.
Bhu
bane
swar
, Ori
ssa
1. Open storey at the ground floor,
Residential multi-storey apartment
8.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
1. RC frame residential bunglow
9.
Bha
chau
, Guj
arat
1. RC frame government guest house
42
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
10.
Bha
chau
, Guj
arat
1. Residential bunglow
11.
Kar
ad, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. Building under construction
2. Brick masonry infill walls
12.
Kar
ad, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. Building partially on stilts
2. Commericial shops on ground floor
43
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
13.
Nel
lore
, AP
1. RC with infill masonry
2. RC floor slab
3. Independent villas
4. Regular frame
14.
Che
nnai
, Tam
il N
adu
1. RC with infill masonry (G+2)
2. RC floor slab
3. No offset between buildings
4. .Cantilevers
5. Narrow plot configuration
5.9 RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF)
This building types comprises flat slabs which are thick enough and do not contain beams. Flat slab are provided to avoid the beam so that enough head space can be provided.
Table 5.9 Building Typology: RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF)
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
44
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
1.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. Flat slab structure with Circular columns
2.
Tur
a, W
est G
aro
Hil
ls d
istr
ict,
Meg
hala
ya
Tapered columns at floor levels
3.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. Latur DCC bank 2. Only 7 storey building in Latur 3. Non-structural cladding
45
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
4.
Bhu
j, M
ahar
asht
ra
1.Hospital building with circular columns
5.10 RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)
This typology consist typical frame structures with stilts/open ground floors.
Table 5.10 Building Typology: RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
1.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
1.Building partially on stilts
2.Communication tower
46
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
2.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. Building under construction with open ground storey
3.
Noi
da, N
CR
1. Open ground storeys for parking
4.
Ada
bari
, Guw
ahat
i, A
ssam
Residential building with parking space at bottom
47
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
5.
Shi
llon
g E
ast K
hasi
Hil
ls
dist
rict
, Meg
hala
ya
Partially open ground storey building
6.
Jow
ai, J
aint
ia H
ills
dis
tric
t, M
egha
laya
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)
Partially open ground storey building
7.
Ong
ole,
And
hra
Pra
desh
1. RC with infill cement block masonry (G+5)
2. RC floor slabs
3. RC footings
4. No seismic design
5. Open ground storey (OGS)
5.11 Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF)
It consists of steel moment resisting frame with light weight partition walls such as GI sheets.
48
Table 5.11 Building Typology: Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF)
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
1.
Kar
ad, M
ahar
asht
ra
1.Steel Girder and columns
2. GI sheets partition walls
2.
Kar
ad, M
ahar
asht
ra
1.Steel Girder and columns
2. GI sheets partition walls
3.
Am
inga
on, K
amru
p di
stri
ct,
Ass
am
Building Category: Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF)
49
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
4.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. Multi-storey industrial unit
5.12 Steel braced frame with various floor/roof systems (SDBF)
This typology includes steel braced frame with various floor/roof systems
Table 5.12 Building Typology:With various floor/roof systems (SDMF)
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
1.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
1. Steel structure
2. Braced frame
3. Steel beams and columns
4. Steel roof
5.13 Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF)
This building type includes steel light metal structures with single storey
50
Table 5.13 Building Typology: Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF)
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
1.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
1.Steel Frame structure
2.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
1.GI sheet roof
3.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
1.I-section steel beams
51
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
4.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. Industrial unit
2. Steel Columns
5.14 Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS)
Table 5.14 Building Typology: Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS)
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
1.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
1.GI sheets partitions
52
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
2.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. Commercial steel structure
3.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. Steel roof
2. Steel beams
3. Steel and RC composite structure
4.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. First floor steel partition
53
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
5.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. Industrial unit
6.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. RC and steel composite structure
7.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
1. RC and steel composite structure
54
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
8.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
1.RC frame structure with GI sheets
55
Chapter 6 Building Typologies in Various Regions of the Country
Region-wise distribution of building typologies is given below:
6.1 Building Typologies for North Region
After a series of field survey carried out by IIT Roorkee in the north region, 19 building typologies were identified and are listed below:
1. Thathara with timber plank partitions and light weight sloping roof (WITF) 2. Thathara with Dhajji-Diwari partitions and light weight sloping roof (WKTF) 3. Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and light weight sloping roof (WMTF) 4. Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and heavy/stone sloping roof (WNTF) 5. Rubble stone (field stone) in mud/lime mortar or without mortar (usually with timber
roof) (MAST) 6. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) 7. Adobe block walls with sloping roof (MFEW) 8. Rammed earth/Pise construction with flat roof (MGEW) 9. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW) 10. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) 11. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof
slabs (MKBW) 12. Unreinforced concrete block in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof systems)
(MNCB) 13. Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS) 14. Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW) 15. RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) 16. RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF) 17. RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF) 18. RC mixed structure with load bearing masonry (CJMS) 19. RC mixed structure with composite timber, bamboo and others (CLMS)
The above mentioned typologies were identified during the pilot field surveys. It is
likely that some of the typologies in the region might have missed out and can further be added when the extensive State-wise survey is carried out. For example, there were some new/composite typologies identified in the north region after the finalisation of the building typology matrix. These building types are listed below:
56
New/composite building typologies which were identified in the North Region:
1. Thathara with infills of stone masonry in mud mortar and light weight sloping roof 2. Thathara with infills of dry stone and light weight sloping roof 3. Thathara with infills of brick masonry in cement mortar and light weight sloping roof 4. Thathara with timber plank partitions and flat roof 5. Thathara with Kath-Kunni infill walls 6. Thathara with mixed infill walls 7. Mixed Kath-Kunni construction 8. Kath-Kunni construction with flat roof 9. Mixed rammed earth/Pise construction 10. Dry rubble stone masonry with flat slab 11. Mixed dry rubble stone masonry 12. RC moment resisting frame with open intermediate storey structure 13. RC moment resisting frame with mixed infills 14. Unreinforced brick masonry and RBC slab structure 15. Rectangular (dressed) stone with mud mortar
The list of building typologies which were not identified during the pilot field survey is given below.
1. Massive stone masonry with lime/cement mortar (MBST) 2. Mud Walls (MDEW) 3. Mud walls with horizontal wood elements (MEEW) 4. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar with vertical posts (MIBW) 5. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof
systems) (MLBW) 6. Reinforced Concrete block masonry in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof
systems)(MOCB) 7. Masonry mixed structure with composite steel (MQMS) 8. Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS) 9. RC moment resisting frame with precast frame structure (CEMF) 10. RC moment resisting frame with concrete shear walls (dual system) (CFMF) 11. RC shear wall structure with walls cast in-situ (CHSW) 12. RC shear wall structure with precast wall panel structure (CISW) 13. RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS) 14. RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF) 15. RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF) 16. Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF) 17. Steel moment resisting frame with cast in-situ concrete walls (SBMF) 18. Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF) 19. Steel braced frame with various floor/roof systems (SDBF) 20. Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF) 21. Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS) 22. Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS) 23. Steel mixed structure with composite steel and concrete vertical members (SHMS) 24. Steel mixed structure with Timber, Bamboo or others (SIMS) 25. Load bearing timber frame with thatch roof (WATF) 26. Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) 27. Load bearing timber walls with bamboo/reed mesh and post (Wattle and Daub)
(WCTF)
57
28. Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF) 29. Load bearing timber frame with plywood/gypsum board sheathing (WETF) 30. Load bearing timber frame with stud walls (WFTF) 31. Load bearing timber frame Dhajji-Diwari with light weight sloping roof (WGTF) 32. Load bearing timber frame Dhajji-Diwari with heavy/stone sloping roof (WHTF) 33. Load bearing timber frame Thathara with timber plank partitions with heavy/stone
sloping roof (WJTF) 34. Load bearing timber frame Thathara with Dhajji-Diwari partitions with heavy/stone
sloping roof (WLTF) 35. Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)
The above mentioned building typologies identified in the NorthRegion of the country are illustrated in Annexure 2.
6.2 Building Typologies For North East Region
After a series of field survey carried out by IIT Guwahati in the north east region, 25 building typologies were identified and are listed below:
1. Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST) 2. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) 3. Mud Walls (MDEW) 4. Mud walls with horizontal wood elements (MEEW) 5. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) 6. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar with vertical posts (MIBW) 7. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW) 8. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof
slabs (MKBW) 9. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof
systems) (MLBW) 10. Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS) 11. RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF) 12. RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF) 13. RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) 14. RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF 15. RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF) 16. RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS) 17. Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF) 18. Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS) 19. Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF) 20. Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)
21. Load bearing timber frame with thatch roof (WATF)
22. Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) 23. Load bearing timber walls with bamboo/reed mesh and post (Wattle and Daub)
(WCTF) 24. Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF) 25. Load bearing timber frame with stud walls (WFTF)
58
Load bearing timber frame Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing with light weight sloping roof (WMTF)
The above mentioned typologies were identified during the pilot field surveys. It is likely that some of the typologies in the region might have missed out and can further be added when the extensive State-wise survey is carried out.
The list of building typologies which were not identified during the pilot field survey is given below.
1. Massive stone masonry with lime/cement mortar (MBST) 2. Adobe block walls (MFEW) 3. Rammed earth/Pise construction (MGEW) 4. Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW) 5. Unreinforced Concrete block masonry in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof
systems) (MNCB) 6. Reinforced Concrete block masonry in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof
systems) (MOCB) 7. Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS) 8. Masonry mixed structure with composite steel (MQMS) 9. RC moment resisting frame with precast frame structure (CEMF) 10. RC moment resisting frame with concrete shear walls (dual system) (CFMF) 11. RC shear wall structure with walls cast in-situ (CHSW) 12. RC shear wall structure with precast wall panel structure (CISW) 13. RC mixed structure with load bearing masonry (CJMS) 14. RC mixed structure with composite timber, bamboo and others (CLMS) 15. Steel moment resisting frame with cast in-situ concrete walls (SBMF) 16. Steel braced frame with various floor/roof systems (SDBF) 17. Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF) 18. Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS) 19. Steel mixed structure with composite steel and concrete vertical members (SHMS) 20. Steel mixed structure with Timber, Bamboo or others (SIMS) 21. Load bearing timber frame with plywood/gypsum board sheathing (WETF) 22. Load bearing timber frame Dhajji-Diwari with light weight sloping roof (WGTF) 23. Load bearing timber frame Dhajji-Diwari with heavy/stone sloping roof (WHTF) 24. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with timber plank partitions with light weight
sloping roof (WITF) 25. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with timber plank partitions with heavy/stone
sloping roof (WJTF) 26. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with Dhajji-Diwari partitions with light weight
sloping roof (WKTF) 27. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with Dhajji-Diwari partitions with heavy/stone
sloping roof (WLTF) 28. Load bearing timber frame Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing with heavy/stone
sloping roof (WNTF)
The above mentioned building typologies prevalent in the North East Region of the country are illustrated in Annexure 3.
59
6.3 Building Typologies For East Region
After a series of field survey carried out by IIT Kharagpur in the east region, 21 building typologies were identified and are listed below:
1. Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST) 2. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) 3. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) 4. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW) 5. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof
slabs (MKBW) 6. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof
systems) (MLBW) 7. Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS) 8. RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF) 9. RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF) 10. RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) 11. RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF) 12. RC moment resisting frame with concrete shear walls (dual system) (CFMF) 13. RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF) 14. RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS) 15. RC mixed structure with composite timber, bamboo and others (CLMS) 16. Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF) 17. Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF) 18. Steel single storey light metal frame structure (SELF) 19. Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS) 20. Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS) 21. Steel mixed structure with composite steel and concrete vertical members (SHMS)
The above mentioned typologies were identified during the pilot field surveys. It is likely that some of the typologies in the region might have missed out and can further be added when the extensive State-wise survey is carried out.
The list of building typologies which were not identified during the pilot field survey is given below.
1. Massive stone masonry with lime/cement mortar (MBST) 2. Mud Walls (MDEW) 3. Mud walls with horizontal wood elements (MEEW) 4. Adobe block walls (MFEW) 5. Rammed earth/Pise construction (MGEW) 6. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar with vertical posts (MIBW) 7. Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW) 8. Unreinforced Concrete block masonry in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof
systems) (MNCB) 9. Reinforced Concrete block masonry in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof
systems) (MOCB) 10. Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS) 11. Masonry mixed structure with composite steel (MQMS) 12. RC moment resisting frame with precast frame structure (CEMF)
60
13. RC shear wall structure with walls cast in-situ (CHSW) 14. RC shear wall structure with precast wall panel structure (CISW) 15. RC mixed structure with load bearing masonry (CJMS) 16. Steel moment resisting frame with cast in-situ concrete walls (SBMF) 17. Steel braced frame with various floor/roof systems (SDBF) 18. Steel mixed structure with Timber, Bamboo or others (SIMS)
19. Load bearing timber frame with thatch roof (WATF)
20. Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) 21. Load bearing timber walls with bamboo/reed mesh and post (Wattle and Daub)
(WCTF) 22. Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF) 23. Load bearing timber frame with plywood/gypsum board sheathing (WETF) 24. Load bearing timber frame with stud walls (WFTF) 25. Load bearing timber frame Dhajji-Diwari with light weight sloping roof (WGTF) 26. Load bearing timber frame Dhajji-Diwari with heavy/stone sloping roof (WHTF) 27. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with timber plank partitions with light weight
sloping roof (WITF) 28. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with timber plank partitions with heavy/stone
sloping roof (WJTF) 29. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with Dhajji-Diwari partitions with light weight
sloping roof (WKTF) 30. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with Dhajji-Diwari partitions with heavy/stone
sloping roof (WLTF) 31. Load bearing timber frame Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing with light weight
sloping roof (WMTF) 32. Load bearing timber frame Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing with heavy/stone
sloping roof (WNTF) 33. Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)
The above mentioned building typologies prevalent in East Region of the country are illustrated in Annexure 4.
6.4 Building Typologies For West Region
After a series of field survey carried out by IIT Bombay in the west region, 32 building typologies were identified and are listed below:
1. Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST) 2. Massive stone masonry with lime/cement mortar (MBST) 3. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) 4. Mud Walls (MDEW) 5. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) 6. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar with vertical posts (MIBW) 7. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW) 8. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof
slabs (MKBW) 9. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof
systems) (MLBW)
61
10. Unreinforced in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof systems) (MNCB) 11. Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW) 12. Concrete block masonry with cement mortar (MNCB) 13. Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS) 14. Masonry mixed structure with composite steel (MQMS) 15. Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS) 16. RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF) 17. RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF) 18. RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) 19. RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF) 20. RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF) 21. RC shear wall structure with walls cast in-situ (CHSW) 22. RC mixed structure with load bearing masonry (CJMS) 23. RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS) 24. RC mixed structure with composite timber, bamboo and others (CLMS) 25. Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF) 26. Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF) 27. Steel braced frame with various floor/roof systems (SDBF) 28. Steel single storey light metal frame structure (SELF) 29. Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS) 30. Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS) 31. Steel mixed structure with composite steel and concrete vertical members (SHMS) 32. Timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF)
The above mentioned typologies were identified during the pilot field surveys. It is likely that some of the typologies in the region might have missed out and can further be added when the extensive State-wise survey is carried out.
The list of building typologies which were not identified during the pilot field survey is given below.
1. Mud walls with horizontal wood elements (MEEW) 2. Adobe block walls (MFEW) 3. Rammed earth/Pise construction (MGEW) 4. Reinforced Concrete block masonry in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof
systems) (MOCB) 5. RC moment resisting frame with precast frame structure (CEMF) 6. RC moment resisting frame with concrete shear walls (dual system) (CFMF) 7. RC shear wall structure with precast wall panel structure (CISW) 8. Steel mixed structure with Timber, Bamboo or others (SIMS)
9. Load bearing timber frame with thatch roof (WATF)
10. Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) 11. Load bearing timber walls with bamboo/reed mesh and post (Wattle and Daub)
(WCTF) 12. Load bearing timber frame with plywood/gypsum board sheathing (WETF) 13. Load bearing timber frame with stud walls (WFTF) 14. Load bearing timber frame Dhajji-Diwari with light weight sloping roof (WGTF) 15. Load bearing timber frame Dhajji-Diwari with heavy/stone sloping roof (WHTF) 16. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with timber plank partitions with light weight
sloping roof (WITF)
62
17. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with timber plank partitions with heavy/stone sloping roof (WJTF)
18. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with Dhajji-Diwari partitions with light weight sloping roof (WKTF)
19. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with Dhajji-Diwari partitions with heavy/stone sloping roof (WLTF)
20. Load bearing timber frame Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing with light weight sloping roof (WMTF)
21. Load bearing timber frame Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing with heavy/stone sloping roof (WNTF)
22. Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)
The above mentioned building typologies prevalent in West Region of the country are illustrated in Annexure 5.
6.5 Building Typologies For South Region
After a series of field survey carried out by IIT Madras in the north region, 32 building typologies were identified and are listed below:
1. Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST) 2. Massive stone masonry with lime/cement mortar (MBST) 3. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) 4. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) 5. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar with vertical posts (MIBW) 6. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW) 7. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof
slabs (MKBW) 8. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof
systems) (MLBW) 9. Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW) 10. Unreinforced Concrete block masonry in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof
systems) (MNCB) 11. Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS) 12. Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS) 13. RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF) 14. RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF) 15. RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) 16. RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF) 17. RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF) 18. RC mixed structure with load bearing masonry (CJMS) 19. RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS) 20. RC mixed structure with composite timber, bamboo and others (CLMS) 21. Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF) 22. Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF) 23. Steel braced frame with various floor/roof systems (SDBF) 24. Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF) 25. Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS) 26. Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS)
63
27. Steel mixed structure with composite steel and concrete vertical members (SHMS) 28. Steel mixed structure with Timber, Bamboo or others (SIMS) 29. Load bearing timber frame with thatch roof (WATF) 30. Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) 31. Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF) 32. Load bearing timber frame with plywood/gypsum board sheathing (WETF)
The above mentioned typologies were identified during the pilot field surveys. It is likely that some of the typologies in the region might have missed out and can further be added when the extensive State-wise survey is carried out.
The list of building typologies which were not identified during the pilot field survey is given below.
1. Mud Walls (MDEW) 2. Mud walls with horizontal wood elements (MEEW) 3. Adobe block walls (MFEW) 4. Rammed earth/Pise construction (MGEW) 5. Reinforced Concrete block masonry in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof
systems) (MOCB) 6. Masonry mixed structure with composite steel (MQMS) 7. RC moment resisting frame with precast frame structure (CEMF) 8. RC moment resisting frame with concrete shear walls (dual system) (CFMF) 9. RC shear wall structure with walls cast in-situ (CHSW) 10. RC shear wall structure with precast wall panel structure (CISW) 11. Steel moment resisting frame with cast in-situ concrete walls (SBMF) 12. Load bearing timber walls with bamboo/reed mesh and post (Wattle and Daub)
(WCTF) 13. Load bearing timber frame with stud walls (WFTF) 14. Load bearing timber frame Dhajji-Diwari with light weight sloping roof (WGTF) 15. Load bearing timber frame Dhajji-Diwari with heavy/stone sloping roof (WHTF) 16. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with timber plank partitions with light weight
sloping roof (WITF) 17. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with timber plank partitions with heavy/stone
sloping roof (WJTF) 18. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with Dhajji-Diwari partitions with light weight
sloping roof (WKTF) 19. Load bearing timber frame Thatra with Dhajji-Diwari partitions with heavy/stone
sloping roof (WLTF) 20. Load bearing timber frame Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing with light weight
sloping roof (WMTF) 21. Load bearing timber frame Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing with heavy/stone
sloping roof (WNTF) 22. Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)
The above mentioned building typologies prevalent in South Region of the country are illustrated in Annexure 6.
64
Chapter 7 Discussions
The present documentfocuses on standard building typology catalogue proposed for seismic vulnerability assessment in India. It discusses building typologies which are common in various parts of the country. The proposed building typologies were validated by pilot field surveys carried out in various parts of the country by respective IITs. It was noted that though the building typology may be same for two different regions, the local variations in terms of methods and quality of construction are quite different. Especially the non-engineered building typologies in various regions have such local variations. Thus, it gives an insight into building typologies prevalent in different parts of the country as well.
65
References
Coburn, A. and Spence, R. (2002). Earthquake Protection, John Wiley and Sons Ltd., 2nd Edition, Chichester, England.
EERI-IAEE (2002). World Housing Encyclopaedia Report – Country: India Gulati, B.(2006). "Earthquake risk assessment of buildings: The applicability of HAZUS in
Dehradun, India", MSc. Thesis, Indian Institute of Remote Sensing, Dehradun, 2006. Prasad, J.S.R., Singh, Y., Kaynia, A.M. and Lindholm, C. (2009). "Socioeconomic clustering
in seismic risk assessment of urban housing stock", Earthquake Spectra, 25(3), 619-641.
Sinha, R., Shaw, R., Goyal, A., Choudhary, M.D., Jaiswal, K., Saita, J., Arai, H., Pribadi K. And Arya, A.S.(2001). "The Bhuj Earthquake of January 26, 2001", Indian Institute of Technology Bombay and Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Centre, Miki, Japan.
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ANNEXURE 1
The Project team would like to express their gratitude to the following for facilitating to prepare the documentand enable the team to meet the NDMA project objectives.
1. Dr. B. Bhattacharjee, Hon'ble Member, NDMA 2. Prof. A.S. Arya, Prof, Emeritus, IITR 3. Mr. Saurabh Shiradhonkar, Research Scholar, IIT Bombay 4. Mr. Paresh Vishnoi, 2nd Year M.Tech Student, IIT Bombay 5. Mr. S. Dinakaran, Project Officer, IIT Madras 6. Mr. Senthil Kumar, Project Officer, IIT Madras 7. Mr. Shivang Pathak, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 8. Mr. Abhijeet Singh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 9. Ms. Shreepradha CV, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 10. Ms. Sahana M, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 11. Ms. Karthika Ramesh, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 12. Mr. Kishan NR, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 13. Mr. Ashwin Prabhu, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 14. Mr. Shivraj SM, Summer Training Student, IIT Madras 15. Dr. Shilpa Pal, Assistant Professor, GBU, Greater NOIDA 16. Dr. S.M. Mudassir, Associate Professor, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 17. Ar. Deeplaxmi Nulkar, PG Student, IIT Roorkee 18. Ar. Arshiya Ahmed, PG Student, IIT Roorkee 19. Mr. Akhilesh Kumar, PG Student, GBU 20. Mr. Bhanu Pratap Singh, PG Student, GBU 21. Mr. D.S. Narsimha, Research Scholar, IIT Roorkee 22. Mr. Vijay N. Khose, Research Scholar, IIT Roorkee 23. Mr. Veereswara Rao, PG Student, IIT Roorkee 24. Mr. Mitesh Surana, PG Student, IIT Roorkee 25. Mr. A. Pramodh, PG Student, IIT Roorkee 26. Mr. Atir Hassan Saifi, Work Hire, IIT Roorkee 27. Dr. Hemant Kumar Vinayak, Assistant Professor, NIT Hamirpur 28. Mr. Techi Nabo, Assistant Engineer, PWD 29. Mr. Mano Tayeng, Assistant Engineer, PWD 30. Mr. Shanam Yomso, Assistant Engineer, PWD 31. Mr. Tumken Ete, Assistant Engineer, PWD 32. Mr. Tumken Lollen, Assistant Engineer, PWD 33. Mr. Dawa Norbu, Assistant Engineer, PWD 34. Mr. Sudip Paul, M.Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 35. Mr. Nithin V.L., M.Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 36. Mr. Syed Humayun Basha, Ph.D. Student, IIT Guwahati 37. Ms. Rhitwika Barman, Associate Project Engineer, IIT Guwahati 38. Mr. Thainswemong Choudhury, PhD Student, IIT Guwahati
67
39. Mr. Biswajit Chand, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 40. Mr. V. Dineshkumar, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 41. Mr. Sandeep Patil, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 42. Mr. Benazir F. Ahmed, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 43. Mr. Arijit Acharya, M.Tech. student, IIT Guwahati 44. MS. Snehal Kaushik, Ph.D. student, IIT Guwahati, 45. MS. Sreya Dhar, Ph.D. student, IIT Guwahati 46. Mr. Nishant Sharma, Ph.D. student, IIT Guwahati 47. Mr. Anowar H. Laskar, Ph.D. Student, NIT Silchar 48. Mr. Ruhul A.Mazumdar, M. Tech. Student, NIT Silchar 49. Mr. Samarjit Kalita, M. Tech. Student, NIT Silchar 50. Mr. Sudip Paul, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 51. Mr. Nithin V.L., M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 52. Mr. Thainswemong Choudhury, Ph.D. Student, IIT Guwahati 53. Mr. Biswajit Chand, M. Tech. Student, IIT Guwahati 54. Mr. Tennyson Kharmujai, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 55. Mr. Kerius Khongmen, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 56. Mr. Lashanlang Rynjah, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 57. Mr. Comingstarful Marthong, Faculty, Shillong Polytechnic College 58. Mr. Joelvanstar Tymmenngiang, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic
College 59. Mr. Janson David Warjri, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 60. Mr. Michael Andrew Duia, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 61. Mr. Protin Rabha, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 62. Mr. Nikcheng Ch. Sangma, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 63. Mr. Popalson A. Sangma, Diploma Student, Shillong Polytechnic College 64. Mr. Md Riyaz Ali, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur 65. Mr. M. Pramodh, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur 66. Mr. Sanjay Balakrishnan, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur 67. Mr. Rohit Singh Karakoti, M.Tech. 2nd Year Student, IIT Kharagpur
68
ANNEXURE 2 Catalogue of Building Types for North Region
After a series of field surveys in the States in Northern India viz. Uttar Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh (H.P.) and Delhi-NCR by IIT Roorkee survey teams, following building typologies are identified for north region of the country. Each building typology is represented by a four digit unique code as listed below:
1. Thathara with timber plank partitions and light weight sloping roof (WITF) 2. Thathara with Dhajji-Diwari partitions and light weight sloping roof (WKTF) 3. Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and light weight sloping roof (WMTF) 4. Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and heavy/stone sloping roof (WNTF) 5. Rubble stone (field stone) in mud/lime mortar or without mortar (usually with timber
roof) (MAST) 6. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) 7. Adobe block walls with sloping roof (MFEW) 8. Rammed earth/Pise construction with flat roof (MGEW) 9. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW) 10. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) 11. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs
(MKBW) 12. Unreinforced concrete block in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof systems)
(MNCB) 13. Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS) 14. Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW) 15. RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) 16. RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF) 17. RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF) 18. RC mixed structure with load bearing masonry (CJMS) 19. RC mixed structure with composite timber, bamboo and others (CLMS)
These typologies can further be classified into different types depending upon various parameters such as number of storeys, vertical/horizontal irregularities, quality of construction and level of the ground to get its 12 digit unique alpha-numeral code.
These building typologies along with their characteristics are illustrated below through some example buildings during various field visits.
Table
Sr. No.
1
2
3
1 Example
Place K
hajj
iar,
Cha
mba
(H
.P.)
B
harm
our,
Cha
mba
(H
.P.)
R
ohta
, Cha
mba
(H
.P.)
e buildings surveyed
Example
69
d in North
es Building
h Region
gs C
BuilThatplanklightroof
1. Ahousfloorand thathcornplan
BuilThatplanlightroof
1. Atypic
BuilThatplanlightroof
1.Muthathverabetwsuppwoo
Characteris
lding Categthara with ti
nk partitionst weight slof (WITF)
A small thathse with grour of stone wfirst floor hharas at all ners with wonks partition
lding Categthara with t
nk partitionst weight slof (WITF)
A three storecal thathara
lding Categthara with t
nk partitionst weight slof (WITF)
Mud plasteredhara at cornandah and inween the rooported over oden posts
stics
gory: imber
s and oping
hara und
wall has
ooden ns
gory: imber
s and oping
ey a house
gory: imber
s and oping
d ners of n of is
Sr. No.
4
5
6
Place
Roh
ta, C
ham
ba (
H.P
.)
Bha
rmou
r, C
ham
ba (
H.P
.)
Bha
rmou
r, C
ham
ba (
H.P
.)
Example
70
es Building
gs C
BuilThatplanlightroof
1. Embe se
2. Winfilstore
BuildThathDiwalight roof
1. Dinfilcons
BuilThattypeTypo
1. Wcertacourlowe
2. Wpartistore
Characteris
lding Categthara with t
nk partitionst weight slof (WITF)
mpty thathaeen
Wooden plall in the uppey
ding Categhara with Dari partitionweight slop(WKTF)
Dhajji Dewarll in a thathastruction
lding Categthara with m
es of infills (ology)
Wooden courain intervalsrses of stoneer floors
Wooden planitions in theey
stics
gory: imber
s and oping
ara can
anks as per
gory: Dhajji-ns with ping
ri as ara
gory: mixed (New
rses at s in e –
nks e upper
Sr. No.
7
8
9
Place
Bha
rmou
r, C
ham
ba (
H.P
.)
Roh
ta, C
ham
ba (
H.P
.)
Bha
rmou
r, C
ham
ba (
H.P
.)
Example
71
es Building
gs C
BuilThatKun(New
1. Win bestonmud
BuilThatof stmudweig(New
1. Aon sl
2. Afloorarea abov
3. befirst out
BuilThatof stmudweig(New
1. Thsuppbeam
Characteris
lding Categthara with K
nni infill waw Typology
Wooden memetween cour
ne masonry id mortar
lding Categthara with itone masonrd mortar andght sloping w Typology
A thathara holoping site
Area of grour is smaller
a of the floorve
eams suppot floor are je
lding Categthara with itone masonrd mortar andght sloping w Typology
hathara porting the rm can be se
stics
gory: Kath-lls
y)
mbers rses of in
gory: nfills ry in d light roof
y)
ouse
nd than r
orting etting
gory: nfill ry in d light roof
y)
ridge en
Sr. No.
10
11
12
Place
Bha
rmou
r, C
ham
ba (
H.P
.)
Cha
mba
(H
.P.)
L
akka
r M
andi
, Cha
mba
(H
.P.)
Example
72
es Building
gs C
BuilThatof drweig(New
1. Thplast
2. Dbetw
3. Thfloorwithwill of be
BuilThatof brcemlightroof
1. Bwithhas rearli
BuilThatplanflat rTypo
1. Aroof plastwall
2. Uwooto su
Characteris
lding Categthara with iry stone andght sloping w Typology
hathara hastered
Dry stone paween thathar
he gap betwr beams is f
h loose stonresult in slieams
lding Categthara with irick masonr
ment mortar t weight slof (New Typo
Brick masonrh cement moreplaced theier material
lding Categthara with t
nk partitionsroof (New ology)
A house withf and mud tered thathrls.
Unhewn thinoden logs arupport the r
stics
gory: nfill d light roof
y)
been
cking ras
ween filled es, iding
gory: nfill ry in and
oping ology)
ry ortar e
gory: imber
s and
h flat
ra and
n re used oof
73
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
13
Lak
kar
Man
di, C
ham
ba (
H.P
.)
Building Category: Thathara with timber plank partitions and flat roof (New Typology)
1. A house with flat roof and mud plastered thathra and walls.
2. Unhewn wooden logs are used to support the roof
14
Bha
rmou
r, C
ham
ba (
H.P
.)
Building Category: Thathara with mixed infills (New Typology)
1. Horizontal wooden planks are used as partition in one wall whereas other two partitions are in stone masonry
2. Change in slope of roof can be seen
15
Jibh
i, K
ullu
(H
.P.)
Building Category: Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and light weight sloping roof (WMTF)
1. Kath kunni house under construction
74
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
16
Chi
tkul
, Kin
naur
(H
.P.)
Building Category:
Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and light weight sloping roof (WMTF)
1. Wooden frame work being packed with stones
2. Butterfly ties, to hold the two parallel wooden beams in place, can also be seen
17
Man
ali,
Kul
lu (
H.P
.)
Building Category: Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and heavy/stone sloping roof (WNTF)
1. Cantilevered balcony in an old kath kunni house
18
Kin
naur
(H
.P.)
Building Category: Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and heavy/stone sloping roof (WNTF)
1. Alternate courses of wood and stone – a typical kath kunni construction
2. Cantilever supported by a wooden post
75
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
19
Rar
ang,
Kin
naur
(H
.P.)
Building Category: Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and heavy/stone sloping roof (WNTF)
1. A typical kathkuni house with hipped roof
20
Bar
kot,
Utt
arak
hand
Building Category: Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and heavy/stone sloping roof (WNTF)
1. Multi-storey construction in Kath-kunni, existing for more than 100 years (confirmed by Carbon dating)
21
Rak
cham
, Kin
naur
(H
.P.)
Building Category: Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and heavy/stone sloping roof (WNTF)
1. A small Kath kunni structure
76
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
22
Bah
u, K
ullu
(H
.P.)
Building Category: Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and heavy/stone sloping roof (WNTF)
1. Projected wooden balcony and small window openings
23
Bah
u, K
ullu
(H
.P.)
Building Category: Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and heavy/stone sloping roof (WNTF)
1. Kath kunni house on sloping site
2. Balcony supported over RCC columns
3. Walls are mud plastered
24
Bah
u, K
ullu
(H
.P.)
Building Category: Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and heavy/stone sloping roof (WNTF)
1.Kath kunni houses plastered with mud
2. Walls finished with mud slurry in lower floors and white washed in floors above
77
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
25
Bah
u, K
ullu
(H
.P.)
Building Category: Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and heavy/stone sloping roof (WNTF)
1. Access through wooden stairs in a kath kunni house
26
Bah
u, K
ullu
(H
.P.)
Building Category: Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and heavy/stone sloping roof (WNTF)
1 Increased gap in between layers of wood can be notice. The gap increased with time, as the timber became costlier.
27
Sar
ahan
, Kin
naur
(H
.P.)
Building Category: Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing and heavy/stone sloping roof (WNTF)
1. Gable-end sloping roof in old kath kunni houses
78
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
28
Chi
tkul
, Kin
naur
(H
.P.)
Building Category: Mixed Kath-Kunni construction (New Typology)
1. A Kath-Kunni house under construction
2. Timber frame with wooden planks partition can be seen
29
Kin
naur
(H
.P.)
Building Category: Mixed Kath-Kunni construction (New Typology)
1. RCC beams and columns in the verandah at ground floor 2. Timber framed construction in verandah above
30
Jibh
i, K
ullu
(H
.P.)
Building Category: Mixed Kath-Kunni construction (New Typology)
2. Multi-storey kath-kunni house under construction
3. The outer envelop of the building is going to be timber framed with glass windows
79
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
31
Kin
naur
(H
.P.)
Building Category: Mixed Kath-Kunni construction (New Typology)
1.Dhajji-diwari construction in the first floor of a kath kunni house
32
Poo
h, L
ahau
l-S
piti
(H
.P.)
Building Category: Kath-Kunni construction with flat roof (New Typology)
33
Kib
ber,
Lah
aul-
Spi
ti (
H.P
.)
Building Category: Rammed earth/Pise construction with flat roof (MGEW)
1. A typical Spitian architecture house
80
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
34
Kib
ber,
Lah
aul-
Spi
ti (
H.P
.)
Building Category: Rammed earth/Pise construction with flat roof (MGEW)
1. Built with rammed earth technique
2. Built on split level to suit the local topography
35
Kii
, Lah
aul-
Spi
ti (
H.P
.)
Building Category: Rammed earth/Pise construction with flat roof (MGEW)
1. A typical spitian house under construction with foundation in stone masonry
36
Kib
ber,
Lah
aul-
Spi
ti (
H.P
.)
Building Category: Rammed earth/Pise construction with flat roof (MGEW)
1. Flat roof of mud supported over thin wooden logs and tree branches
81
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
37
Kib
ber,
Lah
aul-
Spi
ti (
H.P
.)
Building Category: Rammed earth/Pise construction with flat roof (MGEW)
1. A typical Spitian architecture house
38
Kib
ber,
Lah
aul-
Spi
ti (
H.P
.)
Building Category: Rammed earth/Pise construction with flat roof (MGEW)
1. Large openings in new house
39
Kib
ber,
Lah
aul-
Spi
ti (
H.P
.)
Building Category: Rammed earth/Pise construction with flat roof (MGEW)
1. View of village Kibber – All houses built on sloping terrain
82
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
40
Kaz
a, L
ahau
l-S
piti
(H
.P.)
Building Category: Rammed earth/Pise construction with flat roof (MGEW)
1. Spitian mud houses with boundary wall of stones
41
Kib
ber,
Lah
aul-
Spi
ti (
H.P
.)
Building Category: Mixed rammed earth/Pise construction (New Typology)
1.A typical spitian house where verandah is being built in RCC columns and beams
42
Pra
gpur
, Kan
gra
(H.P
.)
Building Category: Adobe block walls with sloping roof (MFEW)
1. A typicalmud building
83
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
43
Pra
gpur
, Kan
gra
(H.P
.)
Building Category: Adobe block walls with sloping roof (MFEW)
1. First floor supported on bamboos and covered with mud
44
Pra
gpur
, Kan
gra
(H.P
.)
Building Category: Adobe block walls with sloping roof (MFEW)
1. Walls made of mud blocks and plastered with mud
45
Pra
gpur
, Kan
gra
(H.P
.)
Building Category: Adobe block walls with sloping roof (MFEW)
1. Hipped roof on mud walls and lean-to-roof over verandah
84
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
46
Pra
gpur
, Kan
gra
(H.P
.)
Building Category: Adobe block walls with sloping roof (MFEW)
1. A typicalmud building with varying window sizes
2. Roof covering on one portion has been replaced with GI sheets
47
Pra
gpur
, Kan
gra
(H.P
.)
Building Category: Adobe block walls with sloping roof (MFEW)
1. Another mud bouse with slate roofing
48
Pra
gpur
, Kan
gra
(H.P
.)
Building Category: Adobe block walls with sloping roof (MFEW)
1. Wooden post supporting the beam above
2. Wooden beams laid over main beam to support the floor above can also be seen
85
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
49
Roo
rkee
, Har
idw
ar (
U.K
.)
Building Category: Adobe block walls with sloping roof (MFEW)
1. A mud house in out skirts of Roorkee
50
Rak
h, C
ham
ba (
H.P
.)
Building Category: Rubble stone (field stone) in mud/lime mortar or without mortar (usually with timber roof) (MAST)
1. Use of wooden beams to support the floor above
2. To make room for cupboards, bricks have been used
3. A type frame for roof.
51
Rak
h, C
ham
ba (
H.P
.)
Building Category: Rubble stone (field stone) in mud/lime mortar or without mortar (usually with timber roof) (MAST)
1. A dry stone masonry structure under construction
86
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
52
Rak
h, C
ham
ba (
H.P
.)
Building Category: Rubble stone (field stone) in mud/lime mortar or without mortar (usually with timber roof) (MAST)
1.A dry stone masonry house
2. A type frame is used for roof.
53
Kin
naur
(H
.P.)
Building Category: Rubble stone (field stone) in mud/lime mortar or without mortar (usually with timber roof) (MAST)
1. Use of RCC columns and beams along with dry masonry structure
2. Roof covering is of light weight slates
54
Bat
tal,
Lah
aul-
Spi
ti (
H.P
.)
Building Category: Rubble stone (field stone) in mud/lime mortar or without mortar (usually with timber roof) (MAST)
1. A dry stone masonry structure under construction
87
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
55
Bat
tal,
Lah
aul-
Spi
ti (
H.P
.)
Building Category: Rubble stone (field stone) in mud/lime mortar or without mortar (usually with timber roof) (MAST)
1.A dry stone masonry house
56
Rak
h, C
ham
ba (
H.P
.)
Building Category: Rubble stone (field stone) in mud/lime mortar or without mortar (usually and timber roof) (MAST)
1. An dry stone masonry shed with GI sheets roofing
57
Rak
h, C
ham
ba (
H.P
.)
Building Category: Dry rubble stone masonry with flat slab
88
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
58
Poo
h, L
ahau
l-S
piti
(H
.P.)
Building Category:
Dry rubble stone masonry with flat roof
1. Roof covering is of light weight slates
59
Poo
h, L
ahau
l-S
piti
(H
.P.)
Building Category: Dry rubble stone masonry with flat RC roof
60
Rak
h, C
ham
ba (
H.P
.)
Building Category: Mixed dry rubble stone masonry
1. Main entrance lobby of house is being built in RCC while rest of the house is dry stone masonry construction
2. Roof covering is of light weight slates
89
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
61
Mus
soor
ie, U
ttra
khan
d Building
Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Irregular configuration to suit hill topography
62
Shi
mla
(H
.P.)
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Building on hilly terrain
63
NO
IDA
, NC
R
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Highly Irregular Plans
90
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
64
Ram
pur,
Shi
mla
(H
.P.)
Building
Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Beam is not being concreted fully as some part of reinforcement is left exposed to be concreted with slab.
65
Har
idw
ar (
U.K
.)
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Part of column left exposed – poor construction practices
66
Mus
soor
ie, U
ttra
khan
d
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)
1. Use of stilts to support buildings at road level in hilly areas
91
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
67
NO
IDA
, NC
R
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)
1. Open ground storeys for parking
68
NO
IDA
, NC
R
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)
1. Irregular framing
92
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
69
San
gla
(H.P
.)
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)
70
Shi
mla
, (H
.P.)
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)
1. Highly irregular plan as well as elevation
71
Shi
mla
, (H
.P)
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)
1. Highly Irregular Plans
93
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
72
Shi
mla
(H
.P.)
Building Category:
RC moment resisting frame with open intermediate storey structure
1. Use of bricks and concrete blocks as infill in the same building
2. Intermediate soft storeys in the building to accommodate parking
73
Shi
mla
, (H
.P)
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with open top storey structure
1. Columns of varying heights to support the floor above
2. Open storey at the top
74
Shi
mla
(H
.P.)
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with RC bracing
1. Cross bracing of RC
Sr. No.
75
76
77
Place
Shi
mla
(H
.P.)
S
him
la (
H.P
.)
Ham
irpu
r (H
.P.)
Example
94
es Building
gs C
BuilRC mframbrac
1. A
BuilRC mframinfil
1. Uconcinfillbuild
BuilRC mframinfil
1. Utype
Characteris
lding Categmoment res
me with RC cing
A-type RC b
lding Categmoment res
me with mixlls
Use of brickscrete blocksl in the samding
lding Categmoment res
me with mixlls
Use of differes of infills
stics
gory: sisting
racing
gory: sisting xed
s and s as
me
gory: sisting xed
ent
95
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
78
Kin
naur
, (H
.P)
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with mixed infills
1. Use of bricks and concrete blocks as infill in the same building
2. Highly irregular plan
79
Poo
h, L
ahau
l-S
piti
(H
.P)
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with mixed infills
1. Use of bricks and concrete blocks as infill in the same building
80
Man
ali,
Kul
lu (
H.P
)
Building Category: RC mixed structure with load bearing masonry (CJMS)
1. A composite structure where columns can be seen on outer facade but no beams
96
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
81
Sun
dern
agar
, (H
.P)
Building Category: Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS)
1. RB roof on RC posts with stone and brick masonry in mud mortar .
82
Kaz
a, L
ahau
l-S
piti
(H
.P)
Building Category: RC mixed structure with load bearing masonry (CJMS)
83
Kaz
a, L
ahau
l-S
piti
(H
.P)
Building Category: RC mixed structure with composite timber, bamboo and others (CLMS)
1. RCC columns and beams with infill walls of rammed earth
97
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
84
Kin
naur
, (H
.P)
Building Category: Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS)
1. In top floor brick column can be seen
85
Cha
mba
,(H
.P)
Building Category: RC mixed structure with composite timber, bamboo and others (CLMS)
1. Use of stilts to support buildings at road level in hilly areas
2. At places, brick piers instead of RCC columns have been used
86
Har
idw
ar (
U.K
.)
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. Poor quality of masonry without any earthquake resistant feature
2. Poor foundation leading to crack due to settlement.
98
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
87
Roo
rkee
, Har
idw
ar (
U.K
.)
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. Half brick thick interior walls without any band
88
Muz
affa
rnag
ar (
U.P
.)
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)
1. A typical shuttering for roof construction
89
Har
idw
ar (
U.K
.)
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)
1. A typical lintel over windows and doors – no band
99
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
90
Har
idw
ar (
U.K
.)
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)
1. Large projected sunshade and slab
91
Roo
rkee
, Har
idw
ar (
U.K
.)
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)
1. Irregular elevation and balcony and roof projections
92
Har
idw
ar (
U.K
.)
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)
1. Floating walls - Walls not directly placed over walls below
100
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
93
Muz
affa
rnag
ar (
U.P
.)
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)
1. Parapets and various projections in a house
94
Muz
affa
rnag
ar (
U.P
.)
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)
1. Floating walls - Walls on projected part
95
Muz
affa
rnag
ar
(U.P
.)
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)
1. Irregular elevation in a brick masonry house
101
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
96
Har
idw
ar (
U.K
.)
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry and RB slab structure (New Typology)
1. Large opening sizes
97
Muz
affa
rnag
ar (
U.P
.)
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry and RB slab structure (New Typology)
1. An RB roof on masonry walls – typical construction in north-Indian plains
2. Large openings in walls and no earthquake resistant features
98
Muz
affa
rnag
ar (
U.P
.)
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry and RB slab structure (New Typology)
1. Walls not directly placed over walls below
102
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
99
Man
ali,
(H.P
) Building Category:
Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS)
1. A school building with vertical posts and ties at lintel level, but no reinforcement at Jambs and Sill level.
100
Har
idw
ar (
U.K
.)
Building Category: Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW)
1. Projections , irregular shapes and unplanned extensions
101
Muz
affa
rnag
ar (
U.P
.)
Building Category: Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW)
1. Plinth beam with discontinued reinforcement
103
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
102
Roo
rkee
, Har
idw
ar (
U.K
.)
Building Category: Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW)
1. A composite structure with beam being resting on the wall
103
Muz
affa
rnag
ar (
U.P
.)
Building Category: Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW)
1. A school building with vertical posts and ties at lintel level, but no reinforcement at Jambs and Sill level.
104
Roo
rkee
, Har
idw
ar (
U.K
.)
Building Category: Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW)
1. Very narrow plinth band with two bars lying side by side
104
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
105
Kin
naur
, (H
.P)
Building Category: Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW)
1. A composite structure with beam being resting on the wall
106
San
gla,
Kin
naur
(H
.P)
Building Category: Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW)
1. Infill of stone with cement mortar
107
Har
idw
ar (
U.K
.)
Building Category: Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW)
1. No vertical reinforcement/column/ post
105
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
108
Roo
rkee
, Har
idw
ar (
U.K
.)
Building Category: Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW)
1. A RB roof on RC posts with masonry in mud mortar.
2. No vertical post at corner
109
Kib
ber,
Lah
aul-
Spi
ti (
H.P
)
Building Category: Rectangular (dressed) stone with mud mortar (New Typology)
1. Stone in mud mortar, also projected stone piers to give additional strength to the wall
106
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
110
Gar
ali,
Kan
gra
(H.P
) Building Category:
Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)
111
Gar
ali,
Kan
gra
(H.P
)
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)
107
ANNEXURE 3 Catalogue of Building Types for North East Region
After a series of field surveys in the States in North Eastern India viz. Assam, Meghalaya, Mizoram and Arunachal Pradesh by IIT Guwahati survey teams, following building typologies are identified for north east region of the country. Each building typology is represented by a four digit unique code as listed below:
1. Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST) 2. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) 3. Mud Walls (MDEW) 4. Mud walls with horizontal wood elements (MEEW) 5. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) 6. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar with vertical posts (MIBW) 7. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW) 8. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof
slabs (MKBW) 9. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof
systems) (MLBW) 10. Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS) 11. RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF) 12. RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF) 13. RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) 14. RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF 15. RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF) 16. RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS) 17. Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF) 18. Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS) 19. Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF) 20. Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)
21. Load bearing timber frame with thatch roof (WATF)
22. Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) 23. Load bearing timber walls with bamboo/reed mesh and post (Wattle and Daub)
(WCTF) 24. Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF) 25. Load bearing timber frame with stud walls (WFTF) 26. Load bearing timber frame Kath-Kunni walls with stone packing with light weight
sloping roof (WMTF)
108
These typologies can further be classified into different types depending upon various parameters such as number of storeys, vertical/horizontal irregularities, quality of construction and level of the ground to get its 12 digit unique alpha-numeral code.
These building typologies along with their characteristics are illustrated below through some example buildings during various field visits.
Table 2: Example buildings surveyed in North East Region
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
1.
Jain
tia
Hil
ls, M
egha
laya
Building Category: Rubble stone in mud/lime or without mortar (MAST)
Constructed with random rubble and dressed stone masonry in cement mortar. Light weight sloping roof with proper ties.
2.
Jain
tia
Hil
ls, M
egha
laya
Building Category: Rubble stone in mud/lime or without mortar (MAST)
Constructed with random rubble and dressed stone masonry in cement mortar. Light weight sloping roof with proper ties.
109
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
3.
Lho
u vi
llag
e, T
awan
g di
stri
ct,
Aru
nach
al P
rade
sh
Building Category: Rubble stone in mud/lime or without mortar (MAST)
Stone-masonry walls with roof of timber planks and timber truss; house of Monpa tribe
4.
Guw
ahat
i, K
amru
p di
stri
ct, A
ssam
Building Category:Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MJBW)
Unreinforced Brick Masonry building with cement mortar without bands
5.
Guw
ahat
i, K
amru
p di
stri
ct, A
ssam
Building Category:Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MJBW)
Unreinforced Brick Masonry building with cement mortar without bands
110
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
6.
Guw
ahat
i, K
amru
p di
stri
ct, A
ssam
Building Category:Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MJBW)
Unreinforced Brick Masonry building with cement mortar without bands
7.
Guw
ahat
i, K
amru
p di
stri
ct, A
ssam
Building Category:Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MJBW)
Unreinforced Brick Masonry building with cement mortar without bands
111
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
8.
Guw
ahat
i, K
amru
p di
stri
ct, A
ssam
Building Category:
Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof systems) (MKBW)
Unreinforced Brick Masonry building with cement mortar and with bands
9.
Guw
ahat
i, K
amru
p di
stri
ct, A
ssam
Building Category:
Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof systems) (MKBW)
Unreinforced Brick Masonry building with cement mortar and with bands
112
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
10.
Dal
dagr
e, T
ura,
Wes
t Gar
o H
ills
, Meg
hala
ya
Building Category:
Mud Walls (MDEW)
Mud house with no columns and foundation
11.
Nol
bari
, Wes
t Gar
o H
ills
, M
egha
laya
Building Category:
Mud Walls (MDEW)
Mud house: Earth walls with CGI sheet sloping roof
113
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
12.
Phu
lbar
i, W
est G
aro
Hil
ls,
Meg
hala
ya
Building Category:
Mud walls with horizontal wood elements (MDEW)
Mud walls with horizontal and vertical wood framing elements
13.
Phu
lbar
i, W
est G
aro
Hil
ls,
Meg
hala
ya
Building Category:
Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar (MGBW)
Mud construction using sundried bricks.
14.
Nag
or G
oan,
Wes
t Gar
o H
ills
, M
egha
laya
Building Category:
Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar (MGBW)
Sun dried brick house with no foundation constructed with thatch roof
114
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
15.
Bor
odol
dong
a vi
llag
e, W
est G
aro
Hil
ls d
istr
ict,
Meg
hala
ya
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF)
No seismic design or detailing carried out
16.
Kod
amsa
li V
illa
ge, W
est G
aro
Hil
ls
dist
rict
, Meg
hala
ya
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF)
Discontinuity in vertical member of a school building
115
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
17.
Taw
ang
tow
n, T
awan
g di
stri
ct, A
runa
chal
Pra
desh
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF)
Discontinuity in vertical member of a school building
18.
Nah
arla
gun,
Pap
um P
are
dist
rict
, Aru
nach
al
Pra
desh
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF)
Building with floating columns
116
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
19.
Shi
llon
g E
ast K
hasi
Hil
ls d
istr
ict,
Meg
hala
ya
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF)
20.
Pan
du, G
uwah
ati,
Kam
rup
dist
rict
, Ass
am
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
Building for residential purposes
21.
Nar
engi
, Guw
ahat
i, K
amru
p di
stri
ct,
Ass
am
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
Building for residential purposes
117
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
22.
Dig
aru,
Guw
ahat
i, K
amru
p di
stri
ct, A
ssam
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
School building
23.
Bel
tola
, Guw
ahat
i, K
amru
p di
stri
ct,
Ass
am
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
Residential building
118
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
24.
Itan
agar
, Pap
um P
are
dist
rict
, Aru
nach
al P
rade
sh
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
25.
Shi
llon
g, E
ast K
hasi
Hil
ls d
istr
ict,
Meg
hala
ya
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
Residential building
119
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
26.
Jow
ai, J
aint
ia H
ills
dis
tric
t, M
egha
laya
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
L shaped building
27.
Phu
lbar
i, W
est G
aro
Hil
ls d
istr
ict,
Meg
hala
ya
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
28.
Tur
a, W
est G
aro
Hil
ls d
istr
ict,
Meg
hala
ya
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF)
Tapered columns at floor levels
120
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
29.
Tur
a, W
est G
aro
Hil
ls d
istr
ict,
Meg
hala
ya
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF)
Flat slab building under construction
30.
Ada
bari
, Guw
ahat
i, A
ssam
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)
Residential building with parking space at bottom
31.
Taw
ang
tow
n, T
awan
g di
stri
ct,
Ass
am
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)
Partially open ground storey building
121
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
32.
Shi
llon
g, E
ast K
hasi
Hil
ls d
istr
ict,
Meg
hala
ya
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)
33.
Shi
llon
g E
ast K
hasi
Hil
ls d
istr
ict,
Meg
hala
ya
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)
Partially open ground storey building
34.
Jow
ai, J
aint
ia H
ills
dis
tric
t, M
egha
laya
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)
Partially open ground storey building
122
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
35.
Tur
a, W
est G
aro
Hil
ls d
istr
ict,
Meg
hala
ya
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)
36.
Am
inga
on, K
amru
p di
stri
ct,
Ass
am
Building Category: RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS)
Steel trusses on RC frame
37.
Am
inga
on, K
amru
p di
stri
ct, A
ssam
Building Category: Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF)
Factory for making plastic products
123
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
38.
Am
inga
on, K
amru
p di
stri
ct,
Ass
am
Building Category: Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF)
39.
Non
grim
, Eas
t Kha
si H
ills
dis
tric
t,
Meg
hala
ya
Building Category: Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF)
40.
Shi
llon
g, E
ast K
hasi
Hil
ls d
istr
ict
Meg
hala
ya
Building Category: Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF)
124
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
41.
Am
inga
on, K
amru
p di
stri
ct, A
ssam
Building Category: Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF)
Partition made of alloy of tin
42.
Am
inga
on, K
amru
p di
stri
ct, A
ssam
Building Category: Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF)
43.
Am
inga
on, K
amru
p di
stri
ct,
Ass
am
Building Category: Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF)
125
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
44.
Am
inga
on, K
amru
p di
stri
ct, A
ssam
Building Category: Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF)
Partition of both tin alloy and brick masonry
45.
Am
inga
on, K
amru
p di
stri
ct,
Ass
am
Building Category: Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS)
126
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
46.
Phu
lbar
i, W
est G
aro
Hil
ls d
istr
ict,
Meg
hala
ya
Building Category: Wooden Structures: Walls with bamboo/reed mesh and post (Wattle and Daub) (WCTF)
Wooden frame with light partition wall consists of bamboo strips which are plastered with cement mortar. Stone foundation which is about 20 cm below the ground level. Lintel bands are present. Good connection between walls at corners.
127
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
47.
Phu
lbar
i, W
est G
aro
Hil
ls d
istr
ict,
Meg
hala
ya
Building Category: Wooden Structures: Walls with bamboo/reed mesh and post (Wattle and Daub) (WCTF)
Timber construction with light sloping roof. Masonry foundation columns are connected to the timber with the bolts.
48.
Tur
a, W
est G
aro
Hil
ls d
istr
ict,
Meg
hala
ya
Building Category: Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF)
Ikra type house
128
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
49.
Nag
or G
aon,
Wes
t Gar
o H
ills
dis
tric
t, M
egha
laya
Building Category: Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF)
Ikra type house
50.
Kod
amsa
li, W
est G
aro
Hil
ls d
istr
ict,
Meg
hala
ya
Building Category: Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF)
This house is locally known as Dotla nok (house).
There is no foundation but the timber post has been fastened with clip to act as column. Till 80 cm the wall is of one brick wall and the rest has been built with timber frame putting bamboo in the middle and it has been plastered.
129
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
51.
Ass
am-M
izor
am b
orde
r, S
ilch
ar
dist
rict
, Ass
am
Building Category:Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF)
Timber-framed house with significant mass and stiffness irregularity; building on slope
52.
Guw
ahat
i, K
amru
p di
stri
ct, A
ssam
Building Category: Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF)
Ikra type house in Guwahati
Single storey
Residential
53.
Guw
ahat
i, K
amru
p di
stri
ct, A
ssam
Building Category: Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF)
Ikra type building used for Administrative purpose in Guwahati.
Two storey.
130
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
54.
Taw
ang
tow
n, T
awan
g di
stri
ct,
Aru
nach
al P
rade
sh
Building Category:Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF)
Timber-framed house with walls of timber planks; Jack Arch type timber truss in roof
55.
Taw
ang
tow
n, T
awan
g di
stri
ct, A
runa
chal
P
rade
sh
Building Category:Load bearing timber walls with bamboo/reed mesh and post (Wattle and Daub) (WCTF)
Timber-framed house with walls of timber planks; Jack Arch type timber truss in roof
56.
Lho
u vi
llag
e, T
awan
g di
stri
ct,
Aru
nach
al P
rade
sh
Building Category:Load bearing timber walls with bamboo/reed mesh and post (Wattle and Daub) (WCTF)
Timber framing with walls of wooden planks; house of Monpa tribe
131
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
57.
Aoh
ali v
illa
ge, E
ast S
iang
dis
tric
t, A
runa
chal
Pra
desh
Building Category:Load bearing timber walls with bamboo/reed mesh and post (Wattle and Daub) (WCTF)
Timber framing with timber plank partitions; house of Idu-Mishmi tribe
58.
Phu
lbar
i, W
est G
aro
Hil
ls d
istr
ict,
Meg
hala
ya
Building Category: Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)
Bamboo frames with Bamboo partitions
‘Bunga’
59.
Phu
lbar
i, W
est G
aro
Hil
ls d
istr
ict,
Meg
hala
ya
Building Category: Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)
Bamboo frames with Bamboo partitions and
Open ground storey
132
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
60.
Mat
chik
ol, T
ura,
Wes
t Gar
o H
ills
di
stri
ct, M
egha
laya
Building Category: Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)
Bamboo house with no proper foundation.
61.
Wal
bakg
re, T
ura,
Wes
t Gar
o H
ills
dis
tric
t, M
egha
laya
Building Category: Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)
One room house.
Wooden frame with single leaf walls, Horizontal wooden members are present, good connections between walls at corners.
133
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
62.
Nag
or G
oan,
Wes
t Gar
o H
ills
, Meg
hala
ya
Building Category: Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)
Bamboo walls with thatch roof. This type of house is very cheap and is constructed with locally available materials.
63.
Doi
muk
h, P
apum
Par
e di
stri
ct, A
runa
chal
P
rade
sh
Building Category: Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)
Bamboo-framed house with thatched roof of straw leaves; building on stilt; typical house of Nyishi tribe
134
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
64.
Meb
o vi
llag
e, E
ast S
iang
dis
tric
t, A
runa
chal
P
rade
sh
Building Category: Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)
Bamboo-framed building with wooden planks in floors and thatched roof; typical house of Adi tribe
65.
Sim
rang
vil
lage
, Cha
ngla
ng d
istr
ict,
Aru
nach
al P
rade
sh
Building Category: Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)
Timber framed structure with bamboo floors and partitions; typical house of Tangsa tribe
135
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
66.
Pan
keng
vil
lage
, Wes
t Sia
ng d
istr
ict,
Aru
nach
al P
rade
sh
Building Category: Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)
Thatched roof with columns of thick bamboo upto roof level; typical house of Minyong tribe
67.
Zir
o, L
ower
Sub
ansi
ri d
istr
ict,
Aru
nach
al
Pra
desh
Building Category: Bamboo frames with Bamboo/Ekra/ straw partitions ‘Bunga’ with thatch roof (BABF)
Bamboo-framed house with bamboo-thatched roof; typical house of Apatani tribe
136
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
68.
Kha
tla,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
An official building, with RC frames and unreinforced masonry infill walls, on isolated footing built on the hill slopes.
69.
Kha
tla,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
Inside view of the above structure.
70.
Kha
tla,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
An official building, with RC frames and unreinforced masonry infill walls, on isolated footing built on the hill slopes.
137
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
71.
Kha
tla,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
Side view of the above structure
72.
Kha
tla,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
An official building, with RC frames and unreinforced brick masonry infill walls, on isolated footing built on the hill slopes; partial open ground storey
73.
Kha
tla,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
Side view of the above structure
138
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
74.
Din
thar
, Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
A community church on isolated footing with partial open ground storey
75.
Din
thar
, Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
Lower structural view
76.
Baw
ngka
wn,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
An official building, with RC frames and unreinforced brick masonry infill walls, on isolated footing built on the hill slopes.
139
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
77.
Baw
ngka
wn,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
Inside view of the above structure.
78.
Kha
tla,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
A residential RC building on isolated footing built over the hill slopes; RC frame within reinforced brick masonry infill walls.
79.
Kha
tla,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
Inside view of the above structure
140
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
80.
Baw
ngka
wn,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
A residential RC building on isolated footing built over the hill slopes; RC frame within reinforced brick masonry infill walls
81.
Baw
ngka
wn,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
A residential RC building on isolated footing built over the hill slopes; RC frame within reinforced brick masonry infill walls.
141
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
82.
Din
thar
, Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
A RC school building on isolated footing built on the hill; RC frame with unreinforced brick masonry infill walls.
83.
Din
thar
, Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
Inside view of the above building
84.
Kha
tla,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
A RC building on isolated footing; RC frame with unreinforced brick masonry infill walls
142
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
85.
Hm
ar V
eng,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
A community church on isolated footing built over the hill slope with partial open ground storey; RC frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls.
86.
Hm
ar V
eng,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
Inside view of the same building
143
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
87.
Bar
a ba
zar,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
RC building with partly tin roof and walls and open ground storey; RC frame with unreinforced brick masonry infill walls
88.
Bar
a ba
zar,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
Inside view of the above structure
89.
Daw
poi,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
RC frame building with unreinforced brick masonry infill walls and glass façade; RC shear walls as internal core walls
144
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
90.
Sal
om V
eng,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
A RC residential building on isolated footing built over the hill slopes with partial open ground storey; RC frame with unreinforced brick masonry infill walls.
91.
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
RC frame building with unreinforced brick masonry infill walls and built on isolated footing.
145
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
92.
Baw
ngka
wn,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
RC frame residential building with unreinforced masonry infill walls and partial open ground storey; built on isolated footing over the hill slopes
93.
Baw
ngka
wn,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
RC frame residential building with unreinforced masonry infill walls and partial open ground storey; built on isolated footing over the hill slopes
146
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
94.
Hm
ar V
eng,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
RC frame residential building with unreinforced masonry infill walls and partial open ground storey; built on isolated footing over the hill slopes.
95.
Tui
luil
, Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
RC frame residential building with unreinforced masonry infill walls; built on isolated footing over the hill slopes
147
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
96.
Hm
ar V
eng,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category: Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) Wood-framed house with raised platform, asbestos sheet as wall and having tin roof; significant soft storey vulnerability
97.
Hm
ar V
eng,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category: Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) A local house with walls partly asbestos sheet and tin. Supports consist of steel tubes and wooden columns.
98.
Hm
ar V
eng,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category: Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) A local house on raised platform and timber frames along the hill slope. The wall is made of asbestos sheet and tin roof is present
148
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
99.
Hm
ar V
eng,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category: Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) A house over raised platform, supported by wooden members
100.
Hm
ar V
eng,
Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category: Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) Bottom view of the above structure
149
Sr. No.
Place Example Building Characteristics
101.
Din
thar
, Aiz
awl,
Miz
oram
Building Category: Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) A non-engineered building with an outside projection. The walls are asbestos sheet and the roofs are made of tin.
150
ANNEXURE 4 Catalogue of Building Types for East Region
After a series of field surveys in the States in Eastern India viz. West Bengal, Orissa and Bihar by IIT Kharagpur survey teams, following building typologies are identified for east region of the country. Each building typology is represented by a four digit unique code as listed below:
1. Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST) 2. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) 3. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) 4. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW) 5. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof
slabs (MKBW) 6. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof
systems) (MLBW) 7. Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS) 8. RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF) 9. RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF) 10. RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) 11. RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF) 12. RC moment resisting frame with concrete shear walls (dual system) (CFMF) 13. RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF) 14. RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS) 15. RC mixed structure with composite timber, bamboo and others (CLMS) 16. Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF) 17. Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF) 18. Steel single storey light metal frame structure (SELF) 19. Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS) 20. Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS) 21. Steel mixed structure with composite steel and concrete vertical members (SHMS)
These typologies can further be classified into different types depending upon various parameters such as number of storeys, vertical/horizontal irregularities, quality of construction and level of the ground to get its 12 digit unique alpha-numeral code.
These building typologies along with their characteristics are illustrated below through some example buildings during various field visits.
Table 3: Example buildings surveyed in East Region
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
151
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
1.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in lime mortar (MHBW)
1. Old structure
2. Circular Column
3. Unreinforced brick masonry
4. Presence of isolated vertical posts
2.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in lime mortar (MHBW)
1.Circular Columns
2. Relatively open ground storey
3. Large window openings
3.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in lime mortar (MHBW)
1. Central open courtyard
2. Arch openings
3. Circular columns
152
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
4.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF)
1. Building with torsional irregularity
2. Communication tower on roof top
3. RC frame structure
4. Stiffness irregularities
5.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in lime mortar (MHBW)
1. Residential and Commercial occupancy
3. Re-entrant corners
4. Year of construction:
1938,
5. Good workmanship
6. Different storey heights present
153
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
6.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in lime mortar (MHBW)
1. Open hall
2. Circular column
3. Sloping roof
4. Year of construction : 1817
5. Church cum school single storey building
7.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF)
1. Torsional irregularity
2. Building with large window openings
8.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Multi-storey building
2. Sunshades
3. RC frame structure
154
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
9.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS)
1. Masonry mixed structure
2. Wooden balconies
3. GI sheet roof
4. Re-entrant corners
10.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF)
1. Relatively open ground storey
11.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. Mass irregularity
2. Masonry building
3. Re-entrant corners
155
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
12.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in lime mortar (MHBW)
1. RC slab
2. Torsional irregularity
3. Extended GI sheet roof
13.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS)
1. Residential and commercial building
2. Stone slab
3. Similar to Row housing
156
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
14.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF)
1. Assembly hall
2. Large window openings
3. Stiffness irregularity
4. Different storey heights
15.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. Re-entrant corners
2. Irregular shape
3. Old masonry building
16.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Re-entrant corners
2. Irregular shape
157
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
17.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in lime mortar (MHBW)
1. Re-entrant corners
2. 0m distance with the adjoining building
3. Good connections at the corners
18.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with concrete shear walls (dual system) (CFMF)
1. Relatively open ground storey
2. RC frame structure
3. Large windows opening
19.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Banquet Hall
2. Visible glass cladding
158
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
20.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Falling Hazard: Balconies
2. Out of plane offsets
3. Vertical stiffness irregularity
21.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in lime mortar (MHBW)
1. Constructed in 1931
2. Vertical stiffness irregularity
3. Multiple re-entrant corners
4. Falling hazard: sunshades and balconies
22.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in lime mortar (MHBW)
1. Masonry building
2. Vertical stiffness irregularity
3.RC slabs
159
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
23.
Kol
kata
, Wes
t Ben
gal
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in lime mortar (MHBW)
1. RC slab
2. Torsional irregularity
3. Irregular shape
4. Falling hazard-balcony
24.
Bhu
bane
swar
, Ori
ssa
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Open storey at the ground floor, 2. Residential multi-storey apartment
25.
Bhu
bane
swar
, Ori
ssa
Building Category:Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)
1. Discontinuity in vertical members over height
2. Partly laterite blocks wall
160
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
26.
Bhu
bane
swar
, Ori
ssa
Building Category:Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)
1. Discontinuity in vertical members over height
2. Partly laterite blocks wall
27.
Bhu
bane
swar
, Ori
ssa
Building Category:Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)
1. Presence of isolated vertical posts
2. Presence of arches
28.
Bhu
bane
swar
, Ori
ssa
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Presence of large open central courtyard
2. Presence of short or captive columns
161
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
29.
Bhu
bane
swar
, Ori
ssa
Building Category:Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)
1. Sloping sunshade
30.
Bhu
bane
swar
, Ori
ssa
Building Category:Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)
1. Presence of re-entrant corners
31.
Bhu
bane
swar
, Ori
ssa
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Presence of double height columns
2. Visible claddings
3. Parapets at the roof
4. Falling hazard: Balconies
162
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
32.
Bhu
bane
swar
, Ori
ssa
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Open portico with a grid roof resting on long columns 2. Large window openings
33.
Bhu
bane
swar
, Ori
ssa
Building Category:Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)
1. Presence of isolated vertical posts
2. Opening closed to corners
3. Decorative arch
34.
Bhu
bane
swar
, Ori
ssa
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Significant re-entrant corners 2. Sloping balcony roofs
163
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
35.
Bhu
bane
swar
, Ori
ssa
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Significant re-entrant corners
2. Irregularly shaped portico with roof slab supported on short columns
36.
Bhu
bane
swar
, Ori
ssa
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Significant re-entrant corners 2. Staircases provided almost in the centre of the building
37.
Bhu
bane
swar
, Ori
ssa
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with concrete shear walls (dual system) (CFMF)
1. Cast-in-situ shear walls are present,
2. Open storey at ground floor
3. Re-entrant corners
4. Mass irregularity
5. Vertical stiffness irregularity
164
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
38.
Bhu
bane
swar
, Ori
ssa
Building Category:Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)
1. Vertical stiffness irregularity
39.
Bhu
bane
swar
, Ori
ssa
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF)
1. Cast-in-situ shear wall is present
2. Vertical stiffness irregularity
40.
Bhu
bane
swar
, Ori
ssa
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Mass irregularity
2. Commercial and Residential building
165
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
41.
Bhu
bane
swar
, Ori
ssa
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Commercial building
2. Vertical and horizontal projections
42.
Bhu
bane
swar
, Ori
ssa
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Government College building
2. Discontinuity of vertical members
3. Partially open ground storey
43.
Bhu
bane
swar
, Ori
ssa
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Re-entrant corners are present
2. Partially open storey
3. Mass irregularity
4. Staggered floors
4. Discontinuity in vertical members over height
166
Sr. No.
Place Examples Buildings Characteristics
44.
Bhu
bane
swar
, Ori
ssa
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Government quarters
2. Re-entrant corners
3. Plan irregularity
4. Presence of expansion joints
167
ANNEXURE 5 Catalogue of Building Types for West Region
After a series of field surveys in the States in Western India viz. Maharashtra, Gujarat and Goa by IIT Bombay survey teams, following building typologies are identified for west region of the country. Each building typology is represented by a four digit unique code as listed below:
1. Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST) 2. Massive stone masonry with lime/cement mortar (MBST) 3. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) 4. Mud Walls (MDEW) 5. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) 6. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar with vertical posts (MIBW) 7. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW) 8. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof
slabs (MKBW) 9. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof
systems) (MLBW) 10. Unreinforced in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof systems) (MNCB) 11. Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW) 12. Concrete block masonry with cement mortar (MNCB) 13. Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS) 14. Masonry mixed structure with composite steel (MQMS) 15. Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS) 16. RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF) 17. RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF) 18. RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) 19. RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF) 20. RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF) 21. RC shear wall structure with walls cast in-situ (CHSW) 22. RC mixed structure with load bearing masonry (CJMS) 23. RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS) 24. RC mixed structure with composite timber, bamboo and others (CLMS) 25. Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF) 26. Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF) 27. Steel braced frame with various floor/roof systems (SDBF) 28. Steel single storey light metal frame structure (SELF) 29. Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS) 30. Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS) 31. Steel mixed structure with composite steel and concrete vertical members (SHMS)
168
32. Timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF)
These typologies can further be classified into different types depending upon various parameters such as number of storeys, vertical/horizontal irregularities, quality of construction and level of the ground to get its 12 digit unique alpha-numeral code.
These building typologies along with their characteristics are illustrated below through some example buildings during various field visits.
Table 4 Example buildings surveyed in West Region
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
1.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF)
1. Commercial Office Building
2. Glass claddings
3. RC frame structure
169
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
2.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF)
1. Commercial building
2. Vertical Irregularities
2. Staggered floors
3.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF)
1. Large window panels
2. Irregular shaped building
170
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
4.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)
1. RC frame structure under construction
2. Multi storey apartment building
5.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF)
1. Vertical Irregularities
2. Glass claddings
171
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
6.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF)
1. RC frame structure under construction
2. U shaped in plan
7.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF)
1. RC frame structure
2. Large window openings
172
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
8.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. A residential bungalow
2. RC frame structure
9.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Corner house of the row houses
2. Falling hazard such as balconies, sunshades, parapets
173
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
10.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF)
1. Commercial complex
2. Large open space in the centre
11.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category: Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS)
1. Arch openings
2. Sloping roof
174
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
12.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation building
2. RC frame structure
13.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC frame with unreinforced brick walls
175
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
14.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category: Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS)
1. Sloping Mangalore tiles roof
2. Load bearing masonry structure
3. Distance from adjacent building is 0 m.
15.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category: Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS)
1. Jack-arch wooden roof
176
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
16.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category: RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS)
1. Wooden floor supported on steel I-section beams
2. Concrete columns
17.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category: Masonry mixed structure with composite steel (MQMS)
1. Steel I-section beams supporting wooden floor
2. Load bearing walls
18.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar (MHBW)
1. Sloping GI sheet roof supported on wooden beams
2. Wooden balcony
3. Load bearing structure
177
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
19.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar (MHBW)
1. Sloping GI sheet roof supported on wooden beams
2. Wooden balcony
3. Load bearing structure
20.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category: Masonry mixed structure with composite steel (MQMS)
1. Sloping GI sheet roof
2. Load bearing wall
21.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category: Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS)
1. Wooden beams
2. Wooden floor
178
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
22.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category: Masonry mixed structure with composite steel (MQMS)
1. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar
2. Steel sections supporting the brick wall
23.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
1. Small width road and congested housing in old Ahmedabad city
24.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
1. Congested construction in old city of Ahmedabad
179
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
25.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category:Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof systems) (MLBW)
1. Load bearing walls
2. Large arch opening
26.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category:Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof systems) (MLBW)
1. Load bearing unreinforced brick masonry with roof band
180
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
27.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category:Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof systems) (MLBW)
1. Sloping Mangalore tiles roof
28.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category:Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar (MHBW)
1. Wooden roof
2. Load bearing unreinforced brick walls
181
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
29.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category:Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF)
1. Wooden structure
2. Wooden beams and columns
3. Masonry walls
30.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category:Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS)
1. Building with torsional irregularity
31.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
1. Buildings attached to each other
182
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
32.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category:RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC frame structure
2. Concrete block masonry infill walls
33.
San
and,
Guj
arat
Building Category:Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS)
1. GI sheet supported on wooden beams
183
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
34.
San
and,
Guj
arat
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar (MHBW)
1. Sloping Mangalore tiles roof
2. Large arch opening
3. Load bearing brick walls
35.
San
and,
Guj
arat
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar (MHBW)
1. Sloping Mangalore tiles roof
36.
San
and,
Guj
arat
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar (MHBW)
184
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
37.
San
and,
Guj
arat
Building Category:Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS)
1. An industrial unit
38.
San
and,
Guj
arat
Building Category : Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF)
1. An industrial unit
2. Arch roof
3. Glass claddings
39.
San
and,
Guj
arat
Building Category : Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF)
1. An industrial steel structure
185
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
40.
San
and,
Guj
arat
Building Category : Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS)
1. An industrial unit
41.
San
and,
Guj
arat
Building Category : Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS)
1. A load bearing masonry industrial unit
42.
San
and,
Guj
arat
Building Category : Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS)
1. An industrial structure with asbestos sheet roof
186
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
43.
San
and,
Guj
arat
Building Category : Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF)
1. Steel structure with roof truss
44.
Vir
amga
m, G
ujar
at
Building Category : Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS)
1. Sloping Mangalore tiles roof
45.
Vir
amga
m, G
ujar
at
Building Category : Masonry mixed structure with composite steel (MQMS)
1. Steel beams supporting the floor
187
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
46.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category : Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF)
1. An industrial steel structure
2. Steel beams and columns
3. Roof truss
4. GI sheet roof
47.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category : RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)
1. Building with underground parking
2. Soft storey
48.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
1. Column reinforcement
2. 135 degree bents
188
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
49.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
1. Less space between the ties near the beam-column joint at the slab level
2. More space between the ties away from the beam-column joint in between slabs
50.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category : Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar
189
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
51.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category : Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (MLBW)
1. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar
2. Presence of lintel and roof bands
52.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
1. Isolated footings
190
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
53.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
1. Reinforcements for footing
54.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category : Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS)
1. Steel roof truss
2. Concrete columns
3. Unreinforced brick masonry infill walls
55.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category : Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS)
1. Brick roof on cross wooden beams
191
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
56.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category : Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF)
1. Steel structure
2. Steel beams and columns
3. Steel roof
57.
Ahm
edab
ad, G
ujar
at
Building Category : Steel braced frame with various floor/roof systems (SDBF)
1. Steel structure
2. Braced frame
3. Steel beams and columns
4. Steel roof
192
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
58.
Bha
chau
, Guj
arat
Building Category : RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF)
1. Government guest house in Bhachau
2. Irregular shaped building
3. Presence of re-entrant corners
4. Presence of circular columns
59.
Bha
chau
, Guj
arat
Building Category : RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF)
1. Moment resistance frame building.
2. Irregular shaped building
3. Presence of re-entrant corners
4. Sunshades
193
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
60.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
Building Category : RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF)
1. Basement of the GK General hospital in Bhuj
2. Base isolators are installed to enhance seismic resistance
61.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
Building Category : RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF)
1. Base isolators installed to enhance the seismic resistance of the building
194
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
62.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
Building Category : RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF)
1. One of the few remaining multi-storey building in Bhuj
2. Constructed before 2001 Bhuj earthquake
3. Falling hazard such as Balconies
63.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
Building Category : RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF)
1. Row house construction
2. Ground floor used for commercial occupancy
3. First floor used for residential occupancy
195
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
64.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
Building Category : Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST)
1. Sloping GI sheet roof
2. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar
65.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
Building Category : Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW)
1. Building under construction
2. Dressed stone masonry unit
196
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
66.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
Building Category : Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST)
1. Sloping Nadiya roof type – Mangalore tiles
2. Stone masonry walls with cement mortar
67.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
1. Dressed stone unit used for the construction in Bhuj rural area
197
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
68.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
Building Category : Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST)
1. Sloping Nadiya roof type – Mangalore tiles
2. Stone masonry with cement mortar
69.
Bha
chau
, Guj
arat
Building Category : Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF)
1. Steel roof truss
2. Roof top made up of asbestos sheets
198
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
70.
Bha
chau
, Guj
arat
Building Category : RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS)
1. Steel and Concrete composite structure
2. Concrete walls
3. Steel and Concrete composite columns
4. Steel roof truss
5. Roof top made up of GI sheets
71.
Bha
chau
, Guj
arat
Building Category : RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS)
1. Steel beams
2. Steel and concrete composite columns
3. Steel roof truss
4. Roof top made up of GI sheets
199
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
72.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
Building Category : Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF)
1. Steel roof truss
2. Roof top made up of GI sheets
73.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
Building Category : Mud walls with horizontal wood elements (MEEW)
1. Bunga construction
2. Thatch roof
3. Circular in plan
4. Mud walls
74.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
Building Category : Mud Walls (MDEW)
1. Mud walls
2. Nadiya roof type – Mangalore tiles
200
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
75.
Bhu
j, G
ujar
at
Building Category : Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS)
1. Bonga construction
2. Nadiya roof type – Mangalore tiles
76.
Cal
ingu
te, G
oa
Building Category : Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST)
1. Laterite stones structure
77.
San
guem
, Goa
Building Category : Unreinforced brick masonry in mud mortar (MHBW)
201
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
78.
San
guem
, Goa
Building Category : Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST)
1.Mangalore tiles roof building
79.
Kar
ad, M
ahar
asht
ra
Building Category : Random rubble stone with mud mortar (MAST)
1. Masonry with random rubble stone and bricks
2. Mud mortar
202
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
80.
Kar
ad, M
ahar
asht
ra
Building Category : Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS)
1. Load bearing Masonry
2. Sloping roof of wooden post with Mangalore tiles
81.
Kar
ad, M
ahar
asht
ra
Building Category : RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1.Partial Concrete blocks and bricks wall
203
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
82.
Kar
ad, M
ahar
asht
ra
Building Category : Masonry mixed structure with composite steel (MQMS)
1. Load bearing masonry with steel structure
83.
Kar
ad, M
ahar
asht
ra
Building Category : Mud Walls (MDEW)
1. Dry stone packing foundation 2.Sun dried mud block walls
84.
Kar
ad, M
ahar
asht
ra
Building Category : Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF)
1. wooden construction with stone masonry walls
204
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
85.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
Building Category : Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST)
86.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
Building Category : Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST)
1. Random rubble stone with white sand mortar
205
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
87.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
Building Category : Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS)
1. Wooden column resting on stone block
2. Wooden column embedded in walls
88.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
Building Category : Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST)
1. GI sheet roof
206
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
89.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
Building Category : Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF)
1. Steel beams-columns
90.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
Building Category : RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF)
1. Circular columns
91.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
Building Category : Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST)
1. Stone masonry in cement mortar 2. Built after 1993 Latur earthquake
207
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
92.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
Building Category : Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)
1. Govt. residential quarter 2. Load-bearing structure 3. Sunshades 4. Water tank on the roof
93.
Lat
ur, M
ahar
asht
ra
Building Category : Massive stone masonry with lime/cement mortar (MBST)
1. Old temple at Killari Village 2. Stone masonry work
208
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
94.
Kil
lari
, Mah
rash
tra
Building Category : RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF)
1. Base-isolated shopping complex in Killari 2. Sunshade
95.
Kil
lari
, Mah
rash
tra
Building Category : RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF)
1. Base-isolated footing
96.
Kil
lari
, Mah
rash
tra
Building Category : RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF)
1. Base-isolated school building in Killari
209
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
97.
Kil
lari
, Mah
rash
tra
Building Category : RC shear wall structure with walls cast in-situ (CHSW)
1. Dome shaped Govt. allotted residential house 2. Total reinforced concrete structure
98.
Kil
lari
, Mah
rash
tra
Building Category : RC shear wall structure with walls cast in-situ (CHSW)
1. Sketches of dome shaped house
210
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
99.
Kil
lari
, Mah
rash
tra
Building Category : RC shear wall structure with walls cast in-situ (CHSW)
1. Dome shaped Govt. allotted residential house 2. Total reinforced concrete structure
100.
Kil
lari
, Mah
rash
tra
Building Category : RC shear wall structure with walls cast in-situ (CHSW)
1. Govt. allotted residential house 2. RC wall structure
211
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
101.
Kav
tha,
Mah
rash
tra
Building Category : RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Govt. allotted residential house in Kawatha 2. Very poor column-wall connection 3. Wide cracks in wall and column
102.
Kav
tha,
Mah
rash
tra
Building Category : RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. Govt. allotted residential house in Kawatha 2. Cracks in the wall 3. Foundation settlement
212
ANNEXURE 6 Catalogue of Building Types for South Region
After a series of field surveys in the States in Southern India viz. Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh and Kerala by IIT Madras survey teams, following building typologies are identified for south region of the country. Each building typology is represented by a four digit unique code as listed below:
1. Random rubble stone with mud/lime mortar (MAST) 2. Massive stone masonry with lime/cement mortar (MBST) 3. Dressed stone masonry with cement mortar (MCST) 4. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW) 5. Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar with vertical posts (MIBW) 6. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW) 7. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof
slabs (MKBW) 8. Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof
systems) (MLBW) 9. Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW) 10. Unreinforced Concrete block masonry in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof
systems) (MNCB) 11. Masonry mixed structure with reinforced concrete (MPMS) 12. Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS) 13. RC moment resisting frame designed for gravity loads only (CAMF) 14. RC moment resisting frame designed with seismic features (CBMF) 15. RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF) 16. RC moment resisting frame with flat slab structure (CDMF) 17. RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF) 18. RC mixed structure with load bearing masonry (CJMS) 19. RC mixed structure with composite steel (CKMS) 20. RC mixed structure with composite timber, bamboo and others (CLMS) 21. Steel moment resisting frame with brick masonry partitions (SAMF) 22. Steel moment resisting frame with light weight partitions (SCMF) 23. Steel braced frame with various floor/roof systems (SDBF) 24. Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF) 25. Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS) 26. Steel mixed structure with reinforced concrete (SGMS) 27. Steel mixed structure with composite steel and concrete vertical members (SHMS) 28. Steel mixed structure with Timber, Bamboo or others (SIMS) 29. Load bearing timber frame with thatch roof (WATF) 30. Load bearing timber post and beam frame (WBTF) 31. Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF)
213
32. Load bearing timber frame with plywood/gypsum board sheathing (WETF)
These typologies can further be classified into different types depending upon various parameters such as number of storeys, vertical/horizontal irregularities, quality of construction and level of the ground to get its 12 digit unique alpha-numeral code.
These building typologies along with their characteristics are illustrated below in Table.
Table 5 Example buildings surveyed in South Region
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
1.
Kot
taya
m, K
eral
a
Building Category: Random rubble stone with mud mortar (MAST)
1. RRM plinth
2. Timber posts and wall panels
3. Timber truss roof with Mangalore tiles
2.
Vai
kom
Kot
taya
m, K
eral
a
Building Category: RC mixed structure with composite timber, bamboo and others (CLMS)
1. Timber wall panels
2. Precast concrete vertical confining elements
3. Sloped roof with timber rafters and Mangalore tiles
214
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
3.
Vad
akka
nche
rry
Thr
issu
r, K
eral
a
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)
1. URM structure with laterite stone blocks, mud mortar
2. Raised RRM plinth
2. Sloped roof with timber rafters and Mangalore tiles
4.
Kad
apur
am v
illa
ge, C
hava
kkad
Thr
issu
r, K
eral
a
Building Category: Load bearing timber frame with (stone/brick) masonry infill (WDTF)
1. Palm leaf wall panels in timber frame
2. RRM plinth
3. Part masonry columns/walls
3. Timber truss roof supported on timber posts
4. Thatch roof
215
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
5.
Man
gam
uru
vill
age,
Ong
ole,
AP
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)
1. Masonry - burnt clay bricks, mud mortar
2. Small central courtyard
3. Heavy timber truss roof with country tiles
4. RRM foundation
6.
Mad
ampa
tti,
Sou
th C
oim
bato
re T
aluk
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)
1. Stone masonry with mud mortar
2. Timber truss roof with Mangalore tiles
3. Articulated gable walls
4. Few cross walls
216
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
7.
Rur
al a
grar
ian,
Val
laik
ound
anur
vil
lage
, Man
nur,
P
olla
chi,
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)
1. Masonry - burnt clay brick, mud mortar
2. RRM foundation
3. Tied timber pitched/lean-to roof, Mangalore tiles
8.
Ayy
ampe
ttai
, Kan
chee
pura
m, T
amil
Nad
u
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)
1. Masonry - burnt clay brick, mud/lime mortar
2. RRM foundation
3. Tied timber pitched roof, Mangalore tiles
4. Open central courtyard, weaving room
217
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
9.
Tha
zhut
hang
adi K
otta
yam
Mun
icip
alit
y, K
eral
a
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill brick masonry
2. RC floor
3. Sloped RC roof, tiled
4. Architectural resemblance to older constructions
10.
Nel
lore
, And
hra
Pra
desh
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill brick masonry
2. RC floor slab
3. Individual RC footing
4. Characteristic long cantilevers
218
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
11.
Nel
lore
, AP
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill brick masonry (G+3)
2. RC floor slabs
3. Typical 9”x21” columns
4. No seismic detailing (e.g. 90° hook)
12.
Nel
lore
, And
hra
Pra
desh
Building Category: Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW)
1. RC with infill cement block masonry
2. RC floor
3. 9” RC footing, 4’0” deep
4. Indira Aawaz Yojana (IAY)
219
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
13.
Nel
lore
, AP
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill masonry
2. RC floor slab
3. Independent villas
4. Regular frame
14.
Nel
lore
, AP
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill brick masonry (G+3)
2. RC floor slabs
3. RC footings
4. No seismic design
5. Regular frame, open central coutryard
6. Columns: 230x400 Beams: 400x230 (mm)
220
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
15.
Nel
lore
, AP
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill brick masonry (G+3)
2. RC floor slabs
3. RC footings
4. No seismic design
5. Part open ground storey
6. 5. Columns: 230x375 (mm)
16.
Nel
lore
, And
hra
Pra
desh
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill brick masonry (G+5)
2. RC floor slabs
3. RC footings
4. No seismic design
5. Open ground storey (OGS)
221
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
17.
Nel
lore
, AP
1. RC with infill brick masonry
2. RC floor
3. 9” RC footing, 4’0” deep, plinth beam over RRM base - 60cm wide
4. Single-storied
5. IAY
18.
Nel
lore
, AP
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill brick masonry
2. RC floor
3. 9” RC footing, 4’0” deep, plinth beam over RRM base - 60cm wide
4. With staircase
5. IAY
222
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
19.
Nel
lore
, And
hra
Pra
desh
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill brick masonry
2. RC floor
3. Buildings on slope (raised plinth)
4. With staircase
5. IAY
20.
Nel
lore
, AP
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill brick masonry
2. RC floor
3. With staircase
4. Cantilevers
5. Urban permanent housing
223
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
21.
Ong
ole,
AP
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill brick masonry
2. RC floor
3. Cantilevers
4. Rural housing
5. Concrete 1:2:4 RC columns: 9”x9”, 4 nos. 10mm ���6mm � @ 200c/c
224
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
22.
Ong
ole,
AP
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill masonry (G+10)
2. RC floor slab
3. Seismically designed
4. Aspect ratio of columns (1:4)
5. Shear core: lift
6. M40 concrete
7. Raft foundation
23.
Ong
ole,
And
hra
Pra
desh
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill masonry (G+3)
2. RC floor slab
3. Re-entrant corners
225
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
24.
Ong
ole,
And
hra
Pra
desh
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)
1. RC with infill cement block masonry (G+5)
2. RC floor slabs
3. RC footings
4. No seismic design
5. Open ground storey (OGS)
25.
Ong
ole,
And
hra
Pra
desh
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill masonry
2. RC floor slabs and sloped RC roof slab
3. Irregular frame
4. Glazed façade
226
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
26.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill cement block masonry (G+3)
2. RC floor slabs
3. RC footings
4. No seismic design
4. Few RC shear walls - random
5. Double height entrance portico
227
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
27.
Coi
mba
tore
Sou
th, T
amil
Nad
u
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill masonry
2. RC floor slab
3. 8 RC footings, 1.5 m deep (0.9x0.9 m)
4. RC columns 0.23x0.23 m
5. Concrete: 1:1.5:3
228
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
28.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill brick masonry (G+3)
2. RC floor slabs
3. M 20 concrete
4. Regular frame
5. RC footing
6. RC Columns 9”x12” (6 nos. 16mm ���stirrups @ 450c/c)
229
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
29.
Coi
mba
tore
Sou
th, T
amil
Nad
u
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill masonry
2. RC floor slab
3. 8 RC footings, 1.5 m deep (0.9x0.9 m)
4. RC columns 0.23x0.23 m
5. Concrete: 1:1.5:3
230
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
30.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC infill brick masonry (G+3)
2. RC floor slabs
3. M 20 concrete
4. Irregular frame, offsets
5. RC footing
6. RC columns 0.23x0.38m
7. M20 Concrete: 1:1.5:3
231
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
31.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with open ground storey structure (CGMF)
1. RC infill brick masonry (G+4)
2. RC floor slabs
3. M 20 concrete
4. Seismically designed
6. RC columns 0.23x0.45m
7. Part OGS
232
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
32.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC infill clay brick, Aerocon blocks (G+11)
2. RC floor slabs
3. Staircase, lift well: shear core
4. Seismic design detailing: IS13920
5. Basement car park
6. M40 concrete
33.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC infill clay brick (G+3)
2. RC floor slabs
3. No beams between 2 bays (coupling only by slab)
233
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
34.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill masonry (G+2)
2. RC floor slab
3. Irregular frame (stagger)
4. .9m cantilever
5. Heavy communication tower mounted on terrace
35.
Che
nnai
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill masonry (G+1), with semi-basement
2. RC floor slab
3. Glazed façade
4. Irregular frame
234
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
36.
Che
nnai
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: RC moment resisting frame with unreinforced masonry infill walls (CCMF)
1. RC with infill masonry (G+2)
2. RC floor slab
3. No offset between buildings
4. .Cantilevers
5. Narrow plot configuration
37.
Kot
taya
m, K
eral
a
Building Category: Masonry mixed structure with timber, bamboo and other wood elements (MRMS)
1. Laterite stone blocks with lime mortar (LM)
2. Wood panels
3. Timber floor
4. Timber truss roof with ties and braces, Mangalore tiles
235
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
38.
Kot
taya
m, K
eral
a
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. Unreinforced hollow cement block masonry with cement mortar (CM)
2. With lintel band
3. Random rubble plinth
4. Flat RC roof
39.
Kot
taya
m, K
eral
a
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. Unreinforced hollow cement block masonry with CM
2. With lintel band
3. Random rubble plinth (RRM)
4. RC filler slab with Mangalore tiles
236
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
40.
Kot
taya
m, K
eral
a
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM hollow cement block with CM
2. No lintel band
3. RRM plinth
4. Pitched roof (timber truss Mangalore tiles, steel tubes, AC sheeting)
41.
Kot
taya
m, K
eral
a
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM cement block/clay brick with CM
2. No lintel band
3. Raised dry pack RRM plinth
4. On river embankment
5. Pitched roof (steel tubes, AC sheeting)
237
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
42.
Kot
taya
m, K
eral
a
Building Category: RC mixed structure with load bearing masonry (CJMS)
1. Mixed RC masonry building
2. RC ground storey, URM upper storeys
3. Built on river embankment
4. RC floor, timber floor and timber sloping roof with Mangalore tiles
43.
Kot
taya
m, K
eral
a
1. URM, laterite blocks and CM
2. RRM plinth on soil consolidated on 4’ bamboo poles
3. RC plinth band, lintel band
4. RC vertical confinement
5. Sloped roof
238
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
44.
Kot
taya
m, K
eral
a
1. URM laterite stone with LM
2. Raised RRM plinth
3. Sloped roof with timber truss
4. Positive connections in timber between roof and masonry walls to prevent relative displacement
45.
Kot
taya
m, K
eral
a
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM with laterite stone blocks and CM (ground) and hollow cement blocks with CM (upper floor)
2. RC plinth, lintel band
4. RC floor and roof slab
239
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
46.
Thr
issu
r, K
eral
a
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM, laterite blocks and CM
2. RRM plinth
3. RC plinth band, lintel band
4. RC flat and sloped roofs
47.
Thr
issu
r, K
eral
a
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)
1. URM laterite stone with LM
2. RRM plinth
3. Sloped roof with timber truss, Mangalore tiles
4. School building
240
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
48.
Thr
issu
r, K
eral
a
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)
1. URM structure with upper floor in lightweight steel construction
2. RC floor
3. Steel laced columns with steel truss roof and GI sheeting
4. School building
49.
Thr
issu
r, K
eral
a
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure laterite stone blocks, LM
2. Double-height central chamber
3. Timber floors and timber truss roof with Mangalore tiles
241
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
50.
Thr
issu
r, K
eral
a
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure laterite stone blocks, LM
2. Timber floors and truss roof, Mangalore tiles
3. Timber, stone and masonry columns supporting roof
4. Attic floor
51.
Thr
issu
r, K
eral
a
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure laterite stone blocks, LM
2. Raised RRM plinth
3. Timber truss roof with Mangalore tiles
242
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
52.
Thr
issu
r, K
eral
a
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure cement blocks, cement mortar
2. RC roof slab
3. RC plinth and lintel band
4. Tsunami rehabilitation housing
53.
Thr
issu
r, K
eral
a
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)
1. URM structure (ashlar) laterite stone blocks, LM
2. Timber floors and truss roof, Mangalore tiles
4. Connections in timber between roof, masonry walls to prevent relative displacement
243
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
54.
Nel
lore
, And
hra
Pra
desh
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure burnt clay bricks, cement mortar
2. Masonry footing
3. RC roof slab
4. Government housing
55.
Nel
lore
, AP
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure cement blocks, cement mortar
2. RC roof slab
3. RC plinth and part lintel band
4. RRM foundation 60cm wide on 1:4:8 PCC base
244
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
56.
Nel
lore
, AP
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure cement blocks, cement mortar
2. Block size (12”x8½”x6”) resulting in vertical joints
3. Cuduppah slab for lintels (variation)
57.
Nel
lore
, And
hra
Pra
desh
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure burnt clay bricks, cement mortar
2. RC roof slab
3. RC plinth and RC lintel band
4. RRM foundation 60cm wide on 1:4:8 PCC base
245
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
58.
Nel
lore
, And
hra
Pra
desh
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with lintel bands (various floor/roof systems) (MLBW)
1. RC structure burnt clay bricks, cement mortar
2. RC roof slab
3. Part construction sequence making it confined masonry
59.
Nel
lore
, AP
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure cement blocks, cement mortar
2. RC roof slab
3. RC plinth and RC lintel band
4. RRM foundation (laterite blocks)
246
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
60.
Nel
lore
, AP
Building Category: Confined brick/block masonry with concrete posts/tie columns and beams (MMBW)
1. Burnt clay bricks, cement mortar
2. RC roof slab
3. Part construction sequence making it confined masonry
4. IAY
247
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
61.
Nel
lore
, And
hra
Pra
desh
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)
1. URM structure clay brick, cement mortar
2. RC roof slab
3. No lintel band
4. Timber lintels
5. RRM foundation
248
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
62.
Nel
lore
, AP
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)
1. URM structure clay brick, cement mortar
2. RC roof slab, RC cantilever anchored in masonry
3. No lintel band
4. RRM foundation
63.
Ong
ole,
And
hra
Pra
desh
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar with reinforced concrete floor/roof slabs (MKBW)
1. URM structure cement blocks (1:8), cement mortar
2. RC filler slab with Mangalore tile (filler)
249
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
64.
Ong
ole,
And
hra
Pra
desh
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure cement blocks, cement mortar
2. Gently sloped AC sheet roofing on steel pipes (temporary structure) – 2½” @ 1.25m c/c, with “J” bolts
4. RRM foundation
250
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
65.
Ong
ole,
AP
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)
1. URM structure in brick and LM
2. Timber floors, Madras terrace
3. Timber posts to partly support roof/floor
4. Salt merchant’s houses
66.
Ong
ole,
AP
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure burnt clay bricks, cement mortar
2. RRM foundation (sandy soil)
3. RC roof slab
4. No lintel band
251
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
67.
Ong
ole,
AP
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)
1. URM structure in laterite blocks (Ashlar), LM
2. Timber truss roof (ties/braces) Mangalore tiles
3. Timber posts support lean-to roof
4. Different storey heights
5. Arches, gables
(1900 A.D.)
252
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
68.
Ong
ole,
AP
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)
1. URM structure in brick, massive stone, LM
2. Timber-steel truss roof (ties/braces) Mangalore tiles, Madras terrace
3. Arches with steel ties
4. Bell tower
69.
Kan
chee
pura
m, T
amil
Nad
u
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure brick with cement mortar
2. RC roof slab
3. No lintel band
4. Weaver’s settlements (govt. housing scheme)
253
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
70.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)
1. URM structure in brick, LM (G+1)
2. Timber-steel truss roof (ties/braces) Mangalore tiles, Madras terrace
3. Double-height central hall on first floor
71.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure brick with cement mortar
2. RC roof slab and/or pitched roof with Mangalore tiles
3. RC lintel band
4. Green housing scheme
254
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
72.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure burnt clay bricks, CM (G+1)
2. RC footing (8’ deep)
3. RC roof slab
4. RC lintel band
73.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure brick with cement mortar
2. RRM found. with bond stones
3. RC roof slab and/or pitched roof with Mangalore tiles
4. RC lintel band
5. Green housing scheme (solar)
255
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
74.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure brick with cement mortar
2. RRM found. with bond stones
3. RC roof slab and/or pitched roof with Mangalore tiles
4. RC lintel band and plinth band
75.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)
1. URM structure CSE blocks with mud mortar
2. RRM found.
3. Steel truss roof with thatch
4. Stone lintel slabs
256
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
76.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure brick, cement mortar (G+3)
2. RC roof slab
3. Strip footing
4. Ground floor walls 380 mm
77.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)
1. URM structure brick with lime mortar
2. Timber-steel truss roof (ridge 6.4m) with Mangalore tiles
3. All openings arched
(1885 AD)
257
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
78.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure burnt clay bricks, CM (1:5 mix)
2. Masonry strip footing
3. RC roof slab
4. RC lintel and plinth beam
79.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure burnt clay bricks, cement mortar
2. Open courtyard
2. Strip footing
3. RC roof slab
4. RC lintel and plinth beam
258
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
80.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: Unreinforced Concrete block masonry in lime/cement mortar (various floor/roof systems) (MNCB)
1. URM structure concrete blocks (16”x8”x6”), cement mortar
2. No lintel band
3. Steel box sections for rafters: Mangalore tiles and AC sheet
259
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
81.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)
1. URM structure brick, LM
2. Timber truss roof (metal straps as ties), Mangalore tiles
3. Arched openings, long walls with openings, gable with joists supported on it
(1896 AD)
82.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure brick, cement mortar (G+1)
2. RC Footing with RRM foundation
3. RC plinth and lintel beam
4. RC floor slab
260
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
83.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure burnt clay bricks, CM
2. RRM foundation
3. RC roof slab
4. No lintel band
5. Government housing scheme
84.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure burnt clay bricks, CM
2. RRM foundation
3. Walls stiffened by pilasters
3. RC roof slab
4. Lintel band
5. Community hall
261
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
85.
Che
nnai
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in cement mortar (MJBW)
1. URM structure burnt clay brick, cement mortar (G+3)
2. RC floor slabs
86.
Che
nnai
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)
1. URM structure burnt clay brick, lime mortar (G+1)
2. Madras terrace floor slabs
262
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
87.
Che
nnai
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: Unreinforced brick masonry in mud/lime mortar (MHBW)
1. URM structure burnt clay brick, lime mortar (G+1)
2. Madras terrace floor slabs
3. Arched openings
88.
Pra
kasa
m, A
ndhr
a P
rade
sh
Building Category: Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF)
1. Steel I-section columns bolted to concrete foundation blocks
2. Steel truss bolted to column
3. GI sheeting
263
Sr. No. P
lace
Example Building Characteristics
89.
Pra
kasa
m, A
ndhr
a P
rade
sh
Building Category: Steel mixed structure with load bearing masonry (SFMS)
1. Steel pre-engineered building (PEB)
2. Height: 13m
3. Span 21m,
8.5m span longitudinal
4. I-section
0.91x0.25m
5. Gantry cranes at 6.5m height
6. Masonry infill partial height
90.
Coi
mba
tore
, Tam
il N
adu
Building Category: Steel light metal frame single storey structure (SELF)
1. Steel hollow circular section columns bolted to concrete foundation blocks
2. Steel truss bolted to column
3. AC sheeting