and
Professor
Oman
has
captured
castle
and
how
were
made,
tural beauty
University
of
Oxford
the centuries
;
CASTLES
of
by
ruling
out
prehistoric
plicability
of
the
term.
On
a
parallel
it
that
the
question
of
proprietorship
does
not
are
size,
charafter,
and
and
not
to it,
by
the
closing
cartel,
chateau.
Castrum
or
a
Stronghold
of
any
was made, in
a mere
later
been
days.
Where
of Essex
as the
no
English
term
that
would
serve.
This
but
that
fortified
residences
history
of
the
Viking
to
build
Strongholds
for
themselves
in
the
countryside,
towns,
the
Stone
Bayeux
enclosure sufficed to keep
there
case of
space
in
which
where nature
had been
of the
landing
on
widest scale.
Senlac
had
usual
his
port
to appear
years of
insurrection.
Struftures thrown
are
recorded
to
March,
as the great inqueSt
England. Modern research can
but not
prominent
feature
of his caStle
anything that was built in later
days
Meanwhile before going
were
intended
to
city-walls,
or
of
caStles,
detail, unless
they had
of
popular
caftle-building on
the part
goes very deep,
The
king
required
caStles
either
in
moSt
would
be
that of
only
on
the old
[the Tower],
Cambridge, Chester,
and interesting
suspicion
easily
accessible.
In
of
London,
ColcheSter,
outside
great
centres
Such
were
12
including
designed
to
lowest
ford
on
the
out
to
be
of
high
ftrategic
importance,
hand were, as
ehgible
sites
things
or Essex
great
of
Henry I. and
unlicensed
a
great
crumble
which had sprung
new
kept
appearing,
;
in
and the crushing of the last great insurre£tion under
Owen
first cause
that we discover is that where church lands were very widely
spread,
caStles
are
them
tenant-in-chief with military obligations,
Sarum
Sherborne,
But
by
wherever
large and compaft
estates
were
holdings
of
way in
Vipont.
The
Bigods,
house of
Marshall. The
Fitz-Alans of
Clun in
married
the
heiress
of
are
lands anywhere. It is
they
immense
its
plateau was too
often replaced the
palisade on the
central area
and solidity.
First came
and it
with
bore
and
pick
who
had
actually
Strongest
point
of
the
solid building,
rooms
above
also
be
the fortress
of
Henry
in
great group of
of
insist that
each
protefted
that
answers the teft by
of
Gloucester,
five
of
Harlech,
the
innermost
ward
by
accurate
mathematical
regularity
of
both.
the
great
caStle-building
age
came
to
It was
upon the
that some
days. But
abandoned
them
spot.
Berkeley
during the
since
con-
Stables
were
negligent
and
dwindled
down
as
the
cattle
of
the
county-
town
always
as
a
as
the
modern
to
Ages,
being
eighteenth
old fortress save
Of
Gloucester,
for
armorial
display
or
artistic
carving.
Colleges,
which
had
no
military
own, and
that no
began
to
succumb
to
the
modern
guns
repeatedly
held
against
artillery
was no
longer employed
some dozens
and Sandgate
mediaeval fortresses
of
turbulence,
which
to
and adopted
the principle
blowing them up rather than garrisoning them. And a few
months
had
king's
Welsh
fortresses
in
1645-6,
we
than
Meanwhile
the
to
find
how
much
survived
even
after
a
thorough
mediasval
mortar
was
ground.
caStles
that
round
England
conclusion that
was
exceptional
after
1646.
The
large
not been
Rebellion—
like
Nunney
and
Donnington,
Carew
and
Montgomery,
Wallingford
and
Winchester,
of
time of
end
of
the
shire,
fortress
—all
three
in
the
reign
of
have
expected
to
show
motte
and
Norton
and
Middleton
Stoney.
28
Upper
mound
where lay
of the
motte
Lower
mented
for
erecting
chapels,
of
manner
of
of
a
great
circular
building,
200
feet
in
intended
to
be
finished
in
Edward,
in
destined
to
become
the
had
spent
and
southern
walls of
made
years
to
rear
3^
and supersede
was
buried,
to
the
north
side
of
intending
to
make
that her
expended
much
money
on
preparing
for
himself
distant
relatives
to
feel
much
interest
Ward
and
Chiltern
Hills,
which
ruined
so
many
caStles,
passed
lightly
over
seventeenth
century
was
not
the
Puritan
but
the
Merry
warrants,
and to
ever
been
in
—
with
some
restoration
in
St.
George's
Chapel
and
it
cannot
be
denied
that
Unfortun-
ately
more,
crammed
in
deep,
and well watered. About each of the two firSt ditches, on
the
creft
there
can
only
be
guessed
at,
despite
of
polygonal
at
Abingdon.
The
by the long resist-
qualifications
party
in
some of
pulled down and thematerials
It would not be quite correct: to say that in
the whole county
places in which there
drum-towers,
slightly
a
square
battlemented
building,
nothing
family
—a
son
and
several daughters. The boy was only eight at his father's death,
and
was
Geoffrey Chaucer, whose
father had been
the end death
house
of
children
of
Elizabeth
Plantagenet
were
Richard III. had
loft his only son, and had declared his two brothers' issue
illegitimate.
of
(1487),
his
brother
finally was beheaded.
whom
obftinate
Yorkifts
called
the
of
Pavia
1
favourite
whom
he
also
conferred
the
forfeited
dukedom
of
Suffolk.
The
new
lands,
good
order,
one of
their ftrategical
Donnington
Royalist
line,
fought
to
Storm
Shaw
House.
Meanwhile
shelter under the
flank of the
sense, a defeat for
knighted for
his services,
considerable
had
witnessed
oblong
Ca^Ie between
some
top of
drawing
the
of
St.
is shown
with three
Stories. There
by
a
high-level
wooden
bridge
crossing
which no doubt had
been at
1142,
when
by ropes
snow
Thames tiU they
of Wallingford.
The map
middle
Httle to the left
remnants
of
the
original
cattle,
but
by
dammed
of
that
Lord
Treasurer
Saye
who
was
1781,
Richard
Fiennes,
building, and
inserting in
even to
descendants, the
knoll overlooking
the
prolific
family
of
Grey
which
built
a
bendgules
—may
Still
be
The
—a curious
one
a
1
3
87
: his
immortality, along
with Catesby
was
reconStru6tion
went
after
1660
for
the
permit us
to deal
South Country
of
Win-
military
architefture.
But
perfeft
examples
of
it
exceptional
importance.
But
there
is
this
difference
between
of its
buildings in
within
himself,
make
of a wheel,
designs,
it
is
hard
to
say.
created the Order of
the Garter. All three
expeded,
since
Farnham
he was
an old
they destroyed the royal
palace,
designed
by
Christopher
Wren,
—
Farnham
George
The
now
The
somewhat
chaotic
background.
SOMERSETSHIRE
quite
all,
of
Somersetsliire,
it—notably the
single
great
caSlle
of
Taunton. There was
no great and early family of earls—the Bcauforts only got
the title in
 
converted for a
bearing his
own arms,
Henry VII.
feet
by
3
1
feet,
with
walls
apparently
were handed
in
the
middle
of
its
broad
corners,
and
a
 
space
for
perhaps §teps, on
flanks were
the spot where the
possessed that
usual fitting
Country and Welsh
caStles, had its
the
day
were
belong
to
the
lower
caSt
down,
the real
main
building
could
be
top
buildings. The laSt
added to the
much of
old
Strongholds
of
Wessex.
Nunney
neglefted caSlle lies
to
late
drum-towers, of
no space
timber,
century,
when
 
Pratef held his own house againSl Fairfax in the great Civil War, and
saw
it
 
the
besiegers
down
is doing its
century
elsewhere), in that
it represents the
already existing domestic
 
gate-house and
old age in
alienating.
And
with
the
death
of
and
carved
beams
to
any
of
the
others
melancholy ruin
than other
site
of
one
of
the
only
surrendered
in
April,
1646.
Portland
Castle.
Outer
Gate
70
to
1
do it
was made into a
to
age, when
of his enemies.
To one or
123
1,
is
found
the water
1
marshy meadow ground, and
access to the
the
therefore hard
larger outer ward, and Still dominated by the Clintons' great
keep.
outer
is
not
on
towers
in
the
Water
Tower,
and
Stocked and
of the
When these
to
besiege
it.
June
to
December :
got across the deep
dry ditch which covered
An
attempt
was
then
made
to
escalade
the lands
at Berkeley.
position
—at
satisfaftion, and consoled himself
London,
or
engaged
a good
deal demilitarise
of
building
was
Stands inside the north-ea§l angle
of
rather a house over
were the
so-called Leicester
appeared,
perpendicular
by
and halls
to
the
mere
maintenance
of
the
Dancing,
Slate
that
she
dam
of
of
ventured to
marry his
wife, Lettice
which
or the giant-quelling
were defined
the
he
next
in
the
male
William
been
kept
features, but
not of
Newburghs
was
preserved,
the
Beauchamps'
buildings.
The
great
earlier towers
wing
generals
of
second
Thomas,
at top
set
somewhat of a
Started
the
James
I.
gave
the
caStle
made many
Whig
government.
Warv/ick is probably the beSt
known
and
main delight of
Guy's
and
Cassar's
Towers.
Berkeley
interesting
is
Still
in
the
hands
the
builder
of
sixty-one years.
And on
its
history
in the present
Wars,
was
dispossessed
by
Bristol, a man of
build
him
a
back
earlier
not, as usual, by
have
safety
or
convenience.
Stone
enceinte.
And
this
now
and
cast
sides
this
ward
is
at
slope
looking
over
meadows
The
late-Norman
buildings
which
gone,
and
were
times
of
Edward
feet by
chapel, dedi-
cated to
deposed
hurried
was
forbidden
Edward
by
shutting
Gurney and
the
bargain of
young man,
been
brought
isolated region
of
at all
remained by
the time
took their
chapel.
North
Devon,
of
the
earlier
Courtenays,
ten)
caStles
to
live
in.
But
Devon was
eStuary nor occupies
 
Humphrey Bohun,
not
a separate holding to
in the form
corpore were left out.
abnormal
wording
CaSlle
is
motte and
ivy,
and
far
too
frequent
trees.
Considering
son
Seymours made
could
Hertford
and
which
of the
 
Berry.
Here
lived
ancient caStlcs
ruins
in
Southern
England.
The
fine
Uon
rampant
quadrate,
to
me
no
or
fifteenth
century
fortification,
when
Plymouth
com-
pletely
superseded
by
the
adjacent
landed
and
was visible
is a
belonged
which runs up
by
Sir
Edward
army
of
the
WeSt
capitulated,
Portland,
Pendennis,
over its
rule that
we are
Cornish
castles
are
the
Idylls
of
the
precipice,
and
of
gazing
great
builders
of
castles.
When
peninsula,
and
were
semi-royal
personages.
Piers
Gaveston
(1307-12),
permanent
endow-
ment
Saxon
who
broad
not
dissimilar
towers
of
Totnes
or
Trematon,
but
the
two
rniles
very
a few feet above
Steep
in
the
originally founded by
of
apparently a
the inside,
and the
predecessor.
buildings.
The
their
collateral
heirs,
through
female
descent,
ceded
the
Visitors
are
recommended
circle.
There
were
battlements
 
neighbouring
the
possession
their
Cornwall.
^-
.-^
~
sea
at
the
harbour
caStles,
rivals
seas during the Wars of the
Roses
very
dangerous
to
them.
great
since the
of the
worthy of
looking up into,
 
but
fine
Tudor
royal
keep.
 
Cornwall,
and
on
the
ress
in
of Benedidine
probably, is there any
moSl of
haunt.
the
eastern
which
the
church
his
Millatons
and
the buildings
under
Colonel
Hammond.
sea
to
Charles
II.
who had served the
an impoverished position,
as
The
former
deceive
incautious
antiquaries
to
military
charafter
of
the
battery of
occasions
of
high
ceremony.
seascape
from
the
Lizard
to
Mousehole
moSl
is, in faft,
his tower,
where he
Tintagel.
Into
and the
under him
mainland,
on
equally
precipitous
ground
severed
wash right up to
other
early
Norman
lord
built
an
outer
ward,
forming
a
been a
enter
the
ground
being
lower,
inner fortress.
Of the
all
shapeless
rubble,
fragmentary
walls
but rather
ancient royal
part
of
and
the
Mortimers
were
a
here the
a motte,
 
famous of
border,
§tyle, and
it Maud's
Cagtle, but
taken by
196.
years,
new
thirteenth
century
Montfort,
in
his
small
people,
and
fell
under
the
supremacy
of
the
Edward
I.
vaults
of
a
public
remains in
Pulteney.
is
splendidly
so
among
life
of
an
his admiring descendants,
those
places,
and
its
the
inner
buildings.
In
the
anarchical
reign
of
At the death
the
nephew
aforesaid,
who
tage.
Fitz
John
was
slain
death, at the out-
but
one
prevalent.
Josse
held
1
166,
his
those
The
screams
the outer
was soon
joined
the
Henry,
and
plead
was
not
a
monarch,
kept
in
1240,
and
King
they set out
on that unhappy
secret grave in the Tower. Not-
withstanding these sinister associations, Henry VII. gave it
to
eSlabUsliment of his own. Arthur left his
name
to
1502,
marriage
Henry VIII.
Ludlow was never again a royal residence, but it was made
the
two
marches
remained
per-
the Fitz-Alans resided more within it, and
paid
less
attention
Clun
seems
to
be
no
definitely
thirteenth
century
or
fourteenth
natural
that
used
large
chambers,
which
but
are
ap-
proached
by
in
Jacobean
events was during
the great Civil
them took
and
the
Royalists,
Herefordshire.
In
1647
the
Parliament
ordered
Stokesay
to
be
and turned the hall
and
the
escaped
same date as
Stokesay, and has
days of
square have
Elizabeth it was owned
1642
furbished
it
up
wliich
as
one
point
western
an oval
50
slope was too
by an
advanced line
of Monmouth,
and the
lavish
the de
Clares, and
the la§t—that of the Marshalls. The caSlle is placed on
a bold bluff
them
It
Stands
out
in
as
keeps
generally
three-Storied
—the
London) was not
Steps. But some fourteenth
third
floor
above.
The
interior
looks
like
Anglo-Norman adventurers
smaller
lords
expefted) a mere
continuation of the
States
before
the
carried
on
by
swallowed up
indifFerentl7
at
Chepstow
founder
upon
ward, are of their conStruftion.
But
Wars
of
high Strategic value as
communications
held
for
maintained.
This
was
without
artillery,
and
23).
not destitute
part
of
the
original
conquest
of
Fitz
Osbern,
Welsh who,
of the Braoses
administration
of
the
three
caStles.
years. When Hubert
frith, the
of
a
have been
trees,
and
the
interior
of
in
1924.
smaller cattle. It does
Steep
hill,
rising
200
feet
above
it.
by
level
700
part. It is cut oflF from the reSt of the
place by
more
accommodation
been
Strong
lofty.
been the
elegant
pierced
lantern
for
the
escape
were
of
what
the
earher
twelfth
century
caStle
may
have
earthwork
on
palisaded
enclosure
with
a
keep
somewhere
within
the
caStle
by
Richard,
no signs of
a Stone
time of
Stone-Stealers,
so
frequent
in
every
caStle
thick
external
enceinte
is
flanking fire
of the
long. It
Yellow
Tower
was
the
caStle
itself,
disposed
very
who was greatly
aquedufts,
main gate-house.
boundary than constituted
its
ruin,
Naseby.
forces
under
Sir
Trevor
The
garrison,
He drove the garrison
not been
windows
good breach was eStabhshed to the
north of the
Army,
seventy, in the
siege, no less than by sickness
of
of the
as far as the borders of
Brecknock.
Abergavenny. Its
Aber-
gavenny
passed,
lordships became
Gwent,
in
1230,
main line, the
Church. But their
south
again.
The
townsmen
of
the
considerable
1277-83,
but
won it
back in
CaStle was undoubtedly
back
to
his
from
it
as
their
the
of Brecon
Battle of
prisoner,
in
the
fords
of
the
Severn,
to
join
other
malcontents.
But
they
to
suggests
but part
they
whether
they
element
in
Gower
and
Pembroke,
danger
The date usually given
in t«'o chronicles,
supposed
up
permitted of easy reconStruftion.
ruined sections
with earth-
of
the
area,
174
to the royal
have its
mediaeval importance
done far more
even the Herberts. They have recall the whole eaSt face
of the main
aspeft,
in a tnoSt historical Marcher caSlle. On the other hand
the
restoration
a
new
north
group
of
buildings,
Styles
water.
rise
from
Welsh
caSlles,
this
and
in
plan.
the Red
ST. DONAT
S CASTLE :
STRADLING ARMS
IN INNER
William Stradling,
of the
on
to
the
inner
ward,
it, somewhat in the fashion of
a
Jacobean
Donat's.
Dr. Carne,
who owned
hangs a Steep ravine,
at the bottom of
de§tru6tion in
might well be Mowbray
attribute the
large
three-ftoried
of
the
original
ditched
Deheubarth,
:
its southern
circular,
but
square
with
rounded
out
a
: but so
owners
had
conquest of
above,
to
visit
Nortnan invaders
blocks
held
by
the
Anglo-Normans
in
defined to
Strategically
blockhouse
accessible.
rewarded,
were
put
in
motion.
By
AuguSt
13
th
he
was
besieging
Drysllwyn
with
1
1,000
men,
wlaile
other
forces
under
the
Earls
of
Hereford
point
of
danger
the
great
engine
and
miners
went,
surrender by January
had been captured in
not
rise
for
any
other
interval
of
1403
were
when
Henry,
It had also
House of Howel the
bold
bluff
over
the
precipitous
on
two
sides,
third, or landward, front. It is at
present
that
it
towards the
cliff and
apartments, those in
to
be
surviving
buildings
is
comer of the
The surviving
teenth century, not
the
Caer Cynan
be
for which,
inland. Often
It
is
smoth-
The
gate-house
can
all
is
side by
fate of the
the eaSt
great eStuary of the Towy,
where it broadens
capital of a great marcher
lordship,
and
associated
the chief Anglo-Norman
foothold for the
 
come again and
again in days
rebuilt,
before
1263.
two
an outer
of the
exterior defence,
same.
of the
into the
In
in 1646.
Duchy
of
Lancaster
on cutting
owe
its
firSt
Cardigan,
who
built
failed
of
months, however
war
in
recovered
by
in the reign
by
sale,
to
settlers but
William
the
Conqueror
absorbed
long
and not some Camville
person
a skilled
the size
and
Aymer,
external
gate,
placed
not
in
them.
were
attacking
has vanished
 
her
dowry.
Be
this
an
odd
Barrys,
Fitz
Henrys
and,
above
all,
Fitzgeralds,
were
all
to
be
important
Anglo-Norman
families
of
Wales,
and
along the
silhouetted against the
and thirteenth century
ftudent
of
military
merely
pifturesque.
Upton
Situated
on
 Little England
beyond Wales
Upton, the patrimony
of the
a
ditch,
eighteenth
century
windows
cut
in
them,
and
a
visitor
is
among
the
trees
to
the
been
inserted
but
never
Gerald de Barry,
much
the
appeal ;
Philip
The
present
CaSlle
but
a
good
no
great
the
them to
about
the
time
of
the
reign
original
ambitious
building
schemes
of
Sir
John
Perrott
at
Carew,
and
was
ditch. There
and
a
barrel-vaulted
cellar
below.
A
tower
shows
below
its
battlements
—
by
in
Barlow's
time,
the
Davids lay
toward
the
where
a
drawbridge
crossed
it,
in
lofty gate-arch
Earls
generation,
attributed to
of the
which belonged
for the
Peninsula
of
Lleyn,
ward,
—
Cardigan.
There
is
a
at the head
outlier.
with a
immense
gate-house
principahty had
quieted down,
only two years
after his death,
among
the
Welsh
of
Tre
Faldwin
Baldwin's
place.
The
Boilers
family
primitive hill-fortification
quarter
said
to
their usual residence,
the old royal
seats of Mathraval
of
more English
of Sir
claimed
ParUament as baron
Grey de Powys,
baron
more
line, and
one
of
the
wide-spread
and
even
in common
the
laSt
generation
destined
to
which sealed
dence
It is
probable that
Earl of Surrey
on the rock-side that the
caStle
this eagle's ne§t
real eagle's
summit, for
Chirk
When,
as
then Lord of
Roger
Mortimer,
the