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Nora Patricia Castañeda-Álvarez
Análisis de vacios en ParientesSilvestres
Foto: Luigi Guarino, Global Crop Diversity Trust
Los parientes silvestresde los cultivos
“any genetic material of plant origin of actual or potential value for food and agriculture”
FAO, 2009
FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations), 2009. International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. , p.68.
Parientes silvestres de
cultivos
Variedadeslocales
(landraces)
Cultivaresmodernos y obsoletos
Líneas de mejoramiento
Stock genético
Arvenses
Especiescultivadas
17 días de inmersión
Material usado: Landrace (FR13A)
Seguridad alimentaria
Desarrollo económico
Base para agricultura más sostenible
Fuente de variación genética
Extensión de la base genética de los cultivos
Incorporación de caracteres de interés (e.g. rendimiento, calidad, tolerancia/resistencia a stress biótico o abiótico)
Usos de los parientessilvestres
Crop Wild Relatives (CWR) may serve as source of novel traits, as most of them have not experienced strong selective pressures and they share a common ancestry with crops, easing the use of their genes in traditional breeding and biotechnology when required (Dale 1992).
Dale, P.J., 1992. Spread of Engineered Genes to Wild Relatives. Plant physiology, 100, pp.13-15.
Usos confirmados
Mejoramiento de calidad
Aumento de rendimientos
Caracteres nutricionales
Tolerancia a plagas
Tolerancia a enfermedades
Adaptación a sequía
Adaptación a salinidad
Patrones de injerto
Usos potenciales
Tolerancia a salinidad
Tolerancia a sequía
Tolerancia a heladas
Tolerancia a inundaciones
Why Crop Wild Relatives?
Hajjar, R. & Hodgkin, T. 2007. The use of wild relatives in crop improvement: a survey of developments over the last 20 years. Euphytica 156(1-2): 1-13
Estado de conservación
Conservaciónex situ
Conservaciónin situ
Reservas genéticas activas(conservación in situ)
• Triticum spp. en Ammiad, Israel
• Aegilops spp. en Ceylanpinar, Turquía
• Zea perennis en Sierra de Manantlán, México
• Citrus, Oryza, Alocasia en Ngoc Hoi, Vietnam
• Solanum spp. en Pisac Cusco, Perú
Otras iniciativas
• “Crop Wild Relatives Project”
• GEF, UNEP, Bioversity International
• Armenia, Bolivia, Madagascar, Sri Lanka y Uzbekistán
• http://www.cropwildrelatives.org
WARDA - Benin
PGRRI - Ghana
Amenazas: cambioclimático y cambios en
el uso de la tierra
Variations in the Earth’s surface temperature. 1000 to 2100
There’s no point in
looking for the effects of
climate change here!
When this
is going to
happen
Maunder minimum. Little Ice Age. Ice fairs on the Thames
Jarvis, a, Lane, a & Hijmans, R., 2008. The effect of climate change on crop wild relatives. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 126(1-2), pp.13-23. Available at: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167880908000133 [Accessed March 16, 2011].
Escenario: migración ilimitada
Jarvis, a, Lane, a & Hijmans, R., 2008. The effect of climate change on crop wild relatives. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 126(1-2), pp.13-23. Available at: http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167880908000133 [Accessed March 16, 2011].
Escenario: no-migración
• 16-22% del total de especies en riesgo de extinción
• Mayoría de las especies pierden por lo menos50% de su nicho ambiental
• Nichos ambientales altamente fragmentados• Arachis: 24-31 (de 51 spp) extintas, reducción 85-
94% en área• Solanum: 20 ( de 108 spp) extintas, reducción 38-
69%• Vigna: 2 (de 48 spp) extintas, reducción 65%
Sampled Red List Index for Plants
• 20% de las plantas en riesgo de extinción
• Actividad humana responsable del 81% de todas las amenazas identificadas
http://threatenedplants.myspecies.info/
Análisis de vacios
Determine gaps in collections
Model distributions
Gather taxonomic data
Gather occurrence data
Make collecting recommendations
Georeferencing
Source: concept and images from Jarvis et al. 2009. Value of a Coordinate: geographic analysis of agricultural biodiversity. Presentation for Biodiversity Information Standards (TDWG), November 2009.
Overview
Environmental dimension
Taxonomic dimension
Geographic dimension
Our approach
Ramírez et al., 2010 37
1. Determination of target taxa
2. Determination of sampling deficiencies
3. Potential distribution
models
4. Geographic coverage
assessment
5. Determination of environmental
gaps
6. Rarity based on environmental
variables
7. Determination of priority of
collecting
8. Prioritization of geographic areas
for collecting
Methodology
38Ramírez et al., 2010
HPS MPS LPS NFCR
High Priority
Species
Final priority
score- between 0-
3
Medium Priority
Species
Final priority
score- between
3.01-5
Low Priority
Species
Final priority
score- between
5.01-7.5
No Further
Conservation is
Required
Final priority
score- between
7.51-10
Methodology
Ramírez-Villegas, J., Khoury, C., Jarvis, A., Debouck, D. and Guarino, L. 2010. A gap analysis methodology for collecting crop genepools: a case study with phaseolus beans. PLoS one 5(10)
Prioritization results: Phaseolus case (Ramírez-Villegas et al., 2010)
(A) Zones where gaps in ex situ collections for multiple high priority taxa overlap, (B) modelling uncertainties as standard deviations among high priority modelled taxa
Our work
• Data cwr database holding c.a. 4 million records
– Sources: public available databases (i.e.: GBIF, Genesys, Conabio, CRIA), collaborations with experts (i.e. David Spooner, Nigel Maxted), visits to major herbaria (i.e.: Harvard, Kew, Edinburgh, Madrid)
• Website www.cwrdiversity.org
Datasets - herbarium
Datasets -germplasm
HPS62%
LPS19%
MPS14%
NFCR5%
Genepool Scientific Name
Avena Avena sativa
Cajanus Cajanus cajan
Cicer Cicer arietinum
Daucus Daucus carota
Eleusine Eleusine coracana
Helianthus Helianthus annuus
Hordeum Hordeum vulgare
Ipomoea Ipomoea batatas
Lathyrus Lathyrus sativus
Lens Lens culinaris
Malus Malus domestica
Medicago Medicago sativa
Musa Musa acuminata and M.
balbisiana
Rice Oryza glaberrima and O. sativa
Pennisetum Pennisetum glaucum
Lima bean Phaseolus lunatus
Bean Phaseolus vulgaris
Pisum Pisum sativum
Secale Secale cereal
Eggplant Solanum melongena
Potato Solanum tuberosum*
Sorghum Sorghum bicolor
Triticum Triticum aestivum
Faba bean Vicia faba
Vetch Vicia sativa
Bambara Vigna subterranea
Cowpea Vigna unguiculata
403 taxones analizados
Gracias!
http://www.cwrdiversity.org/
