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The Amazon- cutting down the world’s
lungs
Stefan, Johanna, Marika
Deforestation & Forest Fires
• The Amazon is decreasing with an area the size of England each year.– But decreasing
• Fire in 2005 caused the destruction of 360 000 hectares (= 0.8% of Sweden).
Drivers
• Increasing need for resources– Timber– Food - Soya
• Increasing landless population• Climate change
Actors
• Governments– National, regional, local
• Governmental organisations• NGOs• Private sector, Market• Farmers / cattle ranchers / ”loggers”
Institutions
• State-community– Protected areas
• State-market– Logging concessions
• NGOs-market– Soya Moratorium
• Market-community– Green market
PIX
• Xingu indigenous park• 14 ethnic groups = ATIX• Sting!• Xingu-river watershed• Protected indigenous land
+ = TRUE
Brondizio et al., 2009
MAP
• Madre de Dios – Peru • Acre – Brazil • Pando – Bolivia • NASA-research cooperation with national
science institute• Information on the
internet available for the public
Brown, 2006
Misfit!
• Spatial Misfit in PIX– Protected area affected by outside disturbance– Institution is too small!
• Threshold Misfit– Avoided in future thanks to knowledge of non-
linearity?
Bridging Organizations
• Needed on governmental level– Horizontal bridge
• Examples exist of vertical bridges– REDD+
Conser-vation
Conser-vation
Develop-ment
Develop-ment
Bridge?Bridge?
Governing the extent and severity of sleeping sickness outbreaks
in southeast Uganda
Case analysis in adaptive governance2010-12-13
Nikolina Oreskovic, Marte Sendstad and Gabriella Silfwerbrand
Context and sleeping sickness
First 2 min
http://www.stampoutsleepingsickness.com/media/video-gallery/the-
emergency-intervention-in-2006.aspx
Stresses and strategies
Ecologicaltsetse habitatmultiple reservoirs
Socio-politicalcattlemigrationweak public structuresmedical treatment
Stresses and strategies
2 minhttp://www.stampoutsleepingsickness.com/media/video-gallery/3v-vet.aspx
Capacity for actors to control outbreak
Problem of fittemporalspatialcascading effectthreshold effect
Bridging organisationsLIRI HospitalCOCTUPAAT (WHO)
Generalisations
Laws of epidemicsThe law of the fewThe stickiness factorPower of context
Political instability in African context
Slow feedbacks and prioritisation
Conclusions
different actors address and respond to different aspects of the problems, but none has the capacity to integrate information from socio-political, medical and ecological stresses
Sustainable methods for control and surveillance should integrate local health units and existing community workers for early disease detection and prevention.
Discuss
Importance of ethnicity and local governance?
Lack of knowledge on habitat factors for outbreaks
Where to prioritise resources?
Adaptive Governance 2010
Presentation of case study analysis
2010/12/14
Case study analysis - agricultural landscape of Bali
Ylva Ran, Caroline Schill
Outline
1. Introduction
2. Relevant actors at multiple levels
3. Institutions at multiple levels
4. Social-ecological stresses
5. Application of the concepts social networks and bridging organizations
6. Conclusion
Focus of the case study analysis is the agricultural practice of rice
terrace farming in southern Bali, which has a tradition of over a
thousand years.
Source: picture: http://www.welt.de/reise/Fern/article10376154/Tropisches-Klima-Tempel-und-Terrassen.html, Lansing (1991)
Water temple network
Subaks
• Subject of the case analysis: agro society humans strongly interact with and depend not only on ecological features, but also on other actors within the society Importance of identifying the structure of the social-ecological system, its actors, stresses it has to deal with, different institutions
• Aim of the case study analysis: to discuss the capacity of actors and institutions of the social-ecological environment to adapt and deal with change
Relevant actors at multiple levels and their roles and responsibilities
were identified.
Source: Lorenzen and Lorenzen (2008), Lansing (1991)
Other international actors: scientists, international NGOs, cultural-heritage associations etc.
In order to manage a natural resource, it is important to identify the different institutions that impact the system.
Institutions
The set of working rules that are used to determine who is eligible to make decisions in some arena, what actions are allowed or constrained, what aggregation rules will be used, what procedures will be followed, what information must or must not be provided, and what payoffs will be assigned to individuals dependent on their actions.
(Ostrom 1990)
North (1990): “Institutions are the humanly devised constraints that shape human interactions.”
Water temple network
Source: Lorenzen and Lorenzen (2008), Schoenfelder (2000), Sutawan (2006)
Numerous institutions at the local scale were identified.
Water temple networks consisting of:•Subaks and Subak heads•Sub-Subaks and sub-Subak heads•Sub-Subak members (local farmers)
Water temples serve as a communicative arena where Subak heads meet, discuss and come to agreements of water distribution in the region
Water temple network
Example: Formal authority sub-Subak head: Representation of sub-Subak members at the Subak levelInformal authority: to negotiate water management issues concerning them at the Subak level
Formal agreements regarding membership, territory and members rights and duties
Formal arena for the informal management activities of water distribution
Subaks, as the main institution, are a formal arena for informal
agreements between local actors.
Source: Lorenzen and Lorenzen (2008), Schoenfelder (2000), Sutawan (2006)
Multiple institutions at regional, national and international levels
were identified.• Regional and national governments
• National and regional legislature e.g. the national water law stating financial arrangements concerning irrigation systems
• Multiple international institutions such as NGO:s, other countries, tourists, scientists and conservationsts
• …
The system experiences several stresses of both social and
ecological nature that contribute to the problem of unsatisfactory livelihood for the farmers and
further erodes the systems resilience.
Ecological stresses:
– Pest outbreaks
–Water shortages
– Loss of soil fertility
that threaten rice yields.
Source: Lorenzen and Lorenzen (2008), Schoenfelder (2000), Lansing (1991), Lansing (2010), FAO (1996), picture: http://news.chinaa2z.com/news/html/2010/20100824/20100824101253461975/20100824103945285819.html
The system experiences several stresses of both social and
ecological nature that contribute to the problem of unsatisfactory livelihood for the farmers and
further erodes the systems resilience.
Social stresses:– Subsistence-oriented market-oriented farming
– Farmers’ dependency on the rice yield not only to provide livelihood for their family but also to repay their loans
Erosion of commitment to cooperation
– Farming not only source of income or not even main source
– Trend that new generations lose interest and incentives to conduct agricultural practice in the traditional way loss in local knowledge of agricultural practice and cultural values
– general trend of increased off-farm activities for farmers situated close to urban areas due to largely increased tourism
Change in perception about agriculture as the most important income source
Source: Lorenzen and Lorenzen (2008), Lansing (1991), Lansing (2010)
In order to analyze the capacity of the system and its associates to deal with change and disturbances, the
application of the concept of social networks is suitable.
Source: Bodin and Crona (2009), Crona (2010)
Bridging organizations can provide benefits for the system in order to
prevent a decrease of adaptive capacity.• Connectivity and international influence of the system is increasing
• Increased diversity of stakeholders and the demand to connect them and create openness and understaning
Requirement of bridging gaps between different stakeholders and ensure understanding and development of common goals
Bridging Organizations of both national and international character e.g.– Environmental NGO:s
– UNESCO
– Local scientific communities
– …
Source: Brown (1991), Berkes (2009)
Conclusion:The system may experience a
decrease in resilience because the commitment to the institution
Subak is decreasing.• The capacity to cope with various stresses and change is relatively high
• How to deal with such change?–Modification of existing institutions
– Establishment of new institutions e.g. bridging organizations
Source: Lansing, 1991; Lansing and Miller, 2005; Lorenzen and Lorenzen 2008, 2010
Thank you for your attention!
Questions?
References• Berkes, F. 2009. Evolution of co-management: Role of knowledge generation, bridging
organizations and social learning. Journal of Environmental Management 90:1692-1702.
• Bodin, Ö. and B.I. Crona. 2009. The role of social networks in natural resource governance: What relational patterns make a difference? Global Environmental Change 19:366-374.
• Brown, L.D. 1991. Bridging organizations and sustainable development. Human relations 44(8):807-831.
• FAO Natural resources management and environment department. 1996. Control of water pollution from agriculture. FAO corporate document repository. Online at http://www.fao.org/docrep/w2598e/w2598e07.htm#historical%20development%20of%20pesticides.
• Galaz, V. 2010. From institutions to governance – what is the difference? Lecture, Stockholm Resilience Center, 2010-12-07.
• Lansing, J.S. 1991. Priests and programmers: Technologies of power in the engineered landscape of Bali. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
References• Lansing, J.S. 2010. Measuring resilience in Bali. Lecture, Stockholm Resilience Center, 2010-
09-21.
• Lansing, J.S. and J.H. Miller. 2005. Cooperation, games, and ecological feedback: Some insights from Bali. Current Anthropology 46(2):328-334.
• Lorenzen, S. and R.P. Lorenzen. 2008: Institutionalizing the informal: Irrigation and government intervention in Bali. Development 51(1):77-82.
• Lorenzen, R.P. and S. Lorenzen. 2010. Changing realities – perspectives on Balinese rice cultivation. Human Ecology, published online, DOI: 10.1007/s10745-010-9345-z.
• North, D.C. 1990. Institutions, institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge University Press, UK.
• Scarborough, V.L., Schoenfelder, J.W. and J.S. Lansing. 2000: Early statecraft on Bali: The water temple complex and the decentralization of the political economy. Research in Economic Anthropology 20:299-330.
• Schoenfelder, J.W. 2000: The co-evolution of agricultural and socio-political systems in Bali. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association 20:35-47.
• Sutawan, N. 2006. Institutional adjustment for water resources management in Bali. Paper presented at IASCP, Udayana University, Bali.