CASE STUDY ON EFFECTS OF TSUNAMI-2004

BY

ANSAL VIJAYVARGIYA11CE022PANKAJ SHARMA11CE027SANDEEP YADAV11CE031BHARAT KHULLAR11CE046MANISH SINGHAL11CE037

LINGAYAS UNIVERSITY, FARIDABADSESSION 2014-2015

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the case study titled as effects of tsunami-2004 submitted to the Lingayas University, FARIDABAD, for the award of the degree of Technology in Civil Engineering, is a bonafide record of research work carried out by him under my supervision and guidance. The Candidates has fulfilled all the prescribed requirements.

Date : May,2015 Mrs. Vidhi TiwariPlace : Faridabad(Assistant professor)Department of Civil EngineeringLingayas University

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would like to extend my gratitude and my sincere thanks to my honourable, esteemed supervisor Mrs. Vidhi Tiwari(Asst.Prof.),Department of Civil Engineering.

I sincerely thank for her exemplary guidance and encouragement. Her trust and support inspired me in the most important moments of making right decisions and I am glad to work with her/

All faculty of Department of Civil Engineering rendered me enormous support during the whole tenure of my stay in Lingayas University, Faridabad.

CASE STUDY: TSUNAMI, 2004On 26 December 2004 a tsunami occurred in the Indian Ocean. It was the result of the Indio-Australian Plate sub ducting below the Eurasian Plate. It was caused by an earthquake measuring more than magnitude 9. The earthquake caused the seafloor to uplift, displacing the seawater above. In Open Ocean the tsunami measured less than 1 metre high. The tsunami travelled at speeds up to 800km per hour. When the Tsunami reached the shores, the height of the wave increased to 15 metres in some areas.

This tsunami was particularly devastating because: The earthquake which caused the tsunami was magnitude 9. Theepicentrewas very close to some densely populated coastal communities, eg. Indonesia. They had little or no warning. The only sign came just before the tsunami struck when the waterline suddenly retreated, exposing hundreds of metres of beach and seabed. There was no Indian Ocean tsunami warning system in place. This could have saved more people in other countries further away from the epicentre. Many of the countries surrounding the Indian Ocean areLEDCsso they could not afford to spend much on preparation and prevention. In some coastal areas,mangrove forestshad been removed to make way fortourist developmentsand therefore there was less natural protection.

SOCIAL IMPACTS OF THE TSUNAMI (EFFECTS ON PEOPLE) There were over 2,30, 000 deaths. About 1.7 million people became homeless. About 5-6 million people needed emergency aid, eg. food and water. The threat of disease from mixing of fresh water, sewage and salt water was high. About 1,500 villages were destroyed in northern Sumatra.

ECONOMIC IMPACTS OF THE TSUNAMI (EFFECTS ON MONEY AND JOBS)

The Ports were ruined. The Fishing industry was devastated boats, nets and equipment destroyed. An estimated 60% of Sri Lankas fishing fleet destroyed. The reconstruction cost billions of dollars. Loss of earnings from tourism - foreign visitors to Phuket dropped 80% in 2005. Communications were damaged, eg roads, bridges and rail networks.ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF THE TSUNAMI The crops were destroyed. All the Farm land was ruined by salt water. Nearly 8 million litres of oil escaped from oil plants in Indonesia. Mangrove forests along the coast were destroyed. Coral reefsand coastal wetlands damaged.

RESPONSES TO THE TSUNAMINon-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and local authorities typically have immediateandsecondaryresponses to devastation of this kind.

IMMEDIATE RESPONSES

Main thing was Search and rescue. The main need was Emergency food and water. Medical care was to be taken care of injured. Temporary shelter was to be made so that people can stay at a place . Re-establishinginfrastructureand communications.

SECONDARY RESPONSES Re-building and improving infrastructure and housing. Providing jobs and supporting small businesses. Giving advice and technical assistance.

Responses to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami can also be divided into short and long term:

SHORT-TERM RESPONSES

In many areas local communities were cut off and had to help themselves. The authorities ordered quick burial or burning of the dead to avoid the spread ofdisease. Food aid was provided to millions of people, eg from the World Food Programme. $7 billion (just under 4.5billion) of aid was promised by foreign governments but there were complaints that not all money pledged was given. The British public gave 330 million through charities, eg. the average Action aid donation was 84 their best ever response.

LONG-TERM RESPONSES Reconstructionis still taking place. International scale: an Indian Ocean tsunami warning system has now been set up. Local scale: some small-scalesustainabledevelopment projects have been set up by charities to aid recovery and help local people help themselves to rebuild and set up small businesses.

IMPACT ON INDIA

According to Indian government, almost 11,000 people died in the tsunami and over 5000 were missing and feared dead. It is estimated the 3,80,000 indians have been displaced by the disaster. The reconstruction is expected to cost more than 1.2 billion dollars (World Bank) . The areas hardest hit by the tsunami were the southern coast and the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Chowra Island lost about two-thirds of population(1500) in tsunami. On Car Nicobar, one hundred members of the Indian Air Force and their families perished when the waves submerged the local air base. Nagapattinam district was the worst hit region of Tamil Nadu, accounting for over half of the deaths (5,500) from the tsunami on the Indian mainland. Around 80% of the people affected came from fishing communities and over 50,000 vessels were damaged by the waves. Indian officials estimate that it will cost 125 million dollars to repair the ships and replace fishing equipment.

THE FUTURE

The Indian government has also pledged $29 million to develop a tsunami early warning system to prevent such a large loss of life from ever happening again. The United States has agreed to work alongside the Indian government to place roughly 20 data buoys around the Indian Ocean to alert scientists of a possible tsunami. It is estimated that the entire project will take two years to complete. The Indian Ocean system will be completely independent of the Pacific warning system in Hawaii, however the two countries will share data and scientific information to learn more about tsunamis.