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Case study - Case study - Namibia Namibia AOIs AOIs Environment Environment

Case study - Namibia

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Case study - Namibia. AOIs Environment. Physical geography of Namibia Physical map of Namibia. In your note book describe the physical map of Namibia – Outline map - Draw the main features. Physical geography of Namibia Physical map of Namibia. Main physical features of Namibia. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

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Page 1: Case study  - Namibia

Case study - Namibia Case study - Namibia

AOIsAOIs

Environment Environment

Page 2: Case study  - Namibia

Physical geography of NamibiaPhysical geography of Namibia Physical map of NamibiaPhysical map of Namibia

In your note book describe the physical map of Namibia – Outline map - Draw the main In your note book describe the physical map of Namibia – Outline map - Draw the main

featuresfeatures

Page 3: Case study  - Namibia

Physical geography of NamibiaPhysical geography of Namibia Physical map of NamibiaPhysical map of Namibia

Main physical features of NamibiaMain physical features of Namibia

Page 4: Case study  - Namibia

Environment Environment

Key words: Desertification, overgrazing, drought deforestation, Namib desert, Kalahari desert, soil erosion, bush encroachment, Sustainable and non-sustainable development

Namibia is the world’s driest country Namibia is the world’s driest country outside outside

the Sahara and Sahel regions of Northernthe Sahara and Sahel regions of NorthernAfrica.Africa.The map shows the location of the Namib The map shows the location of the Namib Desert along the Namibia’s Atlantic coast. Desert along the Namibia’s Atlantic coast. To the east of the country is the start of To the east of the country is the start of another major desert, the Kalahari. another major desert, the Kalahari.

In between these arid regions a constant In between these arid regions a constant struggle take place to make land struggle take place to make land

productive.productive.

The fear of drought and DESERTIFICATIONThe fear of drought and DESERTIFICATIONis present. 70 % of the Namibian is present. 70 % of the Namibian

population population rely directly on the land to survive despite rely directly on the land to survive despite

thetheharsh conditions.harsh conditions.

Page 5: Case study  - Namibia

Environment Environment

Farming leading to Farming leading to desertificationdesertification

Example of Example of Northern Namibia-Northern Namibia- Land useLand use -grazing, cattle, sheep -grazing, cattle, sheep

and goatsand goats Land is communally owned Land is communally owned Growing rural populationGrowing rural population Pressure – need for a more Pressure – need for a more

productive communal land productive communal land Soils and grass are overused – trees Soils and grass are overused – trees

are cut down for fuel wood (non are cut down for fuel wood (non renewable energy) used for heating, renewable energy) used for heating, cooking, Building homes and fencingcooking, Building homes and fencing

Lack of water lead to droughtLack of water lead to drought Drought causes long-term problem Drought causes long-term problem Emergency boreholes to supply Emergency boreholes to supply

water is water is leading to overgrazing in the areas leading to overgrazing in the areas

close by close by

Problems of Land ownership in Namibia

A major issue in Namibia - Ownership rights are very complex in Namibia today. Communal farmers are less likely to care for their land that they do not own.

Some larger herd owners have started to enclose land for themselves

In the past, land was distributed by partition as the country was divided up between different ethnic groupsCattle around a borehole, Namibia

Page 6: Case study  - Namibia

Environment Environment

Environmental & Economic impact-

Effect of overgrazing Deforestation – trees are cut down for fuel

wood, fencing and building Crops decline and food output falls Cattle have to be taken away from villages to

graze; land becomes less fertile without animal manure

Soil erosion – Soil unprotected by trees is eroded more quickly

Rural poverty increase – local resources become exhausted, poorer people have not alternatives

Page 7: Case study  - Namibia

Bush Encroachment in Bush Encroachment in NamibiaNamibia

Page 8: Case study  - Namibia

Environment Environment

Can you think of solutions to help the

environment in Namibia? Get in groups of 2 USE HAND OUT 1

Think in terms of sustainable development

What is sustainable development? Planning for the future in Namibia? What can you do to look after the

land of Namibia?

Let’s define together the issue of non sustainable and sustainable development together in the next 2 slides

Page 9: Case study  - Namibia

Sustainable & non-sustainable Sustainable & non-sustainable development development

Sustainable developmentSustainable development is achieved when people meet their own needs is achieved when people meet their own needs

without damaging the environment. By looking after the earth now, without damaging the environment. By looking after the earth now, futurefuture

generations will also be able to meet their needs for food, shelter, generations will also be able to meet their needs for food, shelter, clothingclothing

and recreation. and recreation. Natural signs of non-Natural signs of non-

Sustainable developmentSustainable developmentin the worldin the world

CHANGESCHANGES

GLOBAL WARMINGGLOBAL WARMINGHOLE IN THE OZONE LAYERHOLE IN THE OZONE LAYER

ACCUMULATION OFACCUMULATION OF RADIOACTIVERADIOACTIVE

NUCLEAR WASTENUCLEAR WASTE

DECLINING DECLINING RENEWABLE RESOURCESRENEWABLE RESOURCES

SOIL EROSION SOIL EROSION SPREADING DESERTIFICATIONSPREADING DESERTIFICATION

WATER SHORTAGESWATER SHORTAGESDECLINE IN OCEAN FISH STOCKSDECLINE IN OCEAN FISH STOCKS

THREAT TO LIVING THNGSTHREAT TO LIVING THNGS

DEFORSTATION, LOSS OF WIDLIFE DEFORSTATION, LOSS OF WIDLIFE HABITATS, LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY, HABITATS, LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY,

DESTRUCTION OF CORAL REEFSDESTRUCTION OF CORAL REEFS

Page 10: Case study  - Namibia

Sustainable & non-sustainable developmentSustainable & non-sustainable development – As a result of much damage to natural – As a result of much damage to natural environments, there are also many signs of non-sustainable developmentenvironments, there are also many signs of non-sustainable development

among human populations. Many people are affected live in LEDCs. among human populations. Many people are affected live in LEDCs. The following diagram shows some of the The following diagram shows some of the social signs of non-sustainabilitysocial signs of non-sustainability..

Social (human) signs of Social (human) signs of Non-sustainable Non-sustainable

Development Development in the world in the world

SOCIAL CHANGES &SOCIAL CHANGES &DECLINEDECLINE

> 1 BILLION PEOPLE ARE UNEMPLOYED> 1 BILLION PEOPLE ARE UNEMPLOYEDA WIDENING GAP BETWEEN RICH & POORA WIDENING GAP BETWEEN RICH & POORCONTINUING POOR STATUS OF WOMENCONTINUING POOR STATUS OF WOMEN

REPEATED WARS & CONFLICTSREPEATED WARS & CONFLICTS

CONTINUING DEPRIVATIONCONTINUING DEPRIVATION 850 MILLION ADULTS ARE ILLITERATE850 MILLION ADULTS ARE ILLITERATENEARLY 3 BILLION PEOPLE LACK OF NEARLY 3 BILLION PEOPLE LACK OF

SANITATIONSANITATIONALMOST 1.5 BILLION PEOPLE ARE WITHOUT ALMOST 1.5 BILLION PEOPLE ARE WITHOUT

CLEAN WATERCLEAN WATER

ABOUT 1 BILLION PEOPLE ARE MALNOURISHEDABOUT 1 BILLION PEOPLE ARE MALNOURISHED

THREAT TO LIVING THNGSTHREAT TO LIVING THNGS

DEFORSTATION, LOSS OF WIDLIFE DEFORSTATION, LOSS OF WIDLIFE HABITATS, LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY, HABITATS, LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY,

DESTRUCTION OF CORAL REEFSDESTRUCTION OF CORAL REEFS

Page 11: Case study  - Namibia

Sustainable development in Namibia?Sustainable development in Namibia?

One example of acting sustainability One example of acting sustainability Looking after the land: planning for the future in NamibiaLooking after the land: planning for the future in Namibia

Provide cheap alternatives to wood for building and fuel wood Provide cheap alternatives to wood for building and fuel wood Plan the location of new boreholes carefullyPlan the location of new boreholes carefully Improve the management of land and pasture to prevent overuseImprove the management of land and pasture to prevent overuse Plan for drought, rather than just react to it. Be prepared to decrease Plan for drought, rather than just react to it. Be prepared to decrease

cattle numbers quickly during the drought, and increase numbers only cattle numbers quickly during the drought, and increase numbers only when rains return.when rains return.

Educate schoolchildren and train local people to protect resourcesEducate schoolchildren and train local people to protect resources Use EIA (environmental impact assessment) methods before Use EIA (environmental impact assessment) methods before

introducing new developments – Use of appropriate technologyintroducing new developments – Use of appropriate technology

How can people behave responsibly and protect the earth and its How can people behave responsibly and protect the earth and its resourcesresources

for future generations in Namibia? for future generations in Namibia?

Page 12: Case study  - Namibia

Role of the Namibian government?Role of the Namibian government?

In recent years, the Namibian government has held In recent years, the Namibian government has held workshops and national conferences about the problems of workshops and national conferences about the problems of OVERUSING the LAND that may eventually lead to OVERUSING the LAND that may eventually lead to DESERTIFICATIONDESERTIFICATION

Remember that with global problems, as with diseases such Remember that with global problems, as with diseases such as malaria or HIV/AIDS, prevention is better than cure.as malaria or HIV/AIDS, prevention is better than cure.

Keep in mind that is very difficult to change people habits. Keep in mind that is very difficult to change people habits. That is why it is essential to explain vividly the That is why it is essential to explain vividly the environmental issues and how they can change their ways environmental issues and how they can change their ways of working so the population is more in title to change their of working so the population is more in title to change their habitshabits

To your opinion, is the role of the Namibian government To your opinion, is the role of the Namibian government important? Explain your answerimportant? Explain your answer

Page 13: Case study  - Namibia

Key words to knowKey words to know Desertification Desertification – Process in which land becomes desert – ( from – Process in which land becomes desert – ( from

land mismanagement or and climatic changes) land mismanagement or and climatic changes) OvergrazingOvergrazing- Excessive grazing (animals herding) to an extent - Excessive grazing (animals herding) to an extent

which the land is damaged. which the land is damaged. DeforestationDeforestation- the removal of forest by burning or cutting- the removal of forest by burning or cutting DroughtDrought- long period without precipitation (low precipitation) with - long period without precipitation (low precipitation) with

long term effect long term effect Soil erosionSoil erosion – the wearing away or loss of soil mainly due to the – the wearing away or loss of soil mainly due to the

action of wind, rain , running water and cutting trees action of wind, rain , running water and cutting trees bush encroachmentbush encroachment – grazing land is lost and replaced by – grazing land is lost and replaced by

bushesbushes Namib desertNamib desert – the world oldest desert located along the – the world oldest desert located along the

Namibian Atlantic coast Namibian Atlantic coast Kalahari desert-Kalahari desert- desert located in the east of Namibia & west of desert located in the east of Namibia & west of

South AfricaSouth Africa Sustainable & non-sustainable development-Sustainable & non-sustainable development- Appropriate technology -Appropriate technology -

Page 14: Case study  - Namibia

A National Park in a LEDCA National Park in a LEDCEtosha National Park, NamibiaEtosha National Park, Namibia Facts on Etosha Park Facts on Etosha Park One of the oldest & largest park in Africa One of the oldest & largest park in Africa Measures 300 km from east to west and 100 km north Measures 300 km from east to west and 100 km north

to southto south Etosha pan – Once a huge lake which gradually dried Etosha pan – Once a huge lake which gradually dried

out to leave a deep white salty depression. (or pan) out to leave a deep white salty depression. (or pan)

the Pan covers almost a quarter of the total area. the Pan covers almost a quarter of the total area. Summer are very hot (average of 40C) and winter are Summer are very hot (average of 40C) and winter are

cool (16C)cool (16C) Almost no rain falls in winter (may to September) Almost no rain falls in winter (may to September) Main vegetation is Main vegetation is SAVANNASAVANNA grassland and shrub, grassland and shrub,

with some woodland. with some woodland.

Page 15: Case study  - Namibia

Satellite image of Etosha PanSatellite image of Etosha Pan

http://http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/earthobservatory.nasa.gov/http://http://veimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/veimages.gsfc.nasa.gov/20928/20928/image07222006_1km.jpgimage07222006_1km.jpg

Page 16: Case study  - Namibia

Location of The National Etosha ParkLocation of The National Etosha Park

Page 17: Case study  - Namibia

Location of Etosha ParkLocation of Etosha Park

Page 18: Case study  - Namibia

Map of Etosha National Park Map of Etosha National Park

Page 19: Case study  - Namibia

How Etosha developedHow Etosha developed? ? Created in 1907Created in 1907 Today only a 1/3 of its Today only a 1/3 of its

original size (no longer original size (no longer stretching to the Atlantic stretching to the Atlantic coast.coast.

Constant threat of drought Constant threat of drought led to many boreholes led to many boreholes drilled in the 1950’sdrilled in the 1950’s

Boreholes have increased Boreholes have increased the numbers of wildlife the numbers of wildlife (elephants & lions)(elephants & lions)

A game fence was built A game fence was built keeping animals in, keeping animals in, hunters and disease out hunters and disease out

Problems in the parkProblems in the park New fences interfered withNew fences interfered withtraditional migration routes oftraditional migration routes ofwildebeest (numbers fell bywildebeest (numbers fell by90%) and zebra (numbers fell90%) and zebra (numbers fellby 70%)by 70%) In 1983, the park suffered In 1983, the park suffered its worst drought in 100 its worst drought in 100

years. years. Many animals died & others Many animals died & others Escaped in search of food & Escaped in search of food & were shot. were shot.

Page 20: Case study  - Namibia

How and who managed the National park managed ?How and who managed the National park managed ?

The park is managed by the The park is managed by the

Ministry of Environment andMinistry of Environment and

Tourism (MET). Their job is to:Tourism (MET). Their job is to: Balance the needs of the Balance the needs of the

wildlife, local people and wildlife, local people and visiting tourists visiting tourists

Preserve the park’s natural Preserve the park’s natural vegetationvegetation

Provide sufficient water for Provide sufficient water for all all usersusers

Deal with conflicts Deal with conflicts between park usersbetween park users

The numbers of visitors isThe numbers of visitors is

strictly controlled. Permits & strictly controlled. Permits &

Accommodation have to beAccommodation have to be

Booked in advance.Booked in advance. The Park has 3 rest camps:The Park has 3 rest camps:

Each rest camp include areas Each rest camp include areas

for tents, caravan, luxury for tents, caravan, luxury

conditioned bungalows, shopsconditioned bungalows, shops

restaurants, swimming pools,restaurants, swimming pools,

floodlit waterholes wherefloodlit waterholes where

visitors can watch wild animal visitors can watch wild animal

night & daynight & day

Page 21: Case study  - Namibia

What is the main attraction for the Park?What is the main attraction for the Park?Wildlife is of course the main attractions Wildlife is of course the main attractions Outside the camps visitors can drive around 700 km of gravel roadOutside the camps visitors can drive around 700 km of gravel roadin search of four African’s ‘big four’ game animals (elephant,in search of four African’s ‘big four’ game animals (elephant,Lion, leopard & rhino) which are all found in Etosha Park.Lion, leopard & rhino) which are all found in Etosha Park.Visitors must stay inside their vehicles and have to stay on theVisitors must stay inside their vehicles and have to stay on theRoadsRoads

Fact file – Etosha’s wildlifeFact file – Etosha’s wildlife

elephantelephant 15001500 Black rhinoBlack rhino 300 300

Lion Lion 300300 Leopard/cheetah number Leopard/cheetah number unknownunknown

GiraffeGiraffe 20002000 ZebraZebra 6700 6700

HartebeestHartebeest 250250 KuduKudu 2000 2000

WildebeestWildebeest 26002600 OstrichOstrich 1500 1500

Springbok Springbok 2000020000 Gemsbok (oryx) 4000Gemsbok (oryx) 4000

Birds Birds 340 species340 species AntelopeAntelope 70 70

Snake Snake 50 species 50 species

Page 22: Case study  - Namibia

What does the MET’s have to deal What does the MET’s have to deal with?with?Problems at Etosha ParkProblems at Etosha Park - Even if the MET’s (ministry of - Even if the MET’s (ministry of

Environment & Tourism), Etosha has issues to deal withEnvironment & Tourism), Etosha has issues to deal with 1. 1. Low precipitationLow precipitation (very little rain) has fallen since the 1983 (very little rain) has fallen since the 1983 drought, leading to drought, leading to poor vegetation growthpoor vegetation growth2. 2. Shortage of waterShortage of water - Water is very short in supply throughout - Water is very short in supply throughout

Namibia. Tourists and wildlife are supplied by the River Kunene in Namibia. Tourists and wildlife are supplied by the River Kunene in the North of the country. the North of the country. Local communitiesLocal communities may go without may go without assess to waterassess to water

What is the future of Etosha National Park?What is the future of Etosha National Park? The potential of tourist growth in Namibia is great and Etosha is aThe potential of tourist growth in Namibia is great and Etosha is aleading attraction. At the present only the south-eastern sectionleading attraction. At the present only the south-eastern sectionopen. See mapopen. See map Possible new areas may be opened to accommodate more touristsPossible new areas may be opened to accommodate more tourists A controversial fourth rest camp is already plannedA controversial fourth rest camp is already planned Provision of water is an ongoing, expensive problem as is the Provision of water is an ongoing, expensive problem as is the

upkeep of the many gravel roads in the parkupkeep of the many gravel roads in the park The MET has to conserve the wide range of animals and vegetation The MET has to conserve the wide range of animals and vegetation

under very difficult environmental conditions.under very difficult environmental conditions. The conflicting needs of local people, visitors and wildlife make this The conflicting needs of local people, visitors and wildlife make this

a hard task a hard task

Page 23: Case study  - Namibia

MYP assessment – Brochure on National Etosha MYP assessment – Brochure on National Etosha

parkpark Aim: to Create a brochure to show the attractions of theAim: to Create a brochure to show the attractions of the

Etosha National Park for visitors (the type of brochure that the tourist Etosha National Park for visitors (the type of brochure that the tourist office would produce.)office would produce.)

1.1. To be able to describe the environment and wildlife in Etosha park To be able to describe the environment and wildlife in Etosha park

2.2. Describe some of the ways in which the park is being managed and Describe some of the ways in which the park is being managed and what makes management of the park difficult?what makes management of the park difficult?

3.3. Draw up a Development Plan of Etosha. You should consider the Draw up a Development Plan of Etosha. You should consider the needs of the local people, tourists, wildlife and the environmentneeds of the local people, tourists, wildlife and the environment

4.4. Promote the concept of Eco-tourism & sustainable development Promote the concept of Eco-tourism & sustainable development (ex: In your opinion should a new fourth rest camp be built?)(ex: In your opinion should a new fourth rest camp be built?)

Format of your assessment: use publisher – brochure format Format of your assessment: use publisher – brochure format

Materials: Notes from this PowerPoint Materials: Notes from this PowerPoint

Criteria A, C & D – refers to MYP rubric Criteria A, C & D – refers to MYP rubric