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Case Study TutorialWetting and Non-Wetting
Basics of Wetting
2
G
L
S
surface
contact line
bulk
Three phase contact (TPC) zone
3
Three phase contact (TPC) line
steel surface
droplet
4
Three phase contact (TPC) line
steel surface
droplet
5
Capillary pressure
Pe
Pi
PPP ei
21 R
1
R
1P
is the interfacial tension, R1 and R2 are the two principal radii of curvature
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Young equation
SGYLGSL cos
QY
gLG
gSL
gSG
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Hysteresis
Viscous flow:Hindered TPC (pinned)Non-slip
Ideal flow: Barriereless TPCFree slippage
Qr < QY < Qa
Qr
Qa
QY
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The TPC line resistance (hysteresis) is due to solid surface heterogeneities:
morphologic and/or energetic
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Morphologic heterogeneity
The intrinsic contact angle at a rough surface is different from measured one:
Wenzel, Cassie-Baxter, wicking models
"God created the solids, the devil their surfaces"
Wolfgang Pauli (1900-1958)
REAL SURFACES ARE ROUGH
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Form
WaveGroove
1 order
2 order
3 order4 order
Topometric characterisation parameters
according to DIN EN ISOflatness, waveness, roughness
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Morphologic heterogeneity
Cassie-Baxter
1fcosfrcos sessrough
-1
1
C
tg = rs
1 - f
cos rough
cos flat
0-1 1
Johnson & Dettre in “Wettability”, Ed. by John C. Berg, 1993
Wenzel
esrough cosrcos
Bico et al. wicking
)cos1(f1cos esrough
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Adhesion, viscous friction and contact line barriers have the same nature: van der Waals interactions
In the case of: - non-slip boundary conditionsviscous fluids - barrier contact line motion
- TPC angle hysteresis
In the case of: - free boundary slippageideal fluids - barriereless contact line motion
- no TPC hysteresis (Young Model)
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30 mm
30 mm
hydrophobic hydrophilic superhydrophobic
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Super-hydrophobicity
We learn from nature ...
... and want to mimic
- adhesives- coatings- în microelectronics
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Super-hydrophobicity
Wettability can be manipulated through
- changes in surface energy- changes in surface morphology/topography
(roughness, geometry)
CA = 90 - 120°
CA 150°
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Super-hydrophobicity
Structure of rough surfaces can be:
RegularIrregular (Random)Hierarchical (Fractal): flat
2Dfractal cos)l/L(cos
L and l are the upper (of several micrometers) and lower limit (particle diameter) scales of the fractal behaviour on the surfaceD is the fractal dimension
Surface modified by particles: Regular Structure
10 m
R = 200 nm R = 1 m R = 2.4 m R = 5 m
9069.13R
2
R3RR
S
SS
S
Sr
2
222
triangle
poresegmentsphere
geometric
actualS
Regular particle structure: no superhydrophobicity
The height roughness (not the roughness factor) influences wetting
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ah
a
1 Under what condition is the Wenzel regime more stable than the Cassie-Baxter regime?
Wenzel, 1936 Cassie-Baxter, 1944
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ah
a
1 Under what condition is the Wenzel regime more stable than the Cassie-Baxter regime?
a
h1
a2
ah2
areaprojected
arearealrs
Wenzel roughness factor
Wenzel CA YYsW cosa
h1cosrcos
Cassie-Baxter CA 1fcosfrcos YfCB
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ah
a
1 Under what condition is the Wenzel regime more stable than the Cassie-Baxter regime?
If the liquid touch only the top of the surface, then f = ½ and rf = 1
2
1cos
2
1cos YCB
Wenzel regime more stable if W CB
Ycos 1
ah21
Wenzel regime is always more stable if Y 90°
21
ah
a
2 Under what condition can this surface become non-wettable, i.e. superhydrophobic with a ? CA 150°
CBcos 866.0150cos
2
1cos
2
1cos YCB 866.0
Ycos 732.0
Y 137 but
120Y