Castings, Forgings, and Molded Parts Y14.8-2009(2014-01).pdfASME Y14.8, Casting, Forgings, and Molded Parts, was adopted on 2 April 2009 for use by the Department of Defense (DoD)

A N A M E R I C A N N A T I O N A L S T A N D A R D

ASME Y14.8-2009[Revision of ASME Y14.8M-1996 (R2008)]

Castings, Forgings, andMolded PartsEngineering Drawing and Related Documentation Practices

Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Licensee=University of Alberta/5966844001, User=sharabiani, shahramfs

Not for Resale, 03/11/2014 02:22:36 MDTNo reproduction or networking permitted without license from IHS

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ASME Y14.8

ADOPTION NOTICE

ASME Y14.8, Casting, Forgings, and Molded Parts, was adopted on 2 April 2009 for use by the Department ofDefense (DoD). Proposed changes by DoD activities must be submitted to the DoD Adopting Activity: Commander,U.S. Army Research, Development and Engineering Center (ARDEC), ATTN: RDAR-AAR-QES-E, PicatinnyArsenal, NJ 07806-5000. Copies of this document may be purchased from The American Society of MechanicalEngineers (ASME), 22 Law Drive, P.O. Box 2900, Fairfield, NJ 07007-2900, http://www.asme.org.

Custodians: Adopting Activity:Army — AR Army — ARNavy — SA (Project DRPR-2009-005)Air Force — 16

Review Activities:Army — CR, MI, PT, TMNavy — AS, CG, CH, EC, MC, NP, TDAir Force — 13, 99DLA — DHOSD — SENSA — NSOther — CM, MP, DC2

NOTE: The activities listed above were interested in this document as of the date of this document. Sinceorganizations and responsibilities can change, you should verify the currency of the information above using theASSIST Online database at http://assist.daps.dla.mil.

ASMC N/A AREA DRPR

DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A. Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited.



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ASME Y14.8-2009[Revision of ASME Y14.8M-1996 (R2008)]

Castings, Forgings, and Molded Parts

AN AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Engineering Drawing and Related Documentation Practices



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Date of Issuance: September 30, 2009

This Standard will be revised when the Society approves the issuance of a new edition. There will be no addenda or writ-ten interpretations of the requirements of this Standard issued to this edition.

Periodically certain actions of the ASME Y14 Committee may be published as Cases. Cases are published on the ASME Web site under the Committee Pages at http://cstools.asme.org as they are published.

ASME is the registered trademark of The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.

This code or standard was developed under procedures accredited as meeting the criteria for American National Standards. The Stan-dards Committee that approved the code or standard was balanced to assure that individuals from competent and concerned interests have had an opportunity to participate. The proposed code or standard was made available for public review and comment that provides an opportunity for additional public input from industry, academia, regulatory agencies, and the public-at-large.

ASME does not “approve,” “rate,” or “endorse” any item, construction, proprietary device, or activity. ASME does not take any position with respect to the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any items mentioned in this document, and does not undertake to insure anyone utilizing a standard against liability for infringement of any applicable letters patent, nor assumes any such liability. Users of a code or standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, is entirely their own responsibility.

Participation by federal agency representative(s) or person(s) affi liated with industry is not to be interpreted as government or industry en-dorsement of this code or standard.

ASME accepts responsibility for only those interpretations of this document issued in accordance with the established ASME procedures and policies, which precludes the issuance of interpretations by individuals.

No part of this document may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic retrieval system or otherwise,

without the prior written permission of the publisher.

The American Society of Mechanical EngineersThree Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990

Copyright © 2009 byTHE AMERICAN SOCIETY OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERS

All rights reservedPrinted in U.S.A.



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iii

CONTENTS

Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Committee Roster . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

Correspondence with the Y14 Committee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Section 1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.2 Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.3 Reference to This Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.4 Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.5 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.6 Dimensioning and Tolerancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11.8 Defi nitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2

Section 2 Drawing Presentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42.2 Separate View Drawing Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42.3 Combined View Drawing Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42.4 End Item Drawing Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Section 3 Drawing Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73.2 Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73.3 As-Cast/As-Forged/As-Molded Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73.4 Corner Radii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83.5 Die Closure Tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83.6 Draft Angle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83.7 Fillet Radii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133.8 Flash Extension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .133.9 Orientation of Forging Plane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143.10 Form Tolerances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143.11 Marking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143.12 Match Draft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143.13 Mismatch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143.14 Parting Lines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .143.15 Sharp Corners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183.16 Grain Direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183.17 Special Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .183.18 Profi le Tolerance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203.19 Digital Data File Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .203.20 Wall Thickness as a Refi nement of Profi le of a Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20

Section 4 Datum Referencing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214.2 Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214.3 Datum Targets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224.4 Datum Reference Frame Established by Machined Datum Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224.5 Machine Tooling Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224.6 Equalizing Datums . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .224.7 Datum Targets and Profi le Tolerancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24



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iv

Section 5 Drawing Notes and Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345.2 Drawing Items . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345.3 Sample General Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .345.4 Sample Local Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35

Nonmandatory AppendicesA Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37B Sample Drawings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41C Form and Proportion of Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44



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v

FOREWORD

This revision of ASME Y14.8M-1996 expands the scope of the Standard to include molded parts. Changes to both the text and fi gures have been made to better illustrate drafting practices pertaining to casting/forging and molded part drawings.

Major changes include the addition of symbology for parting line, all around this side of parting line, and all over this side of parting line. Plus draft, minus draft, and draft included are explained. A section on CAD model requirements is added. The effect of applying profi le of a surface with datum references to surfaces containing datum targets is explained. Wall thickness is defi ned. Text and fi gures are revised to refl ect these changes.

Suggestions for improvement of this Standard are welcome. They should be sent to The American Society of Mechanical Engineers; Attn: Secretary, Y14 Standards Committee; Three Park Avenue; New York, NY 10016-5990.

This edition was approved by the American National Standards Institute on March 31, 2009.



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vi

ASME Y14 COMMITTEEEngineering Drawing and Related

Documentation Practices(The following is the roster of the Committee at the time of approval of this Standard.)

STANDARDS COMMITTEE OFFICERSF. Bakos, Jr., Chair

W. A. Kaba, Vice ChairC. J. Gomez, Secretary

STANDARDS COMMITTEE PERSONNELA. R. Anderson, Dimensional Dynamics, LLC A. Krulikowski, Eff ective Training, Inc.F. Bakos, Consultant P. J. McCuistion, Ohio UniversityJ. V. Burleigh, Consultant J. D. Meadows, James D. Meadows & Associates, Inc.D. E. Day, TEC-EASE, Inc. M. E. Meloro, Northrop Grumman Corp.K. Dobert, Siemens PLM Software H. W. Oakes, Oasis Systems, Inc.C. W. Ferguson, WM Education Services J. M. Smith, Caterpillar, Inc.C. J. Gomez, The American Society of Mechanical Engineers M. J. Stahl, Alternate, Caterpillar, Inc.B. A. Harding, Purdue University N. H. Smith, Spirit AeroSystems, Inc.D. H. Honsinger, Consultant R. G. Wilhelm, University of North CarolinaW. A. Kaba, Spirit AeroSystems, Inc. B. A. Wilson, The Boeing Co.K. S. King, BAE Systems

SUBCOMMITTEE 8 — CASTINGS, FORGINGS, AND MOLDED PARTSD. E. Day, Chair, TEC-EASE, Inc. D. E. Jakstis, Spirit AeroSystems, Inc.D. L. Anderson, Aluminum Co. of America J. Kaminski, WoodwardN. W. Cutler, Dimensional Management, Inc. J. D. Keith, Spirit AeroSystems, Inc.K. Dobert, Siemens PLM Software B. E. Lance, TEC-EASE & Bub-tech Inc.E. R. Evans, Jr., Penn State Erie, The Behrend College P. J. McCuistion, Ohio UniversityP. Hastie, Consultant J. I. Miles, Sr., Lockheed Martin AeronauticsM. Hoganson, Visteon S. D. Pruss, General Motors Corp.D. H. Honsinger, Consultant J. A. Rivers, Rivers Precision LLCR. J. Hoyt, Le Sueur, Inc. J. M. Smith, Caterpillar, Inc.C. J. Husum, The Boeing Co. D. F. Watts, Hewlett Packard Co.



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vii

CORRESPONDENCE WITH THE Y14 COMMITTEE

General. ASME Standards are developed and maintained with the intent to represent the consensus of concerned interests. As such, users of this Standard may interact with the Committee by proposing revisions, and attending Com-mittee meetings. Correspondence should be addressed to:

Secretary, Y14 Standards CommitteeThe American Society of Mechanical EngineersThree Park AvenueNew York, NY 10016-5990

Proposing Revisions. Revisions are made periodically to the Standard to incorporate changes that appear necessary or desirable, as demonstrated by the experience gained from the application of the Standard. Approved revisions will be published periodically.

The Committee welcomes proposals for revisions to this Standard. Such proposals should be as specifi c as possible, citing the paragraph number(s), the proposed wording, and a detailed description of the reasons for the proposal in-cluding any pertinent documentation.

Proposing a Case. Cases may be issued for the purpose of providing alternative rules when justifi ed, to permit early implementation of an approved revision when the need is urgent, or to provide rules not covered by existing provi-sions. Cases are effective immediately upon ASME approval and shall be posted on the ASME Committee Web page.

Requests for Cases shall provide a Statement of Need and Background Information. The request should identify the standard, the paragraph, fi gure or table number(s), and be written as a Question and Reply in the same format as existing Cases. Requests for Cases should also indicate the applicable edition(s) of the standard to which the proposed Case applies.

Attending Committee Meetings. The Y14 Standards Committee regularly holds meetings or telephone conferences, which are open to the public. Persons wishing to attend any meeting or telephone conference should contact the Sec-retary of the Y14 Standards Committee or check our Web site at http://cstools.asme.org/csconnect/.



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viii

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK



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ASME Y14.8-2009

1

CASTINGS, FORGINGS, AND MOLDED PARTS

Section 1General

1.1 SCOPE

This Standard covers defi nitions of terms and features unique to casting, forging, and molded part technologies with recommendations for their uniform specifi cation on engineering drawings and related documents. Un-less otherwise specifi ed, any reference to features, parts, or processes shall be interpreted as applying to castings, forgings, and molded parts. Castings, forgings, and molded parts are delineated as “parts” throughout the Standard.

1.2 UNITS

The International System of Units (SI) is used in this Standard because SI units are expected to supersede United States (U.S.) Customary units. Customary units could equally well be used without effect to the princi-ples established.

1.3 REFERENCE TO THIS STANDARD

Where drawings are based on this Standard, this fact shall be noted on the drawings or in a document refer-enced on the drawings. References to this Standard shall state “PREPARED IN ACCORDANCE WITH ASME Y14.8-2009.”

1.4 FIGURES

The fi gures in this Standard are intended as illustra-tions to aid the user in understanding the principles and methods of drawing described in the text. The absence of a fi gure illustrating the desired application is neither rea-son to assume inapplicability nor basis for drawing re-jection. In some instances, fi gures show added detail for emphasis; in other instances, fi gures are incomplete by intent. Numerical values of dimensions and tolerances are illustrative only.

1.4.1 Drawings in Digital FormatThe fi gures in this Standard are illustrated in 2D

drawing presentation. The principles shown in these fi gures may be presented in digital (3D) format per ASME Y14.41.

1.5 NOTES

Notes herein in capital letters are intended to appear on drawings. Notes in lower case are explanatory only and are not intended to appear on drawings.

1.6 DIMENSIONING AND TOLERANCING

The methods of dimensioning and tolerancing shall be in accordance with ASME Y14.5M and this Standard.

1.7 REFERENCES

The following revisions of American National Standards form a part of this Standard to the extent specifi ed herein. A more recent revision may be used provided there is no con-fl ict with the text of this Standard. In the event of a confl ict between the text of this Standard and the references cited herein, the text of this Standard shall take precedence.

ASME Y14.5M-1994, Dimensioning and Tolerancing

ASME Y14.24-1999, Types and Applications of Engineer-ing Drawings

ASME Y14.36M-1996, Surface Texture Symbols

ASME Y14.41-2003, Digital Product Defi nition Data Practices

ASME Y14.100-2004, Engineering Drawing Practices

Publisher: The American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), Three Park Avenue, New York, NY 10016-5990; Order Dept: 22 Law Drive, P.O. Box 2300, Fairfi eld, NJ 07007-2300 (www.asme.org)



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ASME Y14.8-2009

2

1.8 DEFINITIONS

The following terms are defi ned as their use applies in this Standard. Other commonly used casting/forging/molded part terms are defi ned in Nonmandatory Appendix A.

1.8.1 Castingcasting: a part obtained by solidifi cation of material in a die or mold.

1.8.2 Corner Radius (Edge Radius)corner radius (edge radius): the convex radius on the sur-face of a part connecting two surfaces (see Fig. 1-1).

1.8.3 Diedie: any of various tools or devices for imparting a desired shape, form, or fi nish to a material or for impressing an object or material.

1.8.4 Die Closuredie closure: allowable part variation caused by inconsis-tent mating of opposing segments of a mold or die (see Fig. 3-2).

1.8.5 Draftdraft: the taper given to a part so that it can be withdrawn from the mold or die (see Fig. 3-1).

1.8.6 Drawingdrawing: an engineering document or digital data fi le(s) that discloses (directly or by reference), by means of graphic or textual presentations, or by combinations of both, the physical or functional requirements of an item (ASME Y14.100).

1.8.7 Fillet Radiusfi llet radius: the concave radius on the surface of a part connecting two surfaces (see Fig. 1-1). Fillet radii are intended to minimize stress concentrations, aid in proper fi ll, and minimize cosmetic defects.

1.8.8 Flashfl ash: excess material that results from leakage between mating surfaces of a mold or die (see Fig. 3-10).

1.8.9 Flash Extensionfl ash extension: allowable fl ash remnant (see Fig. 3-10).

1.8.10 Flatnessfl atness: a condition of a surface having all elements in one plane. See ASME Y14.5M.

1.8.11 Forgingforging: a part created by plastically deforming metal. Also, the process by which metal is plastically deformed to a desired shape.

1.8.12 Forging Planeforging plane: a plane perpendicular to the forging direction. It normally coincides with the principal mating faces of a set of dies. See Fig. 3-3.

1.8.13 Gategate: a channel in a mold through which molten material fl ows into the mold cavity.

1.8.14 Grain Directiongrain direction: the predominant orientation of the fi brous crystalline structural units of wrought metals (see Fig. 3-21).

1.8.15 Grain Flow (Flow Lines)grain fl ow (fl ow lines): the directional elongation in the grain structure of the material, and its nonhomogeneous constituents, resulting from the forging process. Grain fl ow follows the direction of working during forging and is usually revealed by polishing and etching sections of the forging. See para. 3.16.

1.8.16 Match Draftmatch draft: additional draft allowance permitted on matching surfaces at parting lines when the normal draft allowance would result in an offset of the surfaces at the parting line (see Fig. 3-13).

Fig. 1-1 Fillet and Corner Radii



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1.8.24 Riserriser: material connected to the casting that provides ad-ditional material to the casting during solidifi cation.

1.8.25 Riser Stubriser stub: the allowable remaining riser.

1.8.26 Scale Pitscale pit: a surface depression formed on a forging dur-ing the forging operation, due to scale remaining in the dies from previous forgings.

1.8.27 Sinksink: a shallow depression in the surface of a cast or molded part, due to internal shrinkage in region of greater, or excessive, thickness.

1.8.28 Straightnessstraightness: a condition where an element of a surface or an axis is a straight line (ASME Y14.5M).

1.8.29 Vent Marksvent marks: small protrusions on the surface of a part caused by material entering the vents (air escape pas-sages) in the mold or die.

1.8.30 Wallwall: a solid feature at any physical orientation com-posed of opposing surfaces having a nominally uniform thickness (see Fig. 3-24).

1.8.31 Wall Thicknesswall thickness: the actual local size between all sets of opposing points on the surfaces of a wall (see Fig. 3-24).

1.8.17 Mismatchmismatch: the offset of features on a part caused by mis-alignment of opposing segments of a mold or die (see Fig. 3-14).

1.8.18 Moldmold: a form made of sand, metal, or other material into which material is poured or injected to produce a part.

1.8.19 Mold Linemold line: a line generated by the theoretical intersection of projected surfaces (see Fig. 3-1).

1.8.20 Movable Targetsmovable targets: two or more targets with a controlled simultaneous motion used for centering parts (see para. 4.6 and Figs. 4-3, 4-12, and 4-13).

1.8.21 Parting Lineparting line:

(a) the separation between the mold or die segments.(b) a line on the drawing representing the mating sur-

faces of the die or mold segments.See Figs. 3-2, 3-15, 3-16, and C-2.

1.8.22 Parting Planeparting plane: a plane representing the mating surfaces of the die or mold.

1.8.23 Patternpattern: a form made of wood, metal, or other material around which sand or other suitable material is placed to make a mold.



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2.1 GENERAL

This Section establishes methods of preparing cast-ing/forging/molded part drawings. See ASME Y14.24 for complete description and suggested usage of “Types and Application of Engineering Drawings.”

2.2 SEPARATE VIEW DRAWING METHOD

The preferred method shows casting/forging/molded part requirements and machining requirements on sepa-rate views or on separate drawings. Phantom lines may be used on the views to show the outline of the part confi guration after machining (see Fig. 2-1). Wherever possible, the surfaces selected as datum features on a casting should be surfaces that exist after machining. This will allow a machined-to-cast relationship to be specifi ed on the machining drawing.

2.3 COMBINED VIEW DRAWING METHOD

If there are signifi cant advantages, combined views may be utilized. Both the casting/forging/molded part requirements and the machining requirements are shown in superimposed views. Phantom lines may be used

to show the casting/forging/molded part outline (see Fig. 2-2). Notes and tolerances relative to casting/ forging/molded parts shall be distinguished from those relating to subsequent operations.

NOTE: The decision to combine drawings should be made cau-

tiously. Combining drawing types should result in a signifi cant

advantage over separate drawings. Potential disadvantages

resulting from combining drawings include

(a) increased complexity of the drawing that may diminish

clarity and usefulness

(b) frequent change activity to the drawing that may in-

crease the need to update associated records(s), material

control data, manufacturing planning, microfi lm, etc.

2.4 END ITEM DRAWING METHOD

An end item drawing defi nes either an individual part or assembly in its fi nal or completed state. Surfaces may be defi ned as cast/forged/molded or machined to meet drawing requirements. Notes relative to machining shall be listed separately. See Fig. 2-3.

NOTE: The end item drawing method may result in unexpected/

uncontrolled mechanical properties.

Section 2Drawing Presentation



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Fig. 2-1 Separate Views Method



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Fig. 2-2 Combined Views Method

Fig. 2-3 End Item Method



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Section 3Drawing Requirements

3.1 GENERAL

This Section establishes items unique to castings/forgings/molded parts not defi ned by other standards that should be defi ned on the drawing.

3.2 DIMENSIONS

Dimensions are to the mold lines of features unless oth-erwise specifi ed. Mold lines are visible in a view where

corner and fi llet radii are not shown. In Fig. 3-1, the fi llet and corner radii are not shown in the top view, which enables dimensioning to mold lines.

3.3 AS-CAST/AS-FORGED/AS-MOLDED SURFACES

Drawings shall specify whether machining as-cast/as-forged/as-molded surfaces is permitted or prohibited (other than for removing gates, risers, fl ash, etc). Where

Fig. 3-1 Draft Construction



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machining is permitted, the surface texture value shall be specifi ed. Gates, riser stubs, fl ash, etc., may exceed perfect form boundary at maximum material condition (MMC) unless otherwise specifi ed. Where a surface may retain gates, riser stubs, etc., a specifi ed limit beyond the dimensional tolerance shall be defi ned.

3.4 CORNER RADII

Corner radii values and tolerances shall be specifi ed on the drawing.

3.5 DIE CLOSURE TOLERANCE

Die closure tolerance is applied to the appropri-ate dimensions as shown in Fig. 3-2. Unless otherwise specifi ed, die closure tolerances shall be included in the dimensional limits.

3.6 DRAFT ANGLE

Draft angle and tolerance shall be defi ned. Draft should be shown for clarity (see Fig. 3-1). Forged part draft angles are related to the forging plane (see Fig. 3-3). Cast/molded part draft angles are related to mold part-ing action. Draft may exceed the perfect form boundary at MMC unless otherwise specifi ed.

3.6.1 Methods for Specifying Dimensions Aff ected by Draft

Provision for draft may be addressed by a general note, directly on the fi eld of the drawing, or both as follows:

(a) Use the general note “DRAFT ADDS MATERIAL” to specify that material is added relative to the specifi ed dimension (see Fig. 3-4).

(b) When exceptions to “DRAFT ADDS MATERIAL” are needed, the local note “DRAFT REDUCES MATERIAL” is used (see Fig. 3-5).

(c) +DFT (“+Draft”) is the symbolic means of indicat-ing that the dimension may increase due to draft in addi-tion to the increase allowed by any applicable tolerance applied to the considered feature (see Fig. 3-6).

(d) -DFT (“–Draft”) is the symbolic means of indicat-ing that the dimension may decrease due to draft in addi-tion to the decrease allowed by any applicable tolerance applied to the considered feature (see Fig. 3-7).

(e) DFT INCL (“Draft Included”) is the symbolic means of indicating that any draft shall be contained within the stated tolerance (see Fig. 3-8).

(f) Drafted features may be controlled by applying toleranced dimensions at specifi c locations (see Fig. 3-9).

(g) When “zero draft” is a design requirement for a cast/forged/molded part feature, a size dimension with a geometric form or orientation tolerance, such as

Fig. 3-2 Die Closure

(a) Die Closure Not Specifi ed



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(c) Die Closure Specifi ed and Parting Line Not Indicated

(b) Die Closure Specifi ed and Parting Line Indicated

Fig. 3-2 Die Closure (Cont’d)



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Fig. 3-3 Datum Plane

(b) Defi ned Forging Plane Not Parallel to Datum Plane

(a) Datum Plane and Forging Plane Parallel

Fig. 3-4 Draft Adds Material

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Fig. 3-6 “+DFT” Example

Fig. 3-5 Draft Reduces Material

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Fig. 3-7 “-DFT” Example

Fig. 3-8 “DFT INCL” Example



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cylindricity (for cylindrical features) or perpendicularity (for the surfaces on each side of a slot or tab), can be used.

CAUTION: The symbols for “+DFT” and “–DFT” or “DRAFT ADDS MATERIAL” or “DRAFT REDUCES MATERIAL” should not be used for critical features due to the limitations of

(a) measurements being only near, rather than at, a given end of the feature

(b) the lack of control over the rest of the feature geometryFor critical features, a geometric control such as a profi le of a surface tolerance should be used.

3.7 FILLET RADII

Fillet radii values and their tolerance shall be specifi ed on the drawing.

3.8 FLASH EXTENSION

The limits of permissible fl ash extension shall be speci-fi ed on the drawing. Flash extension may exceed perfect form boundary at MMC unless otherwise specifi ed. See Fig. 3-10.

Fig. 3-9 Size at Specifi c Locations for a Drafted Feature

(a) Flash Extension (b) Flash Extension and Mismatch

Fig. 3-10 Flash



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3.9 ORIENTATION OF FORGING PLANE

Where shown, the orientation of the forging plane shall be indicated by defi ning a basic angular relationship be-tween the forging plane and an appropriate datum refer-ence frame (see Fig. 3-3).

3.10 FORM TOLERANCES

Form tolerances such as fl atness, straightness, and pro-fi le shall be specifi ed where applicable. Unless otherwise specifi ed, the perfect form boundary at MMC established by dimensional limits shall not be exceeded by the ad-dition of form tolerances. The perfect form boundary exemption may be used as necessary to permit form tol-erances to exceed the size tolerance. See Figs. 3-11 and 3-12.

3.11 MARKING

Casting/forging/molded part drawings shall defi ne applicable identifi cation information (see Section 5).

3.12 MATCH DRAFT

Match draft shall be specifi ed where applicable (see Fig. 3-13).

3.13 MISMATCH

Mismatch, where applicable, shall be specified as a maximum value. Mismatch may exceed perfect form boundary at MMC unless otherwise specified. See Fig. 3-14.

3.14 PARTING LINES

Parting lines are depicted on casting/forging/molded part drawings as a phantom line extending beyond the part in applicable views, with the parting line symbol added. See Figs. 3-3, 3-15, and 3-16. Parting line symbols shall be shown on drawings of closed die forged parts or when all around this side of parting line, or all over this side of parting line symbols are used. The parting line symbol may be required for other applications, such as when trimming specifi cations are indicated.

3.14.1 All Around This Side of Parting LineTo apply a requirement to all features all around one

side of a parting line, the graphical symbol for all around this side of parting line shall be indicated on the leader line (see Figs. 3-17 and 3-18). The symbol is shown in the view or section showing the desired basic profi le. The all around this side of parting line symbol shall not be applied on an axonometric view on a 2D drawing.

Fig. 3-11 Surface Straightness Control Illustrating Eff ect of Form Control Exemption



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Fig. 3-12 Flatness Control Illustrating Eff ect of Form Control Exemption

Fig. 3-13 Match Draft



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Fig. 3-15 Parting Line Locations

Fig. 3-14 Mismatch Tolerance Fig. 3-16 Parting Line Symbol Application

Fig. 3-17 All Around This Side of Parting Line Symbol Application



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Fig. 3-18 All Around This Side of Parting Line

Fig. 3-20 All Over This Side of Parting Line

Fig. 3-19 All Over This Side of Parting Line Symbol Application



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3.14.2 All Over This Side of Parting LineTo apply a requirement to all features all over one side

of a parting line, the graphical symbol for all over this side of parting line shall be indicated on the leader line (see Fig. 3-19). An example of the application of the sym-bol is given in Fig. 3-20.

3.15 SHARP CORNERS

Casting/forging/molded part drawings shall specify the requirements of corners shown sharp.

Fig. 3-21 Grain Direction Specifi ed

Fig. 3-22 Special Requirements Fig. 3-23 Profi le Tolerancing

3.16 GRAIN DIRECTION

Where a grain direction requirement is specifi ed on the drawing, it shall be shown in the appropriate view (see Fig. 3-21).

3.17 SPECIAL REQUIREMENTS

Areas of a casting/forging/molded part may be defi ned as special requirement areas. A labeled phantom line and appropriate notes designate the area’s location



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Fig. 3-24 Profi le Refi ned by Wall Thickness



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and special requirements such as high stress, close fl ash trim, radiographic grade, etc. See Fig. 3-22.

3.18 PROFILE TOLERANCE

The use of profi le of a surface tolerance requires that the profi le tolerance value for each surface be determined by including tolerances associated with cast/forged/molded part processes. Where it is desirable to account for specifi c variations such as die closure, mismatch, size, and form on the fi eld of the drawing, a combination of toleranced and basic dimensions utilizing profi le toler-ancing may be used. See Fig. 3-23.

3.19 DIGITAL DATA FILE REQUIREMENTS

This Section establishes the minimum requirements for a usable digital data fi le model and items unique to castings/forgings/molded parts not defi ned by other standards, which should be defi ned in the Digital Data File (ASME Y14.41).

3.19.1 CAD ModelA digital data fi le that defi nes the entire casting/forg-

ing/molded part directly or by reference is required. The digital data fi le shall include the location of the parting line(s), all draft, all radii, and fi nish machine stock where needed.

3.19.2 Controlling DocumentIf a digital data file model and a part print are both

supplied and are not prepared in accordance with

ASME Y14.41, it is required that the controlling docu-ment is clearly identified before the start of the tool build.

3.19.3 Concurrent EngineeringIt is benefi cial for the casting/forging/molding prod-

uct design team to consult with their supplier prior to fi nalizing the digital data fi le. During this review the supplier can assist in locating the desired parting line and make design recommendations for the best casting/forging/molding practices.

3.20 WALL THICKNESS AS A REFINEMENT OF PROFILE OF A SURFACE

Where it is necessary to maintain a uniform wall thick-ness throughout a region of a part or an entire part, a local or general note indicating the wall thickness shall be stated. The wall thickness is a refi nement of the con-trol provided by the profi le of a surface tolerance.

In Fig. 3-24, the basic thickness of the part walls from the digital data fi le is 4 mm. The profi le of a surface tol-erance applied to the basic digital data allows the wall thickness to range from 3.2 mm to 4.8 mm with respect to the datum reference frame. The addition of the wall thickness general note of 4 ± 0.2 limits the range of the wall thickness from 3.8 mm to 4.2 mm. Since the wall thickness tolerance is an actual local size specifi cation, it does not relate to the datum reference frame and is free to fl oat but is bounded by the profi le of a surface tolerance of 0.8 mm.



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4.1 GENERAL

This Section establishes the principles of datum refer-encing for cast, forged, and molded parts. It contains the criteria for selecting and designating features to establish the datum reference frame and relate it to the fi nished part.

Section 4Datum Referencing

4.2 APPLICATION

Orientation and location controls require one or more datum reference frames established by datum targets or datum features (see Fig. 4-1).

Dimensions may be directly toleranced or indirectly toleranced in the case of basic dimensions and geometric

Fig. 4-1 Datum Targets Establishing a Datum Reference Frame



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tolerancing. Where directly toleranced dimensions are used to locate or orient features, and it is necessary to relate the dimensions to a datum reference frame, the desired order of precedence shall be indicated by a note such as

UNLESS OTHERWISE SPECIFIED, DIMENSIONS ARE RELATED TO DATUM A (PRIMARY), DATUM B (SECONDARY), AND DATUM C (TERTIARY)

This note is not to be used in lieu of indicating datum feature references in a feature control frame for geomet-ric tolerancing applications.

4.3 DATUM TARGETS

Because of inherent irregularities, the entire surface of some features cannot be effectively used to establish a datum. Such surfaces are common on castings, forgings, and molded parts. Datum targets and datum features may be combined to establish a datum reference frame.

4.3.1 Datum Target LocationDatum targets should be located as follows:(a) on features produced by one segment of a die or

pattern (see Fig. 4-2) except in the case of equalizing datum targets (see Figs. 4-3 and 4-4)

(b) on features opposite machining cuts that establish a subsequent machining datum reference frame (see Fig. 4-5)

(c) on features not subject to processing variables, such as parting lines, fl ash extensions, etc.

(d) on features not subsequently altered or removed(e) with optimum spacing considering function and

producibility (see Fig. 4-4)(f) on noncoplanar features where the area or location

requires one or more datum targets offset from the datum plane (see Fig. 4-6)

4.3.2 Eff ect of Draft and Parting LinesThe relationship of features of a part to datums estab-

lished by targets can be affected by draft and parting lines (see Fig. 4-7).

4.3.3 Placement of Local Dimensions

Dimensions not intended to be from the datum refer-ence frame (local dimensions) shall be clearly indicated to apply to the mold lines (see Fig. 4-8).

4.4 DATUM REFERENCE FRAME ESTABLISHED BY MACHINED DATUM FEATURES

Machined datum features should be established from a cast/forged/molded part datum reference frame for es-tablishment of subsequent datum reference frames. The initial datum targets shall be shown and described on the drawing showing the machined features. See Fig. 4-9.

4.5 MACHINE TOOLING CENTERS

A datum axis (see Figs. 4-10 and 4-11) may be estab-lished by tooling centers or tooling holes and the centers or holes on the part are designated as datum features. The part mass is optimized to establish the location of the machined tooling centers.

4.6 EQUALIZING DATUMS

Where it is desirable to center a casting/forging/molded part, the application of equalizing datums should be considered. See Fig. 4-4. The associated datum plane or axis may be identifi ed by note. Figure 4-12 illustrates the application of an equalizing datum established by two fi xed datum targets, Y1 and Y2, and two movable targets, X1 and X2. Figure 4-13 illustrates the establish-ment of two equalizing datums resulting from datum Y targets being movable. Figure 4-14 illustrates the es-tablishment of two equalizing datums resulting from six fi xed datum targets.

4.6.1 Movable Targets

The readability of a drawing may be improved by indi-cating movable datum targets. Figure 4-15 illustrates the

Fig. 4-2 Datum Targets Within Same Die Segment



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Fig. 4-3 Equalizing Datums



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Fig. 4-4 Optimum Location of Equalizing Datum Targets

Fig. 4-5 Datum Targets Located Opposite Machined Surfaces

and the extremities of the surface that contact the datum target simulators are coincident. Unless otherwise speci-fi ed, the profi le tolerance zone is equally disposed about the true profi le. See Fig. 4-16.

The underlying concepts are as follows:(a) The profi le tolerance zone is located and oriented

to the datum reference frame.(b) The datum reference frame is located and oriented

by the datum target simulators.(c) When the part is mated with the datum target sim-

ulators, the remaining surface of the considered feature is then related to the tolerance zone.

Figure 4-16, illustration (a), shows the workpiece with a midpoint surface element (neither a high point nor a low point) coincident with the datum target simulators. All surface elements shown are contained within the pro-fi le tolerance zone.

Figure 4-16, illustration (b), shows the same workpiece with a high point contacting the datum target simulators if the drawing specifi es them in a different location. Sev-eral portions of the surface elements are now outside of the profi le tolerance zone.

In both fi gures the true profi le of the tolerance zone is aligned to the datum target simulators. The tolerance zone is then related to the feature surface by the contact of the workpiece surface with the datum target simulators. The feature’s form error does not ex-ceed 0.8; however, the actual contact of the datum target simulator and the workpiece surface sets the location

movable target symbol. Figures 4-3, 4-12, and 4-13 illus-trate applications of the movable datum target symbol. Where movable targets are used, RFS applies. Where the direction of the target motion is not indicated, a direction normal to the undrafted true surface is used.

4.7 DATUM TARGETS AND PROFILE TOLERANCING

Where a profi le tolerance has been applied to a surface containing datum targets, the true profi le of the surface



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Fig. 4-6 Datum Targets Off set From the Datum Plane



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Fig. 4-7 Eff ect of Draft and Parting Line on Datums



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Fig. 4-8 Placement of Repetitive Dimensions Aff ected by Draft



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Fig. 4-9 Machined Datum Features Located From Cast/Forged Molded Datum Features

Fig. 4-10 Machine Centers Establishing an Axis



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of the true profi le relative to the workpiece. The use of targets to establish a datum reference frame and the vari-ation from workpiece to workpiece may result in having some portions of the actual surface extend beyond the tolerance zone. When a balanced surface relative to the targets is desired, this method should be considered.

Allowable variation of the actual workpiece surface coincident with the target area is one-half the specifi ed profi le tolerance for an equal bilateral distribution, or the amount toward material specifi ed in an unequal bilateral control. Target lines act similar to areas with the control being along a line of the simulator. The remaining surface variation outside the target area or line is to be contained within the total profi le tolerance zone as established from the true profi le related to the target location.

Profi le of a surface without a datum reference frame specifi ed could be applied to datum feature A and would control the surface variation independent of, and prior to, the establishment of any datum. This may be applied in cases when a forged or cast part is being evaluated to determine whether suffi cient material is available to produce a machined part. An “ALL OVER” profi le of a surface control without datum features referenced could also be applied, when the tolerance zone for the entire surface is intended to be best-fi t to the workpiece, rather than fi xed relative to a datum reference frame.

Fig. 4-11 Machine Centers Establishing Center Planes



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Fig. 4-12 Movable Datum Targets Establishing a Datum Center Plane



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Fig. 4-13 Movable Datum Targets Establishing Two Datum Center Planes



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Fig. 4-14 Equalized Datums Established by Fixed Datum Targets

Fig. 4-15 Movable Datum Target Symbol Application



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Fig. 4-16 Datum Targets and Profi le Tolerancing



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Section 5Drawing Notes and Items

5.1 GENERAL

This Section lists notes and items to be considered for notations on all casting/forging/molded part drawings. The absence of a suggested note or item is neither reason to assume inapplicability nor basis for drawing rejec-tion.

5.2 DRAWING ITEMS

The following notes and items should be considered as applicable:

(a) drafting and related standard references(b) estimated and/or actual part weight(c) material and process specifi cations such as (1) chemical composition (2) material temper/condition (3) thermal processing (4) classifi cation/grade (5) material recycle code (6) restricted and reportable substances (7) other specifi cations as applicable(d) mechanical and physical properties(e) destructive/nondestructive testing (1) radiographic examination (2) pressure testing (3) leak testing (4) ultrasonic testing (5) magnetic particle inspection (6) penetrant inspection (7) hardness testing (8) grain fl ow examination (9) metallographic examination (10) overheating inspection (11) decarburization inspection (12) alpha case inspection (13) separately cast/forged coupon testing (14) cast/forged coupon location(f) surface texture requirements (g) cleaning requirements(h) surface protrusion removal requirements

such as (1) fi ns (2) fl ash (3) gates (4) risers (5) ejector fl ash

(6) vent marks (7) temporary features for manufacturing(i) allowances for scale pits(j) general feature notes such as (1) wall thickness (2) corner radii (3) fi llet radii (4) requirements of surface intersection shown as

sharp corners (5) draft allowances (6) tolerances (7) die closure allowance(k) identifi cation marking requirements (1) type of marking (raised, depressed, rubber stamp,

etc.) (2) location of marking (3) casting/forging part number (4) material identifi cation (5) heat/lot/melt number, date code (6) serial number (7) foundry or forging manufacturer identifi cation (8) equipment identifi cation (pattern, die

number, etc.)(l) in-process weld requirements(m) surface treatment requirements(n) grain direction requirements(o) packaging requirements(p) permissible machining areas(q) permissible chemical milling areas(r) impregnation requirements(s) preproduction approval requirements(t) special dimensional inspection requirements (1) part restraint (2) temperature (3) humidity (4) reference to quality/measurement plan

5.3 SAMPLE GENERAL NOTES

Unless otherwise specifi ed:(a) DRAWING PREPARED IN ACCORDANCE WITH

ASME Y14.8-2009(b) GATE, RISER, VENT, PARTING LINE, EJECTOR

PIN LOCATIONS, AND OTHER FEATURES FOR TOOLING CONSIDERATIONS SHALL BE APPROVED BY PROCURING ACTIVITY BEFORE TOOL CONSTRUCTION



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(c) EJECTOR PIN MARKS/GATES/FLASH TO BE INCLUDED WITHIN APPLICABLE GEOMETRIC AND LINEAR TOLERANCES

(d) EJECTOR PIN MARKS/GATES/FLASH MAY BE ADDITIVE TO APPLICABLE GEOMETRIC AND LIN-EAR TOLERANCES TO XX MAX

(e) EJECTOR PIN MARKS ACCEPTABLE TO XX RAISED XX DEPRESSED

(f) DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES EXCLUDE DRAFT. DRAFT ADDS MATERIAL

(g) DIMENSIONS AND TOLERANCES INCLUDE DRAFT

(h) DRAFT XX DEGREES MAX(i) DRAFT INCLUDED IN CAD MODEL(j) VALUES INDICATED ARE FOR INSIDE WALLS.

DRAFT FOR OUTSIDE WALLS IS ONE-HALF VALUE SHOWN. VALUES ARE MAXIMUM DRAFT X˚, MATCH WHERE REQUIRED

(k) DRAWING TOLERANCES INCLUDE INDUSTRY PROCESS ALLOWANCES

(l) FILLET RADII XX ± XX(m) CORNER RADII XX ± XX (n) CORNERS SHOWN SHARP BREAK TO XX

MAXIMUM(o) WALL THICKNESS XX ± XX(p) WALL THICKNESS IS A REFINEMENT OF THE

APPLICABLE GEOMETRIC TOLERANCES (q) PARTING LINE FLASH, GATES, RUNNER, AND

RISER STUBS XX MAXIMUM(r) PARTING LINE FLASH, GATES, RUNNER,

AND RISER STUBS ARE INCLUDED IN THE TOLERANCES

(s) EJECTOR PIN FLASH XX MAXIMUM(t) SOLID PIN MARK FLASH ACCEPTABLE TO XX

MAX(u) PRESSURE TEST PER XXXX TO XX kPa

MAXIMUM(v) PENETRANT INSPECT PER XXXX(w) RADIOGRAPHIC INSPECT PER XXXX(x) SURFACE TEXTURE PER XXXX(y) FILLETS SHOWN SHARP RXX MAX(z) FILLETS SHOWN SHARP RXX ± XX (aa) UNTOLERANCED DIMENSIONS ARE BASIC(bb) GRAIN DIRECTION SHALL CONFORM TO

THE GENERAL SHAPE OF THE PART(cc) DIE CLOSURE ALLOWANCE ± 0.X(dd) MISMATCH ALLOWANCE ± 0.X(ee) ALLOY AND TEMPER XXXX PER XXXX(ff) MATERIAL SPECIFICATION PER XXXX(gg) MARKING PER XXXX

(hh) ULTRASONIC INSPECT PER XXXX(ii) MAGNETIC PARTICLE INSPECT PER XXXX(jj) ALL TOLERANCES APPLY WITH DATUM FEA-

TURE A RESTRAINED(kk) ALL TOLERANCES APPLY WITH DATUM TAR-

GETS A1-A6 RESTRAINED(ll) ALL TOLERANCES APPLY WITH DATUM FEA-

TURES D AND E RESTRAINED(mm) HOLES AND THROUGH OPENINGS IN-

CLUDING FLASH SHALL BE WITHIN SPECIFIED LIMITS OF SIZE

(nn) FLASH IN HOLES XX MAX(oo) SINK TO BE INCLUDED WITHIN APPLICABLE

GEOMETRIC AND LINEAR TOLERANCES(pp) SINK MAY BE ADDITIVE TO APPLICABLE GE-

OMETRIC AND LINEAR TOLERANCES TO XX MAX(qq) PARTS ARE TO BE CLEAN PER SPECIFICA-

TIONS XXXX(rr) USE OF A MOLD RELEASE PERMISSIBLE PER

SPECIFICATION XXXX(ss) PACKAGE PER SPECIFICATION XXXX(tt) VALUES QUERIED FROM DIGITAL DATA FILE

ARE BASIC:

1 A B C

5.4 SAMPLE LOCAL NOTES

(a) DRAFT REDUCES MATERIAL(b) DRAFT WITHIN DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCE (c) X˚ MAXIMUM DRAFT PER SIDE(d) NO EJECTOR PIN MARKS THIS SURFACE (e) IDENTIFICATION AND REQUIRED MARKING

PERMISSIBLE THIS SURFACE(f) HARDNESS TEST HERE(g) FORGING PLANE(h) PREDOMINANT GRAIN DIRECTION(i) TEST SPECIMEN LOCATION(j) MACHINED SURFACE PERMISSIBLE(k) MACHINING NOT PERMITTED IN THIS AREA(l) PERFECT FORM AT MMC NOT REQD(m) TUNNEL OR SUB GATE ACCEPTABLE IN THIS

AREA(n) SUPPLIER IDENTIFICATION IN THIS AREA(o) CAVITY IDENTIFICATION IN THIS AREA(p) PART NUMBER IN THIS AREA



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INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK



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NONMANDATORY APPENDIX AGLOSSARY

A-1 GENERAL

This Nonmandatory Appendix explains the meaning of some commonly used casting/forging/molded part terms.

A-2 CASTING TERMS

blind riser: a riser that does not extend through the top of the mold.

book mold: a split mold hinged like a book.

boss: a protrusion from a surface of a part, often cylindrical and generally used for attachment or location to other parts.

casting (noun): see defi nition in para. 1.8.1.

casting (verb): a process by which material is introduced into a mold while liquid is allowed to solidify inside the mold and is subsequently removed, resulting in a part.

centrifugal casting: a casting made by pouring metal into a mold that is rotating or revolved.

cheek: the intermediate section of a fl ask that is used be-tween the cope and drag when molding a shape requiring more than one parting plane.

chill: a metal insert imbedded in the surface of a mold to increase the cooling rate at that point.

cold chamber machine: a die casting machine where the metal chamber and plunger are not immersed in molten metal.

cold shut: an imperfect junction between two fl ows of metal in a mold.

continuous casting: a casting technique in which an ingot, tube, or other shape is continuously solidifi ed while it is being poured, so that its length is not determined by mold dimensions.

cope: the upper or topmost section of a fl ask, mold, or pattern.

core: the male half of the mold or die typically forming the inner side of the part; also, a formed insert used to shape the interior or other feature of a casting that cannot be formed by the mold or the die.

corner radius (edge radius): see defi nition in para. 1.8.2.

die: see defi nition in para. 1.8.3.

die casting: a casting process where molten metal is forced under pressure into the cavity of a metal mold.

die closure: see defi nition in para. 1.8.4.

draft: see defi nition in para. 1.8.5.

drag: the bottom section of a fl ask, mold, or pattern.

dressout: a localized depression on the surface of a forging that results when abrasive tools are used to remove surface discontinuities.

ejector: a device that is mounted in such a way that it assists in removing a cast part from a die.

ejector pin: device used to apply force to remove a cast or molded part from the die or mold after separation.

fi llet radius: see defi nition in para. 1.8.7.

fl ash: see defi nition in para. 1.8.8.

fl ash extension: see defi nition in para. 1.8.9.

fl ask: a metal or wooden frame used for making and holding a sand mold.

gate: see defi nition in para. 1.8.13.

hot chamber machine: a die casting machine where the metal chamber and plunger are immersed in molten metal.



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vent marks: see defi nition in para. 1.8.29.

wall: see defi nition in para. 1.8.30.

wall thickness: see defi nition in para. 1.8.31.

weld correction: adding material by welding to restore castings that have surface discontinuities.

A-3 FORGING TERMS

blocker die: die impression that imparts on the forging an intermediate shape, preparatory to forging of the fi nal shape.


buster die: die impression used for preliminary forging operations to position material for the next operation.

coining: a process of applying pressure to a portion or all of a forging surface to obtain closer tolerances or smoother surfaces.

conventional forging: a forging characterized by design complexity and tolerances that falls within the broad range of general practice.





dressout: a localized depression on the surface of a forging that results when abrasive tools are used to remove surface discontinuities.


fi nisher die: the fi nal forging impression (conventional or precision) that imparts fi nal shape to the forgings.



forging (noun): see defi nition in para. 1.8.11.

forging (verb): the process of creating a part by plastically deforming metal (normally preheated) with impact or pressure into a specifi c shape.

hot isostatic pressing: a method by which a workpiece is processed under simultaneous application of high gas pressure and high temperature to reduce nonsurface-connected internal casting voids (also used for the densifi cation of powder metal parts).

investment (lost wax) casting: a casting produced by pouring metal into a refractory material mold. Refrac-tory material molds are produced using a heat dispos-able pattern (usually wax).

match draft: see defi nition in para. 1.8.16.

match plate: a metal or wooden plate on which pattern for castings are mounted to facilitate the molding operation.

mismatch: see defi nition in para. 1.8.17.

mold: see defi nition in para. 1.8.18.

mold line: see defi nition in para. 1.8.19.

parting line: see defi nition in para. 1.8.21.

parting plane: see defi nition in para. 1.8.22.

pattern: see defi nition in para. 1.8.23.

permanent mold: a metal mold that is used repeatedly for the production of castings.

plaster molding: a molding system using a mold made of gypsum-bonded aggregate in the form of a water slurry poured over a pattern, hardened, and dried.

pressure casting: making castings with pressure on the molten metal.

riser: see defi nition in para. 1.8.24.

riser stub: see defi nition in para. 1.8.25.

runner: a passage through which the molten material fl ows between the sprue and the gate.

sand casting: a casting produced by pouring metal into a sand mold.

sink: see defi nition in para. 1.8.27.

sprue: an opening through which molten material is transferred into a mold or die; also, the name given to the waste material that remains in the opening.

straightening: a mechanical process to restore castings to drawing requirements.



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forging plane: see defi nition in para. 1.8.12.

grain direction: see defi nition in para. 1.8.14.

grain fl ow (fl ow lines): see defi nition in para. 1.8.15.

impression die forging: a forging that is formed to the required size and shape in machined three dimensional impression dies.

knock-out pins: a power operated plunger installed in a die to aid in the removal of the forging.

lap: a surface defect appearing as a seam, caused by the folding over of hot metal and the consequential forging of these into the surface.




near net forging: a forging with small draft angles and requiring limited secondary operations such as machining.

open die forging: material that is worked between fl at or simple contour dies.



precision forging: a forging with complexity and toler-ances similar to a machined part.

rib: a thin wall or bracing structure on a forged part con-necting other structural features and projecting generally in the direction perpendicular to the forging plane.

scale pit: see defi nition in para. 1.8.26.

trimming: the process of removing fl ash from a forging.

upset forging (hot): process for enlarging or reshaping some of the cross-sectional area of a bar, or other product form of uniform section.




web: a thin panel or bracing structure on a forged part connecting bosses, ribs, and other structural features. It is generally orientated parallel to the forging plane.

A-4 MOLDED PART TERMS


cavity: the female half of the mold, typically forming the outer side of the molded part.

core: the male half of the mold, typically forming the inner side of the molded part.




die draw: the term used for the orientation of the part within the mold, allowing the part to be removed from the mold without locking.

die lock: the term used to describe a condition of a molded part, which would cause the part to lock onto one of the halves of the mold.


ejector pin: mold or die component used to apply force to remove a part.




gate: see defi nition in para. 1.8.13.

gloss: the term used to describe the desired level of refl ected light (shininess) of the surfaces of a molded part.

grain: term used to describe the desired surface texture of the part.

knit line: a line formed on the molded part where the meeting of two fl ow fronts occurs (sometimes called “weld line”).

lifter: a mechanism attached to, and activated with, the ejector system used to create features in a direction other than the direction of die draw.





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shrink: the difference between the size of mold and the size of the part as produced. The shrink rate is based on material properties, cooling, gating, environmental con-ditions, etc.

sink: see defi nition in para. 1.8.27.

slide/side core: a mechanism of in the mold that is mechanically or hydraulically timed and activated relative to mold opening that moves in a direction different from the die draw direction. It is used to create complex features such as a hole through the part 90 deg to die draw.

sprue: the channel that connects the pouring basin or mold-fi lling orifi ce with the runners. Sprue is also the name given to the waste piece of plastic that forms within the channel.




weld line: see knit line.

mold: see defi nition in para. 1.8.18.


mold/melt fl ow: the path the molten material takes to fi ll the mold.

mold/melt flow analysis: a computer-generated analysis utilized to predict the melt flow to identify knit lines, potential warp problems, and high stress areas to optimize filling and temperature control of the mold.

molded part: a part typically made by injecting heated polymer material into a mold.



runner: a channel through which the molten material fl ows between the sprue and the gate.

short shot: a condition where material does not fi ll the mold completely, which causes an incomplete molded part.



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NONMANDATORY APPENDIX BSAMPLE DRAWINGS

Figures B-1 and B-2 in this Nonmandatory Appendix are intended only as illustrations of the principles of di-mensioning casting/forging/molded part drawings.

The absence of a fi gure illustrating the desired applica-tion is neither reason to assume inapplicability nor basis

for drawing rejection. In some instances the fi gure shows added detail for emphasis; in other instances the fi gure is incomplete by intent.

In Fig. B-1, the isometric views are included to aid with visualization of the part.



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Fig.

B-1

Sa

mpl

e M

olde

d Pa

rt D

raw

ing



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Fig.

B-2

Sa

mpl

e Di

e Ca

st P

art D

raw

ing



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NONMANDATORY APPENDIX CFORM AND PROPORTION OF SYMBOLS

C-1 GENERAL

The purpose of this Nonmandatory Appendix is to present the recommended form and proportion for sym-bols used on drawing of castings/forgings/molded parts.

C-2 FORM AND PROPORTION

Figures C-1 through C-4 illustrate the preferred form and proportion of symbols established by this Standard

Fig. C-1 Movable Datum Target Symbol Form and Proportion

Fig. C-2 Parting Line Symbol Form and Proportion

Fig. C-3 All Around This Side of Parting Line Symbol Form and Proportion

Fig. C-4 All Over This Side of Parting Line Symbol Form and Proportion

for use on engineering drawings. In the fi gures, symbol proportions are given as a factor of h, where h is the letter height selected for use within the enclosing symbols. See ASME Y14.2M for line weights, letter heights, and arrow head proportions.



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N12009Copyright ASME International Provided by IHS under license with ASME Licensee=University of Alberta/5966844001, User=sharabiani, shahramfs


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Documents

Castings, Forgings, and Molded Parts Y14.8-2009(2014-01).pdfASME Y14.8, Casting, Forgings, and Molded Parts, was adopted on 2 April 2009 for use by the Department of Defense (DoD)