Cat a Pillar

7/31/2019 Cat a Pillar

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CaterpillarFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, seeCaterpillar (disambiguation).

Caterpillars are thelarvalform of a member of theorderLepidoptera(theinsectorder

comprisingbutterfliesandmoths). They are mostlyherbivorousin food habit, with some species

beinginsectivorous. Caterpillars are voracious feeders and many of them are

consideredpestsinagriculture. Many mothspeciesare better known in their caterpillar stages

because of the damage they cause to fruits and other agricultural produce.

The etymological origins of the word are from the early 16th century, fromMiddle

Englishcatirpel, catirpeller, probably an alteration ofOld North Frenchcatepelose: cate, cat

(from Latin cattus) + pelose, hairy (from Latin pilsus).[1]

Anatomy

A head, B thorax, C abdomen, 1 prothoracic shield, 2 spiracle, 3 true legs, 4 midabdominal prolegs, 5

anal proleg, 6 anal plate, 7 tentacle, a frontal triangle, b stemmata (ocelli), c antenna, d mandible, e

labrum.

Actias selenewith some of thespiraclesidentified.
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Most caterpillars have tubular, segmented bodies. They havethree pairs of true legs on the three thoracic segments, up to fourpairs ofprolegson the middle segments of theabdomen, andoften a single pair of prolegs on the last abdominal segment.

There are ten abdominal segments. The families of lepidopteradiffer in the numbers and positioning of the prolegs. Somecaterpillars are fuzzy (which means they have hair), and they aremost likely to cause itching of the hands if touched.

Caterpillars grow through a series ofmoults; each intermediatestage is called aninstar. The last moult takes them into theinactive pupal or chrysalis stage.

Like all insects, caterpillars breathe through a series of smallopenings along the sides of their thorax and abdomencalledspiracles. These branch into the body cavity into a networkof tracheae. A few caterpillars of the familyPyralidaeare aquaticand have gills that let them breathe underwater.

[2]

Caterpillars have about 4,000 muscles (compared to humans,with 629). The average caterpillar has 248 muscles in the headsegment alone.

Caterpillars move by sliding their internal organs forward usingcontraction of the muscles; the torso first elongates and thencontracts like aslinky. They are one of the only known organismsthat use this method of locomotion. Another way of describing thisprocess is: gut-first, body-later.

[3]

[edit]Senses

Close-up of a caterpillar face.
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Caterpillars do not have good vision. They have a series of sixtiny eyelets or'stemmata' on each side of the lower portion oftheir head. These can probably form well focused, but poorlyresolved images.

[4]They move their heads from side to side

probably as a means of judging distance of objects, particularlyplants. They rely on their shortantennaeto help them locate food.

Some caterpillars are able to detect vibrations, usually at aspecific frequency. Caterpillars of the commonhook-tipmoth,Drepana arcuata(Drepanoidea) produce sounds to defendtheir silk nests from members of their own species,

[5]by scraping

against the leaf in a ritualized acoustic duel. They detect thevibrations conducted by the plant and not airborne sounds.

Similarly, cherry leaf rollers Caloptilia serotinelladefend theirrolls.

[6]Tent caterpillars can also detect vibrations at the frequency

of wing beats of one of their natural enemies.[7]

[edit]Classification

Ageometridcaterpillar or inchworm
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Crochets on a caterpillar's prolegs.

Thegeometrids, also known as inchworms or loopers, are sonamed because of the way they move, appearing to measure theearth (the word geometridmeans earth-measurerinGreek); theprimary reason for this unusual locomotion is the elimination ofnearly all the prolegs except the clasper on the terminal segment.

Caterpillars have soft bodies that can grow rapidly between

moults. Only the head capsule is hardened. In caterpillars,themandiblesare tough and sharp for chewing leaves; in mostadult Lepidoptera, the mandibles are highly reduced, or soft.Behind the mandibles of the caterpillar are thespinnerets, formanipulating silk.

Some larvae of theHymenoptera(ants, bees and wasps) ordercan appear like the caterpillars of the lepidoptera. These aremainly seen in theSawflyfamily and while the larvae superficially

resemble caterpillars, they can be distinguished by the presenceof prolegs on every abdominal segment. Another difference is thatlepidopteran caterpillars have crochets or hooks on the prolegswhile these are absent on the sawfly larvae. Also in lepidopterancaterpillars is the upside down Y shapedsutureon the front of the
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head.[4]

The larvae of sawflies differ also in havingprominentocellion the head capsule.

[edit]Defenses

Thesaddleback caterpillarhasurticating hairandaposematic colouring.

Many animals feed on caterpillars as they are rich in protein; as aresult, caterpillars have evolved various means of defenses. Theappearance of a caterpillar can often repel a predator, themarkings and certain body parts can make it seem poisonous,bigger in size thus threatening, or non-edible. Some types ofcaterpillars are indeed poisonous, and are capable of shootingacid.

[citation needed]

Some caterpillars have long "whip-like" organs attached to the

ends of their body. The caterpillar wiggles these organs to frightenaway flies.

[8]

Caterpillars have evolved defences against physical conditionssuch as cold, hot or dry environmental conditions. Some Arcticspecies likeGynaephora groenlandicahave special basking andaggregation behaviours[9]apart from physiological adaptations toremain in a dormant state.

[10]

[edit]Appearance
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Costa Ricanhairy caterpillar. The spiny bristles are a self-defense mechanism

Many caterpillars arecrypticallycoloured and resemble the plantson which they feed and may even have parts thatmimicplantparts such as thorns. Their size varies from as little as 1 mm toabout 3 inches (76 mm). Some look like objects in the

environment such as bird droppings. Many feed enclosed insidesilk galleries, rolled leaves or by miningbetween the leafsurfaces. Caterpillars ofNemoria arizonariathat grow in springfeed on oak catkins and appear green. The summer brood appearlike oak twigs. The differential development is linked to the tannincontent in the diet.[11]

More aggressive self-defense measures are taken by caterpillars.These caterpillars have spiny bristles or long fine hair-

likesetaewith detachable tips that will irritate by lodging in theskin or mucous membranes.

[4]Some birds, likecuckoos, will

swallow even the hairiest of caterpillars. The most aggressivedefenses are bristles associated withvenomglands,calledurticating hairs; a venom among the most potent defensivechemicals in any animals is produced by theSouth AmericansilkmothgenusLonomia. It is ananticoagulantpowerful enough tocause a human tohemorrhageto death (SeeLonomiasis).

[12]This

chemical is being investigated for potential medical applications.Most urticating hairs range in effect from mild irritationtodermatitis.
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Giant swallowtailcaterpillar everting itsosmeteriumin defense

Plants have evolved poisons to protect themselves fromherbivores and some caterpillars have evolved countermeasuresand eat the leaves of these toxic plants. In addition to beingunaffected by the poison, theysequesterit in their body, making

them highly toxic to predators. These chemicals are also carriedon into the adult stages. These toxic species, such astheCinnabar moth(Tyria jacobaeae) and monarch (Danausplexippus) caterpillars, usually advertise themselves with brightlystriped or coloured in black, red and yellowthe danger colors(seeaposematism). Any predator that attempts to eat a caterpillarwith an aggressive defence mechanism will learn and avoid futureattempts.

Larvae ofCraesus septentrionalis,asawflyshowing 6 pairs of pro-legs.

Some caterpillars regurgitate acidic digestive juices at attackingenemies. Manypapilionidlarvae produce bad smells fromextrudable glands calledosmeteria.

Caterpillars can evade predators by using a silk line and droppingoff from branches when disturbed.
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Some caterpillars obtain protection by associating themselveswithants. TheLycaenidbutterflies are particularly well known forthis. They communicate with their ant protectors by vibrations aswell as chemical means and typically provide food rewards.

[13]

Some caterpillars aregregarious; large aggregations are believedto help in reducing the levels of parasitization andpredation.

[14]Clusters amplify the signal of aposematic coloration,

and individuals may participate in group regurgitation or displays.

Caterpillars can be confused with the larvae ofsawflies(seeimage on right). Lepidopteran larvae can be differentiated by:

the numbers of pairs of pro-legs; sawfly larvae have 6 while

caterpillars have up to 5 pairs. the number of stemmata (simple eyes); the sawfly larvae have

only two, while a caterpillar has six.

the presence of crochets on the prolegs; these are absent intheSymphyta(sawflies).

[edit]Behavior

APasture Day Mothcaterpillar feeding on capeweed

Caterpillars have been called "eating machines", and eat leaves

voraciously. Most species shed theirskinfour or five times astheir bodies grow, and they eventuallypupateinto an adultform.

[15]Caterpillars grow very quickly; for instance, atobacco

hornwormwill increase its weight ten-thousandfold in less thantwenty days. An adaptation that enables them to eat so much is amechanism in a specialized midgut that quickly transports ions to
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the lumen (midgut cavity), to keep the potassium level higher inthe midgut cavity than in the blood.

[16]

AGypsy Mothcaterpillar

Most caterpillars are solelyherbivorous. Many are restricted toone species of plant, while others are polyphagous. A few,including theclothes moth, feed ondetritus. Most predatorycaterpillars feed on eggs of other insects, aphids, scale insects, orant larvae. Some are cannibals, and others prey on caterpillars ofother species (e.g. Hawai'ianEupithecia). A few are parasitic oncicadas or leaf hoppers.

[17]Some Hawai'ian caterpillars

(Hyposmocoma molluscivora) use silk traps to capture snails.[18]

Many caterpillars are nocturnal. For example, the "cutworms" (oftheNoctuidaefamily) hide at the base of plants during the dayand only feed at night.

[19]Others, such as gypsy moth (Lymantria

dispar) larvae, change their activity patterns depending on densityand larval stage, with more diurnal feeding in early instars andhigh densities.

[20]

[edit]Economic effects

Hypsipyla grandeladamagesmahoganyinBrazil
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Caterpillars cause much damage, mainly by eating leaves. Thepropensity for damage is enhanced bymonoculturalfarmingpractices, especially where the caterpillar is specifically adaptedto the host plant under cultivation. Thecotton bollwormcauses

enormous losses. Other species eat food crops. Caterpillars havebeen the target ofpest controlthrough the useofpesticides,biological controlandagronomicpractices. Manyspecies have become resistant topesticides. Bacterial toxinssuch as those fromBacillus thuringiensiswhich are evolved toaffect the gut of Lepidoptera have been used in sprays ofbacterial spores, toxin extracts and also by incorporating genes toproduce them within the host plants. These approaches are

defeated over time by the evolution of resistance mechanisms inthe insects.

[21]

Plants evolve mechanisms of resistance to being eaten bycaterpillars, including the evolution of chemical toxins andphysical barriers such as hairs. Incorporatinghost plantresistance(HPR) through plant breeding is another approachused in reducing the impact of caterpillars on crop plants.

[22]

Some caterpillars are used in industry. Thesilkindustry is based

on thesilkwormcaterpillar.

[edit]Human health

Buck Mothcaterpillar sting on a shin twenty-four hours after occurrence in southLouisiana. The reddish mark covers

an area about 20mm at its widest point by about 70mm in length.
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Caterpillar hair can be a cause of human health problems.Caterpillar hairs sometimes have venoms in them and speciesfrom approximately 12 families of moths or butterflies worldwidecan inflict serious human injuries ranging fromurticarialdermatitis

andatopicasthmatoosteochondritis,consumptioncoagulopathy,renalfailure,andintracerebralhemorrhage.

[23]Skin rashes are the most

common, but there have been fatalities.[24]

Lonomiais a frequentcause of envenomation in Brazil, with 354 cases reportedbetween 1989 and 2005. Lethality ranging up to 20% with deathcaused most often by intracranial hemorrhage.

[25]

Caterpillar hairs have also been known to causekerato-

conjunctivitis. The sharp barbs on the end of caterpillar hairs canget lodged in soft tissues andmucus membranes such as theeyes. Once they enter such tissues, they can be difficult toextract, often exacerbating the problem as they migrate acrossthe membrane.

[26]

This becomes a particular problem in an indoor setting. The hairseasily enter buildings through ventilation systems and accumulatein indoor environments because of their small size, which makes

it difficult for them to be vented out. This accumulation increasesthe risk of human contact in indoor environments.

[27]

[edit]
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Some species of caterpillar are also highly poisonous, particularly

those species that live in the tropical rain forests. Other species

are only poisonous in their caterpillar form, meaning when they

turn into amothorbutterfly, they no longer have venom.

There are more than 20,000 different species of known caterpillar

found all around the world and it is estimated that there are many

more that are undiscovered as new species of butterflies

andmothsare regularly found in regions where there is little, of

any,humanpresence.

Caterpillars difference in size, colour and appearance depending

on their species. Some caterpillars are very brightly coloured

where other caterpillar species are quite dull-looking in

comparison. Some species of caterpillars are very hairy, where

others are very smooth. The main aim of the appearance of the

caterpillar is to intimidate it'spredatorsand to deter them from

eating it.

The caterpillar, like thebutterfly, is a herbivorousanimal but

thedietsof the caterpillar and thebutterflyare very different.

Butterflies use their long straw-like tongues to drink the nectar

out of flowers, which is an adaptation that occurs in the process

where the caterpillar becomes abutterfly. Caterpillars mainly feed

on leaves, plants and flowering plants and big holes can often be

found in leaves indicating the presence of a caterpillar.

A number of species of caterpillar are known to be carnivorous

and eat a variety ofinsectsthat pass them. One caterpillar species
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found in Hawaii, hooks itself onto a leaf where it stands very

straight trying to catching passing bugs.

Due to their small size and worm-like shape, caterpillars are

preyed upon by numerous different species ofanimalbut the

mainpredatorsof the caterpillar arebirdsand largeinsectssuch

aswasps. Caterpillars are also commonly preyed upon

by smallmammalsandreptiles.

CaterpillarInsect. Butterflies and moths spend their

childhood as caterpillars, called the larval stage.

Caterpillars eat constantly. They outgrow their

skin and shed it several times. After the last

shedding, the caterpillar fastens to a branch and

enters the pupa or chrysalis stage; moth

caterpillars use a silk thread from their silk

glands to spin a protective cocoon. Inside thecocoon, the pupa goes through a process called

metamorphosis. The caterpillar's six front legs

transform into the adult insect's legs, the other

prolegs disappear, wings grow, and the insect emerges as a beautiful moth or butterfly.

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Life Cycle of Butterflies and Moths

As advanced insects, butterflies and moths have a "complete" life cycle. This means that

there are four separate stages, each of which looks completely different and serves a

different purpose in the life of the insect.

English|Franais|Deutsch|Espaol|Italiano|Nederlands

The egg is a tiny, round, oval, or cylindrical

object, usually with fine ribs and other

microscopic structures. The female attaches theegg to leaves, stems, or other objects, usually on

or near the intended caterpillar food.
http://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cyclehttp://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cyclehttp://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cycle/frenchhttp://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cycle/frenchhttp://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cycle/frenchhttp://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cycle/germanhttp://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cycle/germanhttp://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cycle/germanhttp://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cycle/spanishhttp://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cycle/spanishhttp://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cycle/spanishhttp://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cycle/italianhttp://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cycle/italianhttp://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cycle/italianhttp://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cycle/dutchhttp://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cycle/dutchhttp://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cycle/dutchhttp://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cycle/dutchhttp://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cycle/italianhttp://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cycle/spanishhttp://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cycle/germanhttp://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cycle/frenchhttp://www.kidsbutterfly.org/life-cycle


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The caterpillar (or larva) is the long, worm-like

stage of the butterfly or moth. It often has an

interesting pattern of stripes or patches, and it

may have spine-like hairs. It is the feeding and

growth stage. As it grows, it sheds its skin fouror more times so as to enclose its rapidly

growing body.

The chrysalis (or pupa) is the transformation

stage within which the caterpillar tissues are

broken down and the adult insect's structures are

formed. The chrysalis of most species is brown

or green and blends into the background. Many

species overwinter in this stage.

The adult (or imago) is colorful butterfly or

moth usually seen. It is the reproductive and

mobile stage for the species. The adults undergo

courtship, mating, and egg-laying. The adult

butterfly or moth is also the stage that migrates

or colonizes new habitats. The butterfly pictured

here is aMonarch, which is fairly large in size.

The Monarch's wingspan is 3 3/8 - 4 7/8 inches

(8.6 - 12.4 cm).

Adult Anatomy
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The Caterpillar or LarvaA caterpillar is an eating machine. Its consists of a pair of jaws or mandibles for

chewing plant matter followed by a long gut for digestion. It moves using three pairs

of true legs (like all insects) and five further pairs of 'prolegs', sucker like structures

with hooks on the end for gripping hold of the leaves and stems. Along the side of the

larva are small openings, spiracles, nine pairs in all, through which respiration occurs.A modified set of salivary glands, spinnerets, produce silk, which is discussed later on

this page. All butterfly larvae are hairy, some quite spectacularly covered with bushes

ofsetae, they may well be off-putting to potential predators.

When first hatched the larva or caterpillar is very small indeed, just a few millimeters

long. These first instarlarvae look similar regardless of which species they belong to.


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Usually the caterpillar immediately searches out food and starts to eat, although some

species overwinter at this stage.

Due to the nature of

the skeleton of insects

they cannot grow inthe same way that we

do. Every so often the

caterpillar sheds its

skin so that it can

expand and grow to a

larger size. This

process is known

as ecdysis and each

time it happens the

caterpillar moves on to

a new instar. MostEuropean species molt

four times and so their

final stage is usually

the fifth instar.

Caterpillars feed

for a large part of

their time,

consuming an ever

increasing amount

of foodplant as

they get rapidlylarger. Some

species prefer the

cover of night to

avoid unwanted

attention,

theComma,Polyg

onia c-album,

spends most of its

time underneath

leaves for the same

reason. Theirexcrement, usually

called frass, is

dropped all over

the place in small

lumps.

The larva of theLarge

white,Pieris brassicae,

pictured left demonstrates

where the frass gets its colourfrom.

Some butterfly species

actually have a system of

catapulting it away to deter

predators, for example

theSmall

skipper,Thymelicus

sylvestris. TheWhite

admiral,Limenitis camilla ac

tually covers itself in its ownfrass as disruptive

camouflage to confuse

predators.
http://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/ukm1.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/ukm1.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/ukm1.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/whites/ukm5.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/whites/ukm5.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/whites/ukm5.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/whites/ukm5.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/skippers/ukm2.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/skippers/ukm2.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/skippers/ukm2.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/skippers/ukm2.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/uk2.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/uk2.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/uk2.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/uk2.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/uk2.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/uk2.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/skippers/ukm2.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/skippers/ukm2.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/whites/ukm5.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/whites/ukm5.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/ukm1.htm


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Two views of the fully grown Comma larva, Polygonia c-

album.

The right view shows the disruptive colouring. Which end

would you go for if you were a bird?


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Caterpillars produce a silken

thread from organs beside

their jaws. This is used for a

variety of purposes. It gives

the caterpillars a good hold

on their foodplant and some

use it to rest between bouts of

feeding.

Others, for exampleSmall

tortoiseshell(Aglais

urticae) andPeacock(Inachis

io) build a web in which the

young caterpillars live

together, presumably for

defensive purposes, only

dispersing when near fullygrown.

When a caterpillar is fully grown it takes time to

wander in search of a suitable pupation site. This

stage is sometimes known as the prepupa. The larva

will let all frass clear its system before pupation.

Different families pupate in different ways. A

Nymphalid (left) spins a silken pad and hangs head

down using its anal claspers to grip on. A Pierid

(right) however spins a pad then attaches itself with

head upwards, spinning a silken girdle for support.

A short while after the larva has attached itself the

change to a pupa begins. It is thought a hormone is

introduced into the system to begin this process.

Butterfly Life Cycle - Egg: Adult butterflies lay their eggs on the leaves of their host plant. Each butterfly

species has certain plants that their caterpillars must eat to live and grow. Some butterfly species are very
http://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/uk8.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/uk8.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/uk8.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/uk8.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/ukm3.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/ukm3.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/ukm3.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/life/pup_ss/pup_ss.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/life/pup_ss/pup_ss.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/ukm3.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/uk8.htmhttp://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/uk8.htm


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specific to one or two plants while others may be able to eat a family of plants. Butterfly eggs are small in

general (like the size of a pin head) and usually hatch in about 3-7 days.

Butterfly Life Cycle - Caterpillar: The caterpillar hatches from the egg and usually the first thing it does

is eat the egg shell. After that it will start consuming the host plant. The caterpillar will spend the next

several weeks eating and growing since that is its main purpose.

Butterfly Life Cycle - Chrysalis: This stage is often a called a cocoon, but generally a cocoon is the

pupa stage of a moth while a chrysalis is the pupa stage of a butterfly. At this point the caterpillar has

made its final molt into a pupa and in about 1-2 weeks an adult butterfly will emerge.

Butterfly Life Cycle - Adult Butterfly: The adult butterfly will spend its time eating nectar and

mating/laying eggs. Many butterflies only live about 2 weeks, however, some species such as the

monarchs will overwinter by migrating south and thus will live for many months.

The Caterpillar:

Caterpillars are truly eating machines. Before they become a chrysalis their body mass will increase

thousands of times. With all this rapid growing they end up molting several times before their final molt

into a chrysalis. They grow their new exoskeleton beneath their current skin then when the time comes

they split the old skin off. Many times they will eat the old skin before returning to their leaf-munching.

Caterpillars will change their appearance sometimes dramatically between their molts. An example is the

black swallowtail caterpillar. When it is very young it is black with a white saddle. By the time it becomes

ready to pupate it has become a beautiful mix of stripes and dots with colors of yellow, white, black and

green. That can make identification more difficult since their appearance depends on their age.

Caterpillar identification is not really that difficult if you happen to know what plant they are eating. If you

can identify the plant then it becomes much easier to identify the caterpillar since they are so particular to

their own host plant. Just Google the "plant name" plus "caterpillar" or "host plant" and you are very likely

to find the butterfly or moth species to which the caterpillar belongs.

The butterfly life cycle is fascinating and caterpillars are great fun to raise into butterflies indoors. For

more information about the caterpillar life cycle visitLife Cycle of a Butterfly.
http://www.joyfulbutterfly.com/articles/lifecyclebutterfly.htmlhttp://www.joyfulbutterfly.com/articles/lifecyclebutterfly.htmlhttp://www.joyfulbutterfly.com/articles/lifecyclebutterfly.htmlhttp://www.joyfulbutterfly.com/articles/lifecyclebutterfly.html

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Cat a Pillar