CASES ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN PALAWAN PROVINCIAL JAIL AND PUERTO PRINCESA CITY JAIL

SILVER JOHN S. SOBEBE

AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS PRESENTED TO THE FACULTY COMMITTEEOF THE COLLEGE OF ARTS, SCIENCES AND

TECHNOLOGY WESTERN PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITYPUERTO PRINCESA CAMPUS IN PARTIALFULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS

FOR THE DEGREE OF

BACHELOR OF ARTS IN SOCIOLOGY

APRIL 2010

1

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The researcher wishes to express his profound gratitude and sincere appreciation

to the following individuals who willingly participated for the achievement of this study.

To his adviser, Dr. Franklin Joseph Solita, for his assistance, encouragement and

aspiring suggestions;

To the members of the panel, Prof. Violeta T. Bargoyo, Ms. Juliet V. Vergara

and, Prof. Jimmy M. Donton, Advisory Committee for their comments and suggestions

for the refinement of the study;

To Prof. Arlene L. Avillanosa, Dean, College of Arts, Sciences and Technology

for her sincere approval;

To his Statistician, Prof. Bonifacio V. Ayco, for his kindness, valuable

suggestions and analysis of the statistical data;

To his English critique, Ms. Katherine L. Halili;

Mr. Diolin V. Hombre,for allowing the researcher to use his computer.

Ms. Abegael B. Bantan, for her comments and suggestions.

To Col. Ramon C. Espina, Warden, Palawan Provincial Jail, for allowing the

researcher to conduct the study in the said jail.

To Supt. Ronaldo M. Senoc, Warden, Puerto Princesa Jail, for allowing the

researcher to conduct the study in the said jail

To his beloved friends, Lhandz, Myra, Ping, Kath, Liza, Jane, Mitch, T’emz,

T’elena, Geraldine, Yamz, and Jesel boy for their encouragement and help to attain the

success of this study.

2

To his Social work friends, Reji Pancho, Joy eleca, Nikkie Dagot, Shiela Denaga,

Mamie and Sai for their supports and companionship.

To his boardmates, Angela, Anne, Aiza, Alvin, Dagz, Jr, Chie, Joey, Jason, Beloi,

T’emz, T’joanee, Erick, Ian and Patrick for their supports and untiring happy smile.

To his best friend, Rojaipha Custudio.

To his close friends, Maya Elvie, Ley, Romar, Dodong, Tin2, Mariel, Tita Jaja,

Bunzo Especially Jerick and Dave.

To his loving sisters and brother, Verlia, Velia, Chemphy, Mcgyver and Princess.

To his supportive and loving parents, Mr. Silverio L. Sobebe and Mrs. Lilia S.

Sobebe for their patience, financial and moral support to the researcher.

Finally, to God Almighty for his supervision and for giving him wisdom and

knowledge needed for the accomplishment of this study.

SJ. S. S

3

BIOGRAPHICAL DATA

NAME : Silver John S. Sobebe

NICKNAME : Totz

BIRTHDAY : April 01, 1990

BIRTHPLACE : Alfonso XIII Quezon Palawan

CIVIL STATUS : Single

RELIGION : Roman Catholic

PARENTS

FATHER : Silverio L. Sobebe

MOTHER : Lilia S. Sarusad

EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

Level School Year Graduated

ELEMENTARY : Quezon Central School 2003

Pob. Quezon Palawan

SECONDARY : Quezon National High School 2006

Pob. Quezon Palawan

TERTIARY : Western Philippines University 2010

Puerto Princesa Campus

Puerto Princesa City

COURSE : Bachelor of Arts in Sociology

4

ABSTRACT

Sobebe, Silver John S., College of Arts Sciences and Technology, Western Philippines University, Puerto Princesa Campus, Puerto Princesa City, March 2010. “CASES ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN PALAWAN PROVINCIAL JAIL AND PUERTO PRINCESA CITY JAIL.”70 pages.

Adviser: Franklin Joseph D. Solita Ed. D

The study entitled “Cases on Juvenile Delinquency in Palawan provincial Jail and

Puerto Princesa City Jail” was conducted from January 26-28, 2010. The study was

carried out (1) to determine the demographic and socio-economic profile of the

respondents; (2) to identify the cases filed to the respondents ; (3) to analyze the levels of

motivation of the respondents in terms of the factors that motivate them to commit an

offense (4) to find out if there is a significant relationship between the respondents’

demographic and socio-economic profile and the factors cited; (5) to find out if there is a

significant difference between the factors cited among the respondents in Palawan

Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa City Jail.

The descriptive method was used to gather information pertaining to the cases on

juvenile delinquency; the total enumeration was used in the selection of the respondents

within the two selected area of the study namely the Provincial Jail and City Jail. Pearson

product moment correlation was used in analyzing the relationship between the

respondents’ demographic and socio-economic profile and the factors level of

motivation.

The total enumeration was used the 12 respondents are from Palawan Provincial

Jail and 3 respondents from Puerto Princesa City Jail with a total of 15 respondents.

5

In the data gathered by the researcher in Provincial Jail, Results revealed

that majority six (50.0%) of the respondents belonged to the age bracket of 23-26

and to be followed by six (50%) of the respondents were on ages of 19-23.

While on the data gathered on the City jail showed that three of the re-

spondents are now in the age of 25-20 it can be observed that the respondents are

now on their legal age.

In terms of early commission of crimes, respondents coming from both

Provincial Jail and City Jail were minors.

In terms of Cases on Juvenile Delinquency the twelve respondents has an

equal response, six of them have been accused on murder and six were charged on

rape however the three respondents from City jail have been charged on murder,

robbery and theft.

Further results revealed that the null hypothesis have no significant

difference between the level of motivation among City Jail and Provincial Jail

inmates.

There is no significant relationship between the respondents’ demographic

and socio-economic profile in the factors cited such Individual factors, Family

factors, School factors, Peer related factors and Community factors.

6

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE iAPPROVAL SHEET iiACKNOWLEDGMENT iiiBIOGRAPHICAL DATA vABSTRACT viTABLE OF CONTENTS viiiLIST OF TABLES xLIST OF FIGURES xi LIST OF APPENDICES xii

CHAPTER PAGE

I INTRODUCTIONBackground of the Study 1Conceptual Framework 3 Research Paradigm 5Statement of the Problem 6Hypothesis 7Significance of the Study 8Scope and Limitation 10

ProblemLocale of the studyTime frame

Definition of Terms 12

II REVIEW OF LITERATURERelated Literature and Studies 13

III METHODOLOGYResearch Design 23Sampling Procedure 23Research Instrument 23Research Procedure 24Statistical Tools/ Treatments 24

IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONDemographic and Socio-economic profile of 30

the respondents in PPCJCases filed to the respondents 33Demographic and Socio-economic profile of 38

7

The respondents in PPJLevel of perception of the respondents 34Difference between PPCJ and PPJ 48Correlation of data in terms of demographic and Socio-economic- 50Profile of the respondents with regards to the factors cited

V SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary 53Conclusions 55Recommendations 56

BIBLIOGRAPHY 57

APPENDICESLetter of Request for the Warden 60Letter of Request for the Respondents 61Survey Questionnaire 62

DOCUMENTATION 63

8

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1. Demographic and Socio-economic profile of 30

the respondents in PPJ

2. Demographic and Socio-economic profile of 40

the respondents in PPCJ

3. Level of perception on the factors that motivate the youth to 34

commit an offense in PPJ

4 . Level of perception on the factors that motivate the youth to 43

commit an offense in PPCJ

5. Difference between PPCJ and PPJ paired samplescorrelation 48

6. Correlation among the Demographic and Socio-economic 49

profile in regards with the factors cited

9

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page

1. The Research Paradigm of the study 5

2. Location Map showing the area of the study 11

10

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

a. Letter of Request for the Warden 59

b. Letter of Request for the Respondents 60

c. Letter for the Respondents 61

d. Survey Questionnaire 62

e. Documentation 68

11

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the study

This paper examines the delinquent’s acts among the adolescents.

The acts are associated with the anti social activities, including the deviance

behavior in the society; it does not conform to the set of rules and norms. Youth

are likely to adopt such behavior when they are exposed during childhood; some

of delinquents are from delinquent peers, parental criminality, exposed to criminal

activities, hyper activities and beliefs to the attitudes favorable to deviant

activities. The juvenile delinquency is an abundant area for the construction of

sociological theory. Delinquency is defined as the action; course or conduct that

deviates from the acts approved by the majority of people. It is a description of

those acts that do not conform to the accepted rules, norms, and mores of the

society. Delinquency, therefore, is a general term for any misconduct or

misbehavior that is tantamount to felony or offense. It is, however distinct from

crime in the sense that the former may be in the form of violation of law,

ordinance or rule but it is punishable only by a small fine or short term

imprisonment or both. Legally speaking delinquency means the failure to perform

an act required by law, or the non existing law or rule (Mendoza, 2002).

The problems of juvenile delinquents are much related to social problems.

To survive in life you almost have to become delinquent. Exposed to criminal

12

elements these children are vulnerable to prostitution, drug addiction pushing and

most street children have become juvenile delinquents either out of necessity

because they are poor or through the force called modos operande.

Puerto Princesa City has now a large number of youth that is not

productive in our community. Some of them are engaged in many anti social

activities; an anti social activity that is not conform by the prevailing norms, as

the sociology student I had a lot of bad experienced with this so called juvenile

offenders and yet I felt bad about the situation that they were, some of the youth

are member of gangs, this groups might have a great influence pertaining to youth

behavior, this gangs exist in the selected barangays of Puerto Princesa, it is much

likely can be explained as the deviance act, it is not an aggressive offenses but

sometimes it will trigger them to level up and became like an adult criminal.

A large problem arose from the treatment accorded to the juveniles when

they were placed in jails. Most juvenile delinquents were not segregated from the

hardened adult criminals in the biggest jails in the Philippines, such as in the

Muntinlupa jail outside Manila, so that after their release they went back in the

street with more knowledge of crime. This severely hampered the social

integration of the youth offenders after they left prison. Chances were high that

these young offenders would become chronic delinquents and eventually

hardened criminals (Manwong, wt al, 2002)

Three major sociological traditions have the best way to explain to this

matter including the structural functionalism, symbolic interactionism, and

conflict theory. This 3 major theory in the field of sociology contribute its

13

explanation of delinquency. Much of the work in this area seeks to explain why

officially recorded delinquency is intense in the lower class, or in what is today

more often called the underclass. Given the fact that most of the offenders are

coming from the lower class or poor, it is because they are not well informed in

many ways (Conrad, et al, 2002).

Current research into this difficult and pressing issue reflects a vast range

of theories about, and predictors of delinquency as well as a multitude of

strategies to control and reduce overall delinquency. The consensus among

practitioners and researchers however maintains that juvenile delinquency is a

dynamic, multifaceted problem with numerous potentially causal factors.

Subsequently, investigators and professionals suggest that treatment procedures

must focus on not only the immediate issue of the offender’s deviant behavior but

on every element within the context of that behavior as well, including for

example, family relations and social support services/networks. Conventional

practice has long associated early preventive measures with positive delinquency

reduction results. In particular, timely recognition of at-risk youth and correction

of ineffective or minimally effective parenting techniques are critical to the

prevention of future delinquency (Lundman, 1993).

Numerous risk factors have been identified as indicators or predictors of

juvenile delinquency and those factors represent dysfunction at several levels,

specifically within the structure of the offender’s family. Some of these factors

include conflict within the family, a lack of adequate supervision and/or rules, a

distinct lack of parent-child attachment, instability, poor home life quality,

14

parental expectations, out-of-home placements and inconsistent discipline. Social

service professionals who frequently come into contact with children must be

especially vigilant in order to detect the presence of any of the possibly

contributory conditions mentioned above and to refer families to appropriate

sources of assistance as early as possible. Generally speaking, the relationship

between family conflict and delinquency is significant (Shumaker, 2000).

Conceptual Framework

The primary objective of this study is to determine the case filed to the

juvenile delinquents in Puerto Princesa City, Palawan.

Literature acquaints that socio-economic characteristics such as present

age and age during commission of crimes, gender, civil status, educational

attainment, ethnic affiliation, parent’s income and monthly income of adolescents

who engaged in crime may show a discrepancy.

The conceptual framework shows independent variables which include the

socio-economic profile of the delinquents. On the other hand intervening

variables which include the factors that motivate the youth to commit crimes.

The dependent variables are the level of significance.

15

Conceptual Paradigm

INDEPENDENT INTERVENING DEPENDENT

VARIABLES VARIABLES VARIABLES

Fig. 1 Conceptual paradigm

Level of significance

The Socio-DemographicProfile of the respondents.

age sex civil status educational at-

tainment ethnic affiliation religion parents’ occupa-

tion monthly family

income

Factors that motivate the youth to com-mit an offense.

16

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to answer the following questions regarding the cases filed

against the Juvenile Delinquent at the Palawan Provincial Jail. Specifically, it will at-

tempt to answer the following research questions.

1. What are the demographic and socio economic profile of the juvenile delinquents

at the Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa City Jail in terms of:

a. Present age;

b. Age during the commission of crime;

c. Civil status;

d. Gender

e. Educational attainment;

f. Ethnic group;

g. Religion

h. Parent’s occupation

i. Monthly family income

2. What are the cases filed against the juvenile delinquents?

3. What is the level of motivation on the factors cited among respondents in;

a. Palawan Provincial Jail

b. Puerto Princesa City Jail

17

4. Is there a significant relationship between the respondents’ demographic and so-

cio-economic profile and the factors cited in Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto

Princesa City Jail?

a. Individual factors

b. Family factors

c. Social factors

d. Peer-related factors

e. Community factors

5. Is there a significant difference between the factors cited among the respondents in;a. Palawan Provincial Jail

b. Puerto Princesa City Jail

Hypothesis of the study

1. There is no significant difference between the factors that motivate the

youth to commit an offense among City Jail and Provincial Jail

inmates.

2. There is no significant relationship between the respondents’

demographic and socio-economic profile in the factors cited such as

Individual factors, Family factors, School factors, Peer related factors

and community factors.

18

Significance of the study

This study has a great significance to our local government officials, as

well as to the students, faculty and administrators of Western Philippines

University.

The results of this study would like to show design interventions and

motivational instruments that are responsive to the youth related cases in Puerto

Princesa City.

The law enforcers of Palawan expect a tremendous rate of crimes coming

from the youth or so called the juvenile delinquents, this might happen because of

the rapid population growth in the society.

This study will also be useful to the parents who are responsible in playing

the positive role for their children. The role of parents is to emphasized to their

children the importance of education but the questions which always remain,

does the involvement of parents will have a positive impact on the children’s

achievement, or do they push their children too hard? This will inform them to be

aware on every possible outcomes and involvement of their children in crimes.

This study would be helpful also to the Filipino family, for them to be

aware, to know exactly the role of family inside the home and the acts of

discipline to the children; we all know that family is responsible for the primary

nurturing and rearing of children which is in critical delinquency prevention. The

study would serve as a primary motivational element for the establishments of

God fearing family.

19

The study would be specifically useful to the administration of Palawan

Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa City Jail that serves as the correctional

institution in Palawan.

This study would bring an impact to our educational system; educational

institutions shall work together with families, community organizations and

agencies in the preventions of juvenile delinquency and in the rehabilitation and

re integration of child in conflict in the sets of prevailing norms and mores.

Schools shall provide adequate necessary and individualized educational schemes

for children manifesting difficult behavior.

On the other hand, the mass media should play an active role in the

promotion of child rights, and delinquency preventions by only relaying on

consistent messages through balanced sending of information.

It would be functional if local council should serve as the primary agency

to coordinate with and assist the LGU concerned for the adoption of a

comprehensive plan on delinquency preventions.

The Local government of Puerto Princesa City should focus on the welfare

of the delinquent youths; the city planning must established an institution as the

rehabilitating center for the related case of juvenile crime. Promotion of welfare a

24 hour group care, treatment and rehabilitation services under the guidance of

trained staff.

The DSWD must communicate to local government in Puerto Princesa

City Palawan to promote a juvenile rehabilitation institution.

20

Scope and limitation

a. Problem

The study aims to answer the following questions regarding the cases on

juvenile delinquency in Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa City Jail.

b. Locale of the study

This study was conducted at the Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto

Princesa City Jail.

c. Time Frame

This research pointed out only the delinquents that are detained at the

Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa City Jail.

The focused of the study was the factors that motivate the youth to commit

an offense and be called as the delinquent. The study was in the month of January.

21

22

Operational Definition of Terms

To facilitate the understanding of ideas in this study, the terms are defined

operationally.

Age- these terms refer to the length of time a person lived

Area of the study

23

Crime- these refer to the breach of rules or laws for which some governing

authority (via mechanisms such as police power) may ultimately prescribe a convic-

tion. 

Delinquent acts- Anti social behavior performed by the delinquent people

Demographic profile-These is refer to the age, civil status, educational

attainment, ethnic group and religion.

Educational attainment- These terms refer to the level of education fin-

ished on currently enrolled by the respondents.

Ethnic affiliation-these is refer to the ethnic groups and tribes.

Juvenile delinquency-these is refer to the youth that involved in many

anti social activities against the law.

Prisoners- A person held in custody, captivity, or a condition of forcible

restraints, especially while on trial or serving a prison sentence.

Provincial jail- this is refers to an institution on which detainees are from

municipalities.

Puerto Princesa City Jail- this is refers to City government penitentiary

institutions.

Respondent-These is refer to a group of people that is being asked for the

research study.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

This chapter presents the related literature and studies.

Foreign literature and studies

The harsh beginning

24

Children were viewed as non persons until 1700’s. They did not receive

special treatment or recognition. Discipline then is what we now call abuse.

There were some major assumptions about life before the 1700’s. The first

assumption about life was hard, and you had to be hard to survive, the people of

that time in history did not have the conveniences that we take for granted. The

second assumption was that infant and child mortality were high. It did not make

sense to the parents in those days to create emotional bond with children. There

was a strong chance that the children would not survive until adulthood

(Manwong 2000).

At the end of the 18th century, “The Enlightenment” appeared as the new

cultural transition. This period of history is sometimes known as the beginning of

reason and humanism. People began to see children as flower that needed

nurturing in order to bloom. It was the beatings to stay in line (Gramskie, et al,

2005).

Prior to the 20th century, juvenile offenders were often treated as adults.

The first development contrary to this in United Kingdom was establishment of

borstal training center in place normal imprisonment, which was intended

to build up the offender’s character (Cohen, et al, 2004).

Delinquency through path Analysis

Juvenile delinquency has become an increasing concern to society;

aggressive behaviors are particularly harmful. This study examined parent and

youth behaviors and personality types that may influence delinquent and

25

aggressive behaviors. Youths were referred by the court to an intervention

program; ratings of delinquency and aggression were derived from parent reports,

self-report, and court referral data. Results showed that high parent ratings of

youth aggressiveness were related to high turmoil in the home and to youths'

positive opinions of delinquent peers, while high aggressiveness of the youths'

referring offenses was related to lax punishment. Developmentally, this suggests

that in adolescence both the peer group and home influences are important in

shaping different aspects of the youths' aggressive and delinquent behaviors

(Erdwin, et al., 2002).

Relationships between father's occupation, delinquent peer association,

tendency to neutralize, and self-reported delinquency are explored in a path

model. Self-reported delinquencies are categorized into Minor, Predatory, and

Aggressive delinquency. The effect of this division is analyzed among Mexican

Americans and Anglo college students (N=694). The structure of the resulting

path models remained similar across these sub samples, although there was some

variation in the strength of the relationships. The effect of father's occupation was

minimal. The strongest relationships were between neutralization and

delinquency, controlling for delinquent peers and for father's occupation, which

decreased as the seriousness of the delinquency increased. Additionally,

neutralization was more strongly related to delinquency among Anglos than

among Mexican Americans, explaining 39% of the variation in delinquency

among Anglos, but only 28% among Mexican Americans. Association with

26

delinquent peers, however, was more strongly related to delinquency among

Mexican Americans (Farrington, et, .al 2000).

Social Factors, portrayals of violence among youths

The motion picture industry began depicting delinquent youth in the

1930s, and the practice continues to the present day. Since the 1950s, youth

between the ages of 12 and 20 have comprised about 40% of all admissions to

American movie theaters (Squire, 1983). Further, the proliferation of

videocassette recorders has increased the ability of adolescents to view motion

pictures. A large youth audience exists for movies dealing with adolescent

themes, such as juvenile delinquency. Given the high incidence of juvenile

delinquency and conduct disorder in the United States (Lewis, 1991), it is logical

to conclude that a large number of delinquent youth are viewing contemporary

films, especially those dealing with topics relevant to them.

Due to the relative ease of access to videocassette recorders and cable tele-

vision, there is increasing evidence that the age at which youth are exposed to the

movies is becoming lower. Current evidence suggests that the use of aggression

as a means of solving social problems usually develops early in life; the more ag-

gressive child is very likely to become the more aggressive adult. But the central

question is the degree to which such childhood aggression is predictive of adult

criminality. Again, research has demonstrated a very significant correlation be-

tween aggression at age 8 with aggression at age 30, especially for boys. Harmful

lifelong consequences can result from aggressive habits learned early in life (Her-

renkohl, et., al 2000).

27

One of the main psychological processes through which excessive expo-

sure to media violence may produce aggressive behavior in delinquent youth is

known as observational learning. Youth learn to behave aggressively by modeling

violent actors in the media (Bandura, 2000). Although research indicates that the

period between 6 to 10 years is an especially sensitive one for learning by obser-

vation, Hearold's (1996) review indicates that such imitation of violent behavior

in the media might also increase among adolescent boys. The theory of "reso-

nance" is relevant to such social learning of violence. This theory states that when

what is viewed in the media is congruent with real-life experiences of the audi-

ence, the result is a significant increase in the reality of the media messages

(Gerbner et al., 1996). For example, Frost and Stauffer (1997) found that residents

of an inner-city housing project were much more aroused by film depictions of

rape than were college students. Attitudes supportive of male tendencies to be-

have aggressively toward women and to engage in rape are increased by exposing

males to violent pornography, according to most of the research available (Ellis,

1999). It is therefore important to know the extent to which today's movies are re-

flective of actual factors associated with juvenile delinquency. If film depictions

of delinquency are consonant with delinquent youths' own experience, a powerful

interactive effect could occur in which the delinquent, or future delinquent, may

be even more desensitized and disinherited to engage in delinquent acts. Youths'

willingness to accept delinquent behavior in other children can be increased by

even brief viewing of violent movie scenes, and such accepting attitudes make it

more likely that the youths will behave aggressively toward others, a process

28

known as "desensitization." When a subject sees violent acts in the media which

are perceived as justified, the probability increases that the subject will act aggres-

sively, a process known as "disinheriting" (Huesmann, 1996). Feshbach (1996)

found that the observer of visual media stores for later retrieval only those scenes

viewed as likely solutions to real social problems. Delinquent acts perceived as

unreal would not be modeled as readily (Kornhauser, et., al 2000).

Observational learning

Human learning is a continuous reciprocal interaction of cognitive,

behavioral, and environmental factors. Sometimes called observational learning,

social learning theory focuses on behavior modeling, in which the child observes

and then imitates the behavior of adults or other children around him or her. On

his study he emphasizes how violence portrayed in mass media can have a

tremendously negative impact on the behavior of certain types of children

watching violent television shows. What he noted was that some children will

observe and then imitate the behavior of the characters on the television screen.

From these observations, we can conclude that juvenile delinquency is the result

of imitation of aggressive actions. Bandura determined that certain types of

children learn to perform violent and aggressive actions by observing and then

modeling their behavior after what they have seen. He referred to this as direct

learning through instantaneous matching of the observed behavior to the modeled

behavior (Erdwin, et. al 2000).

Social Factors of Juvenile Delinquency

29

There are many social factors that can contribute to juvenile delinquency.

One that has risen to the forefront has been the role the family plays in

delinquency. It has become increasingly obvious that a child's family can have a

significant impact on the child's level of deviance (Matherne &Thomas, 2001). In

fact, research has shown that children with strong parental ties are less likely than

their peers without these ties to become delinquent. However, this is only the

beginning. Parents obviously play the largest role in a child's development.

Naturally, the more time parents can spend with their children, the more of a

positive influence the parents can have. One study has shown that children who

lack parental supervision after school hours run a higher risk of engaging in

delinquent acts. Above all of these, the best indicator seems to be family type and

status (Matherne &Thomas, 2001). Status refers to the makeup of the family.

Children that come from single parent home are significantly more likely to

become delinquent.   It has also been found that communication, cohesiveness,

and adaptability within the family can also impact delinquency. These fall under

they family type category. Unquestionably, the family can play a huge role either

positive or negative on the delinquency of their children.

There are a few strategies that can be adopted to ensure that the family is a

positive influence on a child so that their risk of delinquency is reduced. It

obviously starts with the family itself. Parents must be willing to engage in all

aspects of their children's lives. Parental supervision, effective communication,

and simple closeness can all help to reduce a juvenile's chance at becoming

delinquent. Parents must work to see that these issues are addressed. Community

30

and law enforcement can also take up the mantel when a parent needs additional

help.

Local literature and studies

 Presidential Degree no. 603 otherwise known as the Child and Youth

Welfare Code was signed into law on December 10, 1974 and became effective

six months after its approval. This code mentions in Chapter 3, articles 189-204,

the care and treatment of youthful offenders from the time of apprehension up to

the termination of the case.

 Before Marcos time the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Courts provided

a unique form of adjudication to youthful offenders and disposal of family cases.

It was effective in administering justice, because the methods were not adversar-

ial, but it was oriented to rehabilitation. It viewed the minor as a victim not as an

aggressor. It undertook the reformation of the youth with the purpose of integra-

tion of him or her into mainstream society.

However, on January 17, 1980 the Judiciary Reorganization Act or

Batasang Pambansa 129 abolished the Juvenile and Domestic Relations Courts.

Section 23 of that law authorized the Supreme Court to designate certain branches

of the Regional and Municipal Courts to act exclusively on juvenile and domestic

relations cases. However, these courts functioned also as courts of general juris-

diction which meant that separate proceedings for youthful offenders were not

possible. This in spite of the fact, that the Philippines had signed all the Interna-

tional Treaties concerning the rights of children.

31

  In the final years of the Marcos era, crime became hardened in the street.

Between 1976 and 1983 murder, robbery, theft, rape and homicide rose from 37%

to 58% of all crimes committed. Delinquent youth doubled from 3,814 in 1987 to

6,778 in 1989. The majority (59.1 %) apprehended were between 17 and 21 years

old, while another 31.8% were between 13 and 16 years old. Only 2.3 % were

preteens. This was the situation based on data given by the Department of Social

Welfare (1).

 Under Pilipino law, article 189 of Presidential Decree 1179, a youthful of-

fender is over nine but under eighteen years of age of the time the offence is com-

mitted. Children under the age of nine are exempt from criminal responsibility

and those between nine and fifteen are liable only if they are able to demonstrate

discernment, which is a level of intellectual maturity including the ability to dis-

tinguish right from wrong.

 There are seven penitentiaries in the Philippines. Two of them are in

Metro Manila, two elsewhere in Luzon, one in the Visayas and two in Mindanao.

As of November 1992, these penitentiaries had a total of 14,007 inmates. More

than half of them (or 7,717) were at the Bilibid Prison in Muntinlupa, Metro

Manila, which is the most crowded. There were 72 provincial jails, one for every

province, in the country. There are 60 city jails and 1,506 municipal jails all over

the country. The conditions in these jails and rehabilitation centres were de-

plorable. The worst one was the rehabilitation centre named the Molave Youth

Center. According to PAHRA (2), the Molave Youth Home suffered from a 67%

32

rate of congestion. Its ideal capacity was only 100 yet an average of 167 offenders

was being housed there (www.judgesandmagistrates.org).

Implementation of Law for the juvenile offenders

UNICEF Philippine reported that from 1995 to 2000, a total of 52,576

children were monitored as having been deprived of their liberty in detention

placement under the custodial setting through suspended sentence according to

the second country report on the implementation if the convention on the rights

of the child submitted by the government council for the welfare of children.

The report is an official admission that an average of 10,515 children are

being arrested and detained every year about 28 children everyday or more than

one child every hour. The report also established that more boys than girls were in

jail.

Republic Act No. 8369- the family courts Act of 1997

An act establishing family courts, granting them exclusive original

jurisdiction over child and family case, amending BP Blg. 129, as amended,

otherwise known as Judiciary Reorganization Act of 1980, appropriating funds

therefore and for other purposes.

JUVENILE JUSTICE SYSTEM – The law on the juvenile justice system

in the Philippines is Republic Act No. 9344 known as the juvenile justice and

Welfare Act of 2006 which took effect on May 20, 2006 (Manwong et al, 2008).

Juvenile Corrections in the Philippines

33

A prison, penitentiary, or correctional facility is a place in which

individuals are physically confined or interned and usually deprived of a range of

personal freedoms. Prisons are conventionally institutions, which form part of the

criminal justice system of a country, such that imprisonment or incarceration is a

legal penalty that may be imposed by the state for the commission of a crime.

As cited by the Philippine Constitution, criminal suspect who has been

charged with or is likely to be charged with a criminal offense may be held on re-

mand in prison if he or she is denied, refused or unable to meet conditions of bail,

or is unable to post bail. This may also occur where the court determines that the

suspect is at risk of absconding before the trial, or is otherwise a risk to society. A

criminal defendant may also be held in prison while awaiting trial or a trial ver-

dict. If found guilty, a defendant will be convicted and may receive a custodial

sentence requiring imprisonment.

By 2002, Children in Jail in the Philippines were attracting International

Media attention. The Australian Government owned television network, the Aus-

tralian Broadcasting Corporation run a documentary on the issue in which it

stated, Children as young as eight are being held in adult prisons in The Philip-

pines in contravention of international statutes and the country’s own laws. In

September 2005, it was estimated that over 4,000 children were in jails and deten-

tion centers all over the country – many of them mixed with adults. Another esti-

mate states there are an estimate 20,000 children in prison in the Philippines

through out a single year. By May 6, 2005, it was estimated there were 2,100

children in jails across the Philippines, 20 of them on death row.

34

Getting information on children in jail is difficult, "No one knows what

goes on inside of prisons because no one is allowed in," Father Cullen said during

an interview with the Western Catholic Reporter, the official newspaper of the

Archdiocese of Edmonton.

Children in Angeles City Pampanga Jail are detained in a small (3 meters

by 7 meters approx) unventilated concrete cell. There is no window in the cell,

and the minors have no access to an electric fan which many of the adult cells

have and which is necessary in the constant oppressive heat. The children's cell is

in a block containing over a hundred convicted adult prisoners. The same cell is

always used to house children regardless of the number in the jail. Reports from

adult inmates indicate that the same cell was used for up to 15 children at a time.

There are no bedding or basic sanitary items supplied by the jail. There is a

separated concrete cubicle in the corner of the cell with a toilet. The children are

not given any change of clothes, and commonly wear rags. There have been

reports of a Hepatitis and TB epidemic in the Jail. The children have a maximum

one-hour a day of exercise. They have to request this each day. Children report

being underfed and hungry. Conditions in the jail may amount to torture,

inhuman, degrading treatment of the children (http://www.bulalat.com/yc).

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

35

This chapter presents research design, sampling procedures, research in-

strument, research procedure, and statistical tools.

Research Design

This study used descriptive research to identify the cases filed to the juve-

nile delinquents. . Likewise, it also used illuminative research in explaining the

demographic characteristics of the respondents being investigated which in this

case about the juvenile delinquents at the Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto

Princesa City Jail.

Sampling Procedures

Total enumeration was used in this study. The main respondents of the

study were the selected Juveniles who are currently detained at Palawan Provin-

cial Jail and Puerto Princesa City Jail. The key informants were identified to pro-

vide the necessary information pertaining to the cases of the juvenile delinquents.

Research Instrument

Questionnaire was prepared in a convenient manner providing checklist

for respondents to answer the question to evaluate the level of factors that

motivate youth to commit an offense; a likert scale questionnaire was prepared.

The researchers designed a questionnaire for the juvenile delinquents of the

Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa City Jail as primary data gathering

instrument. The said questionnaire is consists of five (5) parts;

Part1. To identify the demographic and socio economic characteristics of the

respondents.

Part 2. To identify the cases filed against the juvenile delinquents.

36

Part 3. To identify the level of motivation on the factors cited among respondents.

Part 4. To determine the correlation between the demographic profile and the

factors cited.

Part 5. To determine the correlation between the differences of the factors cited

among the respondents in Palawan Provincial and Puerto Princesa Jail.

Research Procedure

A survey questionnaire was used in gathering the needed data. It is written

in English but translated to tagalog during the actual interview. The researcher

personally administered the questionnaire to the respondents in the study area. All

respondents was given time to go over and accomplish the questionnaires.

Letters of request was sent to the warden of Palawan Provincial Jail and

Puerto Princesa City Jail to ask for permission in conducting the study.

Statistical tools/ treatments

The data gathered was presented in tabular form; it was interpreted and

analyzed using frequency distributions, percentages and means. Pearson product

moment correlation (Pearson r) was used to analyze the relationship between the

respondents Socio-demographic profile and the factors cited such as Individual

factors, Family factors, School factors, Peer related factors and Community

factors.

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

37

This chapter presents the results, discussion and interpretation of the

study. This included the demographic profile of the respondents, socio-economic

profile of the juvenile delinquents in Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa

City Jail.

The results discussed the level of perception on the factors that motivate

them to commit an offense.

It also discussed the significant relationship between the respondents’ de-

mographic and socio-economic profile in the factors cited such as Individual fac-

tors, Family factors, School factors, Peer related factors and community factors.

Further, it discussed the significant difference between the factors that

motivate the youth to commit an offense among the selected juveniles.

Demographic profile of the respondents in Palawan Provincial Jail

The demographic profile of the juvenile delinquents in the Palawan

Provincial Jail as to their present age, age during the commissions of crime, sex,

civil status, educational attainment, religion and ethnic affiliation.

Age

A total of twelve (n=12) respondents that are currently detained in

Palawan Provincial Jail. The results revealed that majority of six or (50%) of the

respondents as to their present age were belong to the age bracket of 23-26 years

old while same frequency of six with (50%) belong to age bracket of 19-22 years

old. It implies that young offenders of Palawan Provincial Jail are now in their

legal ages.

38

Figure 3.Presents the age distribution of the respondents.

Age during commission of

crimes

Figure 4 presents the age distribution during their commission of crimes.

Majority of seven or (58.3%) of the respondents were on age of 17 years old

followed by four or (33.3%) were on age of 18 while (8.3%) with a frequency of

one belongs to the age of 15 years old. It implies that majority of the respondents

in terms of early commission of crimes were in the adolescent stage.

Figure 4. Graph showing the age during commission of crimes of the respondents.

Gender

Present age

23-26

19-22

50% (6)50% (6)

Age during commission of crimes

181715

58.3% (7)

33.3% (4)8.3% (1)

39

As to gender distribution, respondent were males and all of them were still

single. It implies that males are more aggressive than females which violent crime

statistics support.

Ethnic affiliation

Figure 5 presents the ethnic affiliation of the respondents. It could be

observed that the respondents belong to different ethnic groups. Majority of seven

or (58.3%) of the respondents are Cuyuno, two or (16.6%) are Tagalog same with

(16.6%) with a frequency of two are belong to an ethnic group called Tausog

while one or (8.3%) belongs to Agutaynen. It implies that Palawan comprised

different ethnic groups the native-born Palawan’s include the Cuyunon.

Figure 5. Graph showing the Ethnic affiliation crimes of the respondents.

Religion

Figure 6 presents the religious affiliation of the respondents, majority of

ten or (83.3%) of the respondent were labeled as devoted Roman Catholic while

two or (16.6%) of them was Islam. It implies that Philippines a multi dominations

and dominantly Roman Catholic by religion.

Ethnic affiliation

CuyunoTagalogTausogAgutaynen

58.3% (7)16.6% (2)

16.6% (2) 8.3% (1)

40

Figure 6. Graph showing the Religious affiliation of the respondents.

Educational attainment

Figure 7 presents the educational attainment of the respondents. The data

revealed that majority of four or (33.3%) of the respondents earned Tertiary level

of education while (33.3%) with a frequency of four reveal that they only finished

secondary level of education, on the other hand only three or (25.0%) were

elementary graduate and one or (8.3%) attained secondary level during their

school days. The result implies that commissions of crimes of inmates are

prevalent whatever educational attainment they had.

Figure 7. Graph show-ing the Educational at-tainment of the respon-dents.

Socio-economic profile of Juvenile delinquents in Palawan Provincial Jail

Educational attainment

Elem. GradeHigh-school yearHigh-school gradfreshmen college 25% (3)

33.3% (4) 33.3% (4)

8.3% (1)

Religion

Roman Catholic

Islam

83.3% (10)

16.6% (2)

41

Monthly family income

Figure 8 presents the socio-economic profile of the respondents. Results

reveal that seven or (58.3%) of the respondents have a monthly family income of

P1, 000-5,000 four or (33.3%) revealed that their parents earned P 6, 000-10,000

and one (8.3%) reveals that their parents’ earned 11,000 and above. It implies that

the monthly family income of the respondents were fall into below family thresh-

old.

Figure 8. Graph showing the monthly family income of the respondents.

Parents’ Occupation

Figure 9 presents the parents’ occupation of the respondents. Majority of

four or (33.3%) of the respondents reveal that their parents’ were housekeepers

three or (25.0%) were vendors; same with three or (25.0%) were farmers and two

(16.6%) were employed as government employees. It implies that the socio-eco-

nomic profile of the respondents fall into the minimum wage of income.

Figure 9. Graph showing the parents’ occupation of the respondents.

Cases filed to the juvenile

delinquents in Palawan Provincial

Jail

Parents' Occupation

Government employee

House keeper

Vendor

Farmer25% (3) 33.3% (4)

25% (3) 16.6% (2)

Monthly family income

P11, OOO Above

P6, 000-10, 000

P1, 000-5, 00058.3 % (7)

33.3% (4)

8.3% (1)

42

Table 1c presents the cases filed to the juvenile delinquents in Palawan Provin-

cial Jail.

Crimes committed

A total of 12 respondents (n=12) that are currently detained in Palawan

Provincial Jail. It can be observed from the data that respondents have different

committed crimes, majority of six or (50%) of the respondents had been charged

on murder while six or (50%) had been charge on rape. It implies that prevalent

among cases are murder and rape.

Figure 10. Graph showing the present age of the respondents.

Demographic profile of the respondents in Puerto Princesa City Jail

Cases

Murder

Rape

50% (6) 50% (6)

43

The demographic profile of the respondents as to their present age and age

during the commission of crimes, sex, civil status, educational attainment, religion

and ethnic affiliation.

Age

The results showed that three respondents coming from the city jail (n=3)

in terms of their present age were in the age bracket of 25-22-20. The data reveal

that the respondents are now in their legal age.

Figure 11. Graph showing the present age of the respondents.

Age during commission of crimes

As to their early commission of crimes majority of two or (66.6%) of the

respondents were on age of 17 years old however the one remaining respondents

with (33.3%) belongs to the age of 18 years old. Results showed that majority of

the respondents in terms of their early commission of crimes were on the adoles-

cents’ stage.

Present age

25 22

20

33.3% (1) 33.3% (1)

33.3% (1)

44

Figure 12. Graph showing the age during commission of crimes of the respondents.

Gender

As to gender distribution, all of them

were males and they were still single. It implies that single person commit crimes

rather than widower and separated.

Figure 13. Graph showing the eth-nic affiliation of the respondents

Ethnic affiliation

In terms of their ethnic affiliation, all of the respondents have different

ethnic groups. Each one or (33.3%) were tagalog, visaya and cuyuno. It implies

that Province of Palawan comprised of different ethnic groups.

With regards to religious affiliation of the respondents all of them were

devoted Roman Catholic believers. It implies that Philippines are multi-

denominations and dominantly Roman Catholics by religion.

Educational attainment

Ethnic affiliation

Cuyuno Visaya

Tagalog

33.3% (1)

33.3% (1)

33.3% (1)

Age during commission of crime

18 17

66.6% (1) 33.3% (2)

45

In terms of educational attainment of the respondents, data revealed that

majority of two or (66.6%) of the respondents revealed that they earned secondary

level of education while (33.3%) with a frequency of one reveals that he was able

to finished elementary level of education. It implies that juvenile delinquents in

Puerto Princesa City Jail had no formal education.

Figure 14. Graph showing the educational attainment of the respon-dents

Socio-Economic profile of the juvenile delinquents in Puerto Princesa City Jail

Educational attainment

Elem. Grade

Highschool year

66.6% (2) 33.3% (1)

46

Monthly family income

Result revealed that two or (66.6%) of the respondents have a monthly

family income of P1, 000-5,000 on the other hand only one or (33.3%) of the re-

spondents have a monthly family income of P6, 000-10,000. It implies that

monthly family income of the respondents were fall below family threshold.

Figure 15. Graph showing the monthly family income of the respondents

Parents’ Occupation

As to the parent’s occupation of the respondents, one or (33.3%) of the re-

spondent revealed that his parent’s owned a single business, same with (33.3%)

claimed that his father was a driver, however (33.3%) with a frequency of one re-

veals that his parents was a vendor.

Figure 16. Graph showing the parents’ oc-cupations the respondents

Parents' Occupation

Bussiness man

Driver

Vendor

33.3% (1)

33.3% (1)

33.3% (1)

Monthly family income of the respondents

P6, 000-10, 000

P1,000-5,000

66.6% (2)33.3% (1)

47

Cases filed to the juvenile delinquents in Puerto Princesa City Jail

Pie Graph presents the cases filed to the juvenile delinquents in Puerto

Princesa City Jail.

Committed crimes

A total of 3 respondents (n=3) that are currently detained in Puerto

Princesa City Jail. It can be observed that respondents have different committed

crimes. (33.3%) with a frequency of one reveals that he had been charge on mur-

der same with (33.3%) had been charged on robbery while (33.3%) had been

charged on theft. It implies that young offenders comprised different cases.

Figure 17. Graph showing the monthly family income of the respondents

CASES

Qualified theftMurderRobbery

33.3% (1)

33.3% (1)

33.3% (1)

48

Table 1a.The level of perception of the respondents in terms of the factors that motivate them to commit an offense in Palawan Provincial Jail

STATEMENT Level of perception Mean Rating DescriptionInterpretation INDIVIDUAL

FACTORS

5 4 3 2 1

Hyper activity 2 1 9 1.83 Disagree

Aggressiveness 3 2 3 4 2.58 Undecided

Beliefs favorable to deviant activities

3 1 1 2 5 2.58 Undecided

Weighted mean: 2.33Description : Disagree

Legend:4.50-5.00- Strongly agree

3.50-4.49- Agree2.50-3.49- Undecided

1.50-2.49- Disagree1.00-1.49- Strongly disagree

The table presents the respondents level of perception on the factors that

motivate them to commit an offense. Individual factors are associated with the

following statement such as hyper activity, aggressiveness and beliefs favorable

to deviant activities. Respondents response describe as disagree on the given

statement on hyper activity with a rating scale of 1.83 while results on aggressive-

ness got a rating scale of 2.58 which was higher than the first statement results

still undecided. The last statement under individual factors (beliefs favorable to

deviant activities) got a mean rating of 2.58 results interpreted as undecided.

The weighted mean of 2.33 indicates that among the given statement re-

sults were interpreted as Disagree.

Table 1a.1 Presents the level of perception of the respondents in terms of Family factors.

STATEMENT Level of perception Mean Rating Description

49

Interpretation FAMILY FACTORS 5 4 3 2 1Parental criminality 1 1 10 1.25 Strongly disagree

Poor family management

7 3 2 3.83 agree

Parent and child separation

3 3 6 2.5 undecided

Weighted mean: 2.52Description : Disagree

The table presents the respondents response on Family factors. This factor

consists of following statements such as Parental criminality, Poor family man-

agement and Parent and child separation. The results revealed that respondents

were strongly disagree on the questions on parental criminality with a rating scale

of 1.25 while the given statement on poor family management got a high rating

scale of 3.83 it described the results to agree. In terms of parent and child separa-

tion respondents were confused results were described as undecided.

The weighted mean score of 2.52 revealed that on the given statement un-

der family factors results turned to disagree. It implies that a family factor has

nothing to do with the early commission of crimes by the respondents.

Table 1a.2 Presents the level of perception of the respondents in terms of School factors.

STATEMENT Level of perception Mean Rating DescriptionInterpretation SCHOOL FACTORS 5 4 3 2 1

Academic failure 3 2 1 6 2.41 disagree

Low bonding to school 2 3 1 6 2.25 disagree

School dropout 3 2 2 5 2.5 undecided

Weighted mean: 2.38Description : Disagree

The table presents the respondents response in terms of school factors.

Based on the weighted mean score of 2.38 describe as disagree. It implies that re-

50

spondents disagree in the given statement on School factors. The first statement

on academic failure got a mean score of 2.41 results describe as disagree while on

the second statement or low bonding to school got a mean score of 2.25 it is still

describe as disagree, however the third statement on school dropout respondents

were confused results was interpreted as disagree with a mean score of 2.5.

Table 1a.3 Presents the level of perception of the respondents in terms of Peer related factors.

STATEMENT Level of perception Mean Rating DescriptionInterpretation PEER RELATED

FACTORS 5 4 3 2 1

Delinquent siblings 2 3 7 2.16 disagree

Delinquent peers 1 3 2 6 2.41 disagree

Gang membership 4 1 2 1 4 3.0 agree

Weighted mean: 2.52Description : Undecided

This table presents the level of perception on peer related factors. This fac-

tor consists of following statements such as delinquent siblings, delinquent peers,

and gang membership. Respondents response was illustrated as disagree on the

given statement on delinquent siblings with a mean score of 2.16 while results on

delinquent peers got a mean score of 2.41 which is lower than the first statement

results still disagree. The last statement on peer related factors got a mean score of

3.0 results illustrated as agree. It implies that respondents was involved on gang

membership that is somehow affects their personality and behavior. The

weighted mean of 2.52 indicates that among the given statement results were in-

terpreted as undecided.

Table 1a.4 Presents the level of perception of the respondents in terms of community factors

51

STATEMENT Level of perception Mean Rating DescriptionInterpretation COMMUNITY

FACTORS 5 4 3 2 1

Poverty 2 3 7 2.16 Disagree

Exposure to violence 1 3 2 6 2.41 Undecided

Availability of porno DVD’s

4 1 2 1 4 3.0 Undecided

Weighted mean: 2.5Description : Undecided

This table presents the community factors, respondent’s response were il-

lustrated as disagree on the first statement with a mean score of 2.16 while the

second statement as to exposure to violence got a mean score of 2.41 results were

undecided. However on the last statement on Availability of porno DVD’s results

described as undecided with a mean score of 3.0.

The weighted mean of 2.5 revealed that on the statements given the re-

spondents views were still undecided. It implies that this factor has nothing to do

with the early commission of youth in crimes.

Table 1b. Presents the level of perception of the respondents in terms of the factors that motivate them to commit an offense in Puerto Princesa City Jail

STATEMENT Level of perception Mean Rating Description

52

Interpretation INDIVIDUAL FACTORS

5 4 3 2 1

Hyper activity 1 2 3.0 undecided

aggressiveness 2 1 4.0 agree

Beliefs favorable to deviant activities

2 1 4.0 agree

Weighted mean: 3.66Description : agree

The table presents the respondents level of perception on the factors that

motivate them to commit an offense. Individual factors are associated with the

following statement such as hyper activity, aggressiveness and beliefs favorable

to deviant activities. Respondents response describe as undecided on the given

statement on hyper activity with a mean rating of 3.0 while results on aggressive-

ness got a mean rating of 4.0 which is higher than the first statement results de-

scribed as agree. The last statement under individual factors (beliefs favorable to

deviant activities) got a mean rating of 4.0 results interpreted as agree.

The weighted mean of 3.66 indicates that among the given statement re-

sults were interpreted as agree.

Table 1b.1 Presents the level of perception of the respondents in terms of Family factors.

STATEMENT Level of perception Mean Rating DescriptionInterpretation FAMILY FACTORS 5 4 3 2 1

Parental criminality 2 1 1.66 disagree

Poor family management

1 1 1 5.0 Strongly agree

53

Parent and child separation

1 1 1 5.0 Strongly agree

Weighted mean: 3.88Description :agree

The table presents the respondents response on Family factors. The results

revealed that the respondents were strongly disagree in the given questions on

parental criminality with a mean rating of 1.66, poor family management got 5.0

results described as strongly agree while on parent and child separation respon-

dents strongly agree with a mean rating of 5.0.

The weighted mean score of 3.88 indicate that respondents were agreed

in all the statements given.

Table 1b.2 Presents the level of perception of the respondents in terms of School factors.

STATEMENT Level of perception Mean Rating DescriptionInterpretation SCHOOL FACTORS 5 4 3 2 1

Academic failure 2 1 4.66 Strongly agree

Low bonding to school 2 1 4.66 Strongly agree

School dropout 3 5.0 Strongly agree

Weighted mean: 4.77Description : strongly agree

The table presents the respondents response on School factors. On the

given statement on academic failure respondents were strongly agree with a mean

rating of 4.66, low bonding to school got 4.66 described as strongly agree while

School dropout got a mean score of 5.0 results described as strongly agree.

The weighted mean of 4.77 revealed that on the statements given it turned

out to be described as strongly agree.

Table 1b.3 Presents the level of perception of the respondents in terms of Peer related factors.

54

STATEMENT Level of perception Mean Rating DescriptionInterpretation PEER RELATED

FACTORS 5 4 3 2 1

Delinquent siblings 1 1 1 3.0 Undecided

Delinquent peers 1 1 1 3.0 undecided

Gang membership 3 5.0 Strongly agree

Weighted mean: 3.66Description : agree

The table shows the respondents response on peer related factors. Delin-

quent siblings got a rating scale of 3.0 described as undecided, delinquent peers

got 3.0 described as undecided while respondents strongly agree on the statements

on gang’s membership with rating scale of 5.0.

The weighted mean of 3.66 revealed that on the statements given it turned

out the results to be interpreted as agree.

Table 1b.4 Presents the level of perception of the respondents in terms Com-munity factors.

STATEMENT Level of perception Mean Rating DescriptionInterpretation COMMUNITY

FACTORS 5 4 3 2 1

Poverty 1 1 1 2.0 Disagree

Exposure to violence 1 2 1.33 Strongly disagree

Availability of porno dvd’s

3 5.0 Strongly agree

55

Weighted mean: 2.77Description : agree

The table presents the respondents response on community factors. Re-

spondent’s point of view were interpreted as disagree on the first statement with a

mean score of 2.0 while the second statement on exposure to violence got a mean

score of 1.33 described as strongly disagree. On the last statement (porno DVD’s)

got a mean score of 5.0 described as strongly disagree.

The weighted mean of 2.77 revealed that on the statements given the re-

spondents’ view were interpreted as agree.

It implies that this factor has nothing to do with the early commission of

youth in crimes.

Table 3c presents the difference between Puerto Princesa Jail and Palawan Provincial Jail a paired samples correlations.

It is shown in table 3a that the paired samples correlation between Puerto

Princesa City Jail and Palawan Provincial Jail on the factors and level of motiva-

tion among inmates showed no significant relationship in all areas: statements un-

der Family factors, on the statement one (Parental criminality) with a t-value of

56

2.000 and p-value 184, the second statement (Poor family management) got .378

for the t-value and .742 for the p-value while the last statement got a t-value

of .378 and p-value of .742.

In terms of school factors, (Academic failure) number one statement got a

t-value1.732 with p-value of .225 t-value for .732 and p-value for .225(low bond-

ing to school) statement two has a t-value of 1.732 with a p-value of .225 while

the number three statement (school dropout) got a t-value of 1.941 with p-value of

.192.

When it comes to peer related factors, the given statements has 1.000 with

a p-value of .423(delinquent siblings), 1.000 a t-value on statement two with a p-

value of .423 (delinquent peers) and .555 in the last statement under peer related

factors (gang membership) with a p-value of .635.

On the other hand, Community factors on its statement one (poverty) got

a t-value of 2.000 with p-value of .184 while (exposure to violence) with 1.512

got a p-value of .270 and 2.000 on the statement three or Availability of porno

dvd’s with a p-value of .184.

Moreover, table shows that there is no significant relationship between the

factors cited among inmates.

Table 3d. Difference between Puerto Princesa City Jail and Palawan Provincial Jail Inmates

57

Table 3f. Correlation between the demographic and socio-economic profile of the respondents and their level of motivation among the given factors In table 1f, present the correlation between the Demographic profile of

the respondents and their level of motivation among the factors cited such as Indi-

vidual factors, Family factors, School factors, Peer related factors and Community

58

Items t-value P-value DecisionINDIVIDUAL FACTORS

Hyper activity .500 .667 Ho:Accept

Aggressiveness 1.000 .423 Ho:Accept

Deviant activities .000 1.000 Ho:Accept

FAMILY FACTORSParental criminality 2.000 .184 Ho:Accept

Poor family man-agement

.378 .742 Ho:Accept

Parent and child separation

.378 .742 Ho:Accept

SCHOOL FACTORS Academic failure 1.732 .225 Ho:Accept

Low bonding to school

1.732 .225 Ho:Accept

School dropout 1.941 .192 Ho:Accept

PEER RELATED FACTORSDelinquent siblings 1.000 .423 Ho:Accept

Delinquent peers 1.000 .423 Ho:Accept

Gang membership .555 .635 Ho:Accept

COMMUNITY FACTORSPoverty 2.000 .184 Ho:Accept

Exposure to vio-lence

1.512 .270 Ho:Accept

Availability of porno dvd’s

2.000 .184 Ho:Accept

factors. It found to be significant in Family factors. One in age and parental crimi-

nality were tend to be significant, that is items number 2. The significant level is

at .05.

Moreover, data shows that there is no significant relationship between the

Demographic profile and socio economic profile of the respondents in their level

of motivation among the factors given.

59

STATEMENT

CORRELATION COEFFICIENT

AGE Decision Age during the commission of crime

decision Educational attainment

Decision Income Decision Ethnic affiliation

Decision Parents’ occupation

INDIVIDUAL FACTORS

Hyper activity .010 Ho:Accept .398 Ho:Accept .197 Ho:Accept .118 Ho:Accept .343 Ho:Accept .464

aggressiveness .213 Ho:Accept .339 Ho:Accept .228 Ho:Accept .263 Ho:Accept .310 Ho:Accept .157

Deviant activities

.046 Ho:Accept .173 Ho:Accept .079 Ho:Accept .251 Ho:Accept .296 Ho:Accept .037

FAMILY FACTORS

Parental criminality

.599** Ho:reject .225 Ho:Accept .016 Ho:Accept .342 Ho:Accept .244 Ho:Accept 2.78

Poor family management

.168 Ho:Accept .232 Ho:Accept .126 Ho:Accept .296 Ho:Accept .145 Ho:Accept .358

School dropout .165 Ho:Accept .385 Ho:Accept .191 Ho:Accept .191 Ho:Accept .358 Ho:Accept .027

1

SCHOOL FACTORS

Academic failure

.052 Ho:Accept .225 Ho:Accept .198 Ho:Accept .114 Ho:Accept .247 Ho:Accept .478

ow bonding to school

.072 Ho:Accept .313 Ho:Accept .312 Ho:Accept .035 Ho:Accept .240 Ho:Accept .213

School dropout .018 Ho:Accept .254 Ho:Accept .299 Ho:Accept .165 Ho:Accept .114 Ho:Accept .118

PEER RELATED FACTORS

Delinquent siblings

.144 Ho:Accept .339 Ho:Accept .025 Ho:Accept .052 Ho:Accept .056 Ho:Accept .111

Delinquent peers

.058 Ho:Accept .479 Ho:Accept .194 Ho:Accept .081 Ho:Accept .087 Ho:Accept .192

Gang membership

.221 Ho:Accept .408 Ho:Accept .280 Ho:Accept .252 Ho:Accept .259 Ho:Accept .271

COMMUNITY FACTORS

Poverty .091 Ho:Accept .513 Ho:Accept .125 Ho:Accept .101 Ho:Accept .411 Ho:Accept .372

Exposure to violence

.215 Ho:Accept .232 Ho:Accept .480 Ho:Accept .282 Ho:Accept .450 Ho:Accept .115

2

Availability of porno DVD’S

.173 Ho:Accept .199 Ho:Accept .455 Ho:Accept .162 Ho:Accept .299 Ho:Accept .000

3

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the summary, conclusions and recommendations of the study

Summary

This study was conducted to identify the cases on juvenile delinquency in

Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto Princesa City Jail. The selected 12 respondents

in the study are coming from Provincial Jail while 3 of the respondents are from

City Jail. The study covers the period of early commission of crimes of juvenile

delinquents in up to their legal ages.

The descriptive method was used to gather information pertaining to the

cases on juvenile delinquency; the total enumeration was used in the selection of

the respondents within the two selected area of the study namely the Provincial

Jail and City Jail. Pearson product moment correlation was used in analyzing the

relationship between the respondents’ demographic and socio-economic profile

and the factors level of motivation.

In the data gathered by the researcher in Provincial jail, results revealed

that majority of six or (50.0%) of the respondent belong to the age bracket of 23-

26 followed by six or (50%) of the respondents were on age of 19-23.

The commission of crimes of the respondents majority, seven or (58.3%)

of the respondents were on age of 17 years old followed by four or (33.3%) were

on age of 18 while one or (8.3%) belongs to the age of 15 years old.

The respondents were males and all of them were still single.

48

The ethnic affiliation of the respondents could be observed that majority

of seven or (58.3%) of the respondent belong to Cuyuno, two or (16.6%) were

Tagalog same with (16.6%) revealed that they were Tausog. However one

remaining respondents belong to Agutaynen.

The religious affiliation of the respondents, majority of ten or (83.3%) of

the respondents were devoted Roman Catholic while two or (16.6%) of them was

Islam.

However, in terms of educational attainment of the respondents, the data

revealed that majority of four or (33.3%) of respondent earned tertiary level of

education same with (33.3%) revealed that they finished secondary level of

education three or (25.0%) were elementary graduate and one or (8.3%) attained

high school level of education.

The socio-economic profile of the respondents revealed that seven or

(58.3%) of the respondents have a monthly family income of P1, 000-5,000 four

or (33.3%) revealed that their parents earned P 6, 000-10,000 and one (8.3%) re-

veals that their parents’ earned 11,000 and above.

The parents’ occupation of the respondents revealed that majority of four

or (33.3%) of the respondents revealed that their parents’ were housekeepers three

or (25.0%) were vendors; same with three or (25.0%) were farmers and two

(16.6%) were employed as government employees. It implies that the socio-eco-

nomic profile of the respondents fall into the minimum wage of income.

49

In terms of cases on juvenile delinquency in Palawan Provincial Jail the

twelve respondents has an equal response, six of them had been charged of mur-

der and six of them had been charged of rape

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY JAIL

In the data gathered in Puerto Princesa City Jail showed that three of the

respondents are now in the age bracket of 25-20 it can be observed that the re-

spondents are now on their legal age.

In terms of early commission of crimes majority of two or (16.6%) were

on age of 17, one respondent’s response in the age of 18. It could be observed that

the early commissions of crimes were labeled in adolescents’ stage.

Three respondents have different ethnic groups, as to the religious affilia-

tion of the respondents all of them were in dominant religion well known as Ro-

man Catholic.

The educational attainment of the respondents led to majority of two or

(16.6%) finished secondary level of education while one or (8.3%) of the respon-

dents revealed that he had attained elementary level of education.

The socio-economic profile of respondents revealed that two or (66.6%) of

the respondents have a monthly family income of P1, 000-5,000 on the other hand

only one or (33.3%) of the respondent have a monthly family income of P6, 000-

10,000.

The respondents revealed that his father was a driver while the other one

claimed that his mother and father was a vendor and the remaining respondent re-

vealed that his parents’ owned a business.

50

The respondents have different committed crimes such as murder, theft

and robbery.

The results revealed that there is no significant difference between the

factors that motivate the youth to commit an offense among City Jail and

Provincial Jail inmates.

There is no significant relationship between the respondents’ demographic

and socio-economic profile in the factors such as Individual factors, Family fac-

tors, School factors, Peer related factors and community factors.

Conclusions

In consideration of the significant findings of the study the following

conclusions were drawn:

1. During the commission of crimes of the respondent, the results revealed

that they are in age bracket of 15-18, therefore at an early age they are prone in

any environmental factors that might affects their behaviour towards people.

2. Respondents coming from both Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto

Princesa Jail were all male; therefore more males commit crime than females.

3. It is observed that prevalent cases among the respondents are murder and

rape.

4. Respondents have low educational attainment.

5. Their monthly family incomes of 1,000-5,000 fall into below family

threshold.

6. Their parents’ occupations such as House keepers, vendors and farmers

were not capable in sustaining the high monthly family income.

51

7. The levels of perception among the factors that motivate the respondents

show a discrepancy during the statistics.

8. Null hypothesis have no significant difference between the factors that

motivate the youth to commit an offense among City Jail and Provincial Jail

inmates.

9. There is no significant relationship between the respondents’ demographic

and socio-economic profile in the factors cited such as Individual factors,

Family factors, School factors, Peer related factors, and Community factors.

Recommendations

Based on the findings and conclusion the following recommendations

were formulated:

The juvenile delinquency is a much related problem in the Philippines;

young offenders should be linked with broader development initiatives aimed at

delinquency reduction and social acceptance of the whole.

1. Rehabilitative services for youth offenders, to the persistent social

problem of juvenile delinquency.

2. Efforts to organize and strengthen community-level mechanisms for

surveillance, monitoring, protection and care, such as the barangay

councils for the protection of children, the barangay human rights ac-

tion centre, or the basic ecclesial communities organized under the

auspices of the Catholic Church; and creating spaces and more oppor-

tunities for effective and meaningful participation by children and

young people in all decisions and actions affecting them.

52

3. Efforts to build and strengthen the stability of the Filipino family,

particularly among the disadvantaged, focusing on the role of

children and parents.

4. Proposals such as these are opposite to the view that young offenders

still have a chance of growing up responsible and law-abiding adults

if properly educated and reformed. Called restorative justice for the

juvenile, this concept still advocates punishment for juvenile

offenders but ensures that the punishment fits the crime.

5. The local council must give extra efforts, serve as the primary agency

to coordinate with and assist the LGU concerned for the adoption of a

comprehensive plan on delinquency preventions.

6. Community Involvement like Girl scouts, boy scouts, church youth

groups, and volunteer groups all involve youth within a community. In-

volvement in community groups provide youth with an opportunity to

interact in a safe social environment.

53

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Chopra, D. (2002). Juvenile crime in legal situation. Mc Graw Hill Publishing House, New York

Chang, Jun-shu (2000), Inherited Behavior and violence among children, First Edition,

Wu Nan Publishing Company, Taipei.

Jessor, R. and S. L. Jessor. (2007). Problem and behaviour and Psychological Development. New York: Academic Press.

Celia V. Sanidad-Leones.2000 Effective Preventive Measures

Garcia, Mb., “Introduction Sociology (2004) : A unified Approach” National Book Store

Maciones, J. and Conrad . 2002. Sociology. 9th edition. Singapore: Pearson Educ. St. Asia Ptl. Ltd

Rommel, Manwong (2005). Fundamentals to Criminology

Pfuhl, Erdwin H. jr. (2002). Human Deviance. Social Problems, and Social Con-trol. New Jersey: Prentice –Hall, inc

Erdwin,Kornhauser J. M 2006 Family Factors on Juvenile Delinquency, Second edition,

Unpublished/Published Thesis/Dissertation

Crockett, L.J., Eggebeen, D.J., and Hawkins, A.J.2005. Father’s presence and young children’s behavioral and cognitive adjustment. Journal of Family Issues 14(3):355–377.

Derzon, J.H., and Lipsey, M.W. 2005. The correspondence of family fea-tures with problem, aggressive, criminal and violent behavior.

Lipsey, M.W., and Derzon, J.H. 2007. Predictors of violent or serious delinquency in adolescence and early adulthood, the school factors and its influence: A synthesis of longitudinal research. In Serious and Violent Juvenile Offenders:Risk Factors and Successful Interventions, edited byR. Loeber and D.P. Farrington. Thousand Oaks,

Wasserman, G.A., and Seracini, A.G. 2006. Family risk factors and in-terventions. In Child Delinquents: Development, Intervention, and Ser-

54

vice Needs, edited by R. Loeber and D.P. Farrington. Thousand Oaks, CA: SageHerrenkohl, T.L., Hawkins, J.D., Chung, I., Hill, K.G., and Battin-Pearson, S. 2001. School and community risk factors and interventions. In Child Delinquents: Development, Intervention, andService Needs, edited by R. Loeber and D.P.

Farrington, D.P. 2000. Explaining and preventing crime: The globaliza-tion of knowledge—The American Society of Criminology 2003 presi-dential addresses. Criminology 38(1):1–24.

Internet

Juvenile welfarehttp://www.articleshared.comDate downloaded: Jan, 20,2010

Movie portrayal of delinquencyDownloaded http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles

Date downloaded: Jan, 30,2010

The Problem of Youth OffendersDownloaded http://www.judgesandmagistrates.org .

Date downloaded: Feb, 03,2010

When Children Commit Adult CrimesDownloaded http://www.bulatlat.com/archive1/036yo.html

Date downloaded: Feb, 03, 2010

New Juvenile Justice Law in the Philippines Downloaded http://www.restorativejustice. org Date downloaded: Feb, 08, 2010

55

APPENDIX ALetter for the Warden

Republic of the PhilippinesWESTERN PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY

PUERTO PRINCESA CAMPUSCollege of Arts, Sciences and Technology

Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City

January 27,2009

Col. Ramon C. EspinaWardenPalawan Provincial JailPuerto Princesa City

Sir:

I am a 4th year student enrolled in Bachelor of Arts in Sociology at the Western Philippines University Puerto Princesa Campus, Puerto Princesa City. I am conducting a research study entitled: “CASES ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN THE PALAWAN PROVINCIAL JAIL AND PUERTO PRINCESA CITY JAIL”. This is a requirement of the course in Socio 200 (Undergraduate thesis).

In connection with this, I would like to request permission to allow me to conduct my research study and set an interview for the juvenile delinquents, and the outcome of this work will be treated in utmost confidentiality.

Thank you and more power!

Very truly yours,

(SGD.) SILVER JOHN S. SOBEBE Researcher

NOTED:

56

(SGD.) FRANKLIN JOSEPH D.SOLITA Ed.D Adviser

APPENDIX BLetter for the Warden

Republic of the PhilippinesWESTERN PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY

PUERTO PRINCESA CAMPUSCollege of Arts, Sciences and Technology

Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City

January 28, 2010

Supt. Ronaldo M. SenocWardenPuerto Princesa City JailPuerto Princesa City

Sir:

I am a 4th year student enrolled in Bachelor of Arts in Sociology at the Western Philippines University Puerto Princesa Campus, Puerto Princesa City. I am conducting a research study entitled: “CASES ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN THE PALAWAN PROVINCIAL JAIL AND PUERTO PRINCESA CITY JAIL”. This is a requirement of the course in Socio 200 (Undergraduate thesis).

In connection with this, I would like to request permission to allow me to gather information for the total population of the Juvenile Delinquents, and the outcome of this work will be treated in utmost confidentiality.

Thank you and more power!

Very truly yours,

(SGD.) SILVER JOHN S. SOBEBE Researcher

NOTED:

(SGD.) FRANKLIN JOSEPH D.SOLITA Ed.D

57

Adviser

APPENDIX C

Letter for the Respondents

Republic of the PhilippinesWESTERN PHILIPPINES UNIVERSITY

PUERTO PRINCESA CAMPUSCollege of Arts, Sciences and Technology

Sta. Monica, Puerto Princesa City

January 27, 2009

Dear Respondents:

I am a 4thyear Sociology student of Western Philippines

University, Puerto Princesa Campus at Sta.Monica, Puerto Princesa City. I have

chosen the Palawan Provincial Jail as the area of the study in the conduct of my

research entitled: “CASES ON JUVENILE DELINQUENCY IN THE

PALAWAN PROVINCIAL JAIL AND PUERTO PRINCESA CITY JAIL”.the

primary objective of this study is to determine the factor that motivates the youth

(18 yrs. below) in their involvement in deviant act.

In this regard, I am requesting your participation as a respondent to

gather the necessary data and information. Please answer the entire question base

on your knowledge experience and opinion. Rest assured the confidential in

handling the data will be observed.

Thank you and more power!

Respectfully yours,

58

(SGD.)SILVER JOHN SOBEBE Researcher

APPENDIX D

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Demographic Information

Part-I

.A Please answer the following question by writing your answer in the space

provided or by putting a check in the provided space before your response;

Topic: Cases on juvenile delinquency in the Palawan Provincial Jail and Puerto

Princesa Jail

Name______________________

Age_____ (During the commission of crime)

Present age_____

Gender_____

Civil Status_______

A. Educational Attainment:

( ) Elem. Grade( ) High School Years( ) High School Grad( ) Freshmen College

B. Religion

( ) Roman Catholic( ) Iglesia Ni Kristo( ) Seventh Day Adventist ( ) Protestant( ) others, pls. specify______________________

59

C. Ethnic Affiliation

( ) Cuyuno( ) Tagbanua( ) Palaw’an( ) Badjao( ) others, pls. specify______________________

Continued…

D. What is your parents’ occupation?( ) Teacher( ) House Keeper( ) Vendor( ) others, pls. specify______________________

E. Please estimate your Monthly income?( ) 11,000 above ( ) 6,000-10,000( ) 1,000-5,000( ) others, pls. specify______________________

Part-II

Delinquent offenses

What offense/offenses you have committed?

______________________________

Part- III

Factors that motivate you to commit an offense

Instruction:

.B What are the factors that motivate you to commit an offense? Please check the

corresponding box based in your personal experiences.

5 – Strongly agree4 – Agree3 – Undecided2 – Disagree

60

Continued…

INDIVIDUAL FACTORS 5 4 3 2 1

Hyper activity

Aggressiveness

Beliefs and attitudes favorable to deviant activities

FAMILY FACTORS

Parental Criminality

Poor family management

Parent and child separation

SCHOOL FACTORS

Academic Failure

Low bonding to school

School dropout

PEER RELATED FACTORS

Delinquent Siblings

Delinquent peers

Gang membership

COMMUNITY FACTORS

Poverty

Exposure to violence

61

Availability of Porno DVD’s

DOCUMENTARY PHOTOS

PALAWAN PROVINCIAL JAIL

62

Fig 4. The researcher together with the respondents.

DOCUMENTARY PHOTOS

PUERTO PRINCESA CITY JAIL

Fig 5. The researcher on his one on one interview to the respondents of City Jail.

63

For comments and suggestion just send your e-mail message to hyacinth_sobebe@yahoo.com or txt me in this no. 09184452789

64