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Equat or Initiative Case Studies Local sustainable development solutions for people, nature , and resilient communities Sri Lanka SRI LANK A WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY Empowered lives. Resilient nations. Empowered lives. Resilient nations.

Case Studies UNDP: SRI LANKA WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY, Sri Lanka

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7/27/2019 Case Studies UNDP: SRI LANKA WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY, Sri Lanka

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Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities

Sri Lanka

SRI LANKA WILDLIFECONSERVATION SOCIETY 

Empowered live

Resilient nation

Empowered live

Resilient nation

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UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES

Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wo

or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth

their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition

themselves guiding the narrative.

To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser

that details the work o Equator Prize winners – vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ

to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models

replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to ‘The Power o Local Action: Lessons rom 10 Years

the Equator Prize’, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.

Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiative’s searchable case study database.

EditorsEditor-in-Chie: Joseph Corcoran

Managing Editor: Oliver HughesContributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding

Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hughe

Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,

Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu

DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Pa

Brandon Payne, Mariajosé Satizábal G.

AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Sri Lanka Wildlie Conservation Society, and in particular the guidance and inp

o Ravi Correa. All photo credits courtesy o Sri Lanka Wildlie Conservation Society. Maps courtesy o CIA World Factbook and Wikiped

Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Sri Lanka Wildlie Conservation Society, Sri Lanka. Equator Initiative Case Study Series. N

York, NY.

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PROJECT SUMMARYSri Lanka Wildlie Conservation Society works to enablecommunities across the country to balance ecosystemprotection and economic development by exploring waysto resolve human-elephant conict through communitydevelopment, capacity building, and research.

Recognizing that one o the biggest threats to elephants inSri Lanka is conict with humans, oten through crop raiding,and that human settlements are increasingly encroachingurther into elephant habitat, the initiative has workedwith rural communities to develop a range o innovative

mitigation measures. These include the use o solar-powered electrical ences, adjustments in crop cultivationtimerames, and the introduction o alternative crops. The project has also addressed a range o interconnectedsocioeconomic issues such as sustainable land use, capacitybuilding, and gender equality by promoting agroorestryand home garden development, and by extending accessto new technologies and microcredit.

KEY FACTS

EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2008

FOUNDED: 1997

LOCATION: Dehiwala, Sri Lanka

BENEFICIARIES: 16,500 villagers in three provinces

BIODIVERSITY: Asian elephant

3

SRI LANKA WILDLIFE CONSERVATIONSOCIETY Sri Lanka

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Background and Context 4

Key Activities and Innovations 6

Biodiversity Impacts 8

Socioeconomic Impacts 8

Policy Impacts 9

Sustainability 10

Replication 10

Partners 10

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Despite being one o the smallest countries in Asia, Sri Lanka supports

he largest biodiversity per unit o area on the continent. Over the

ast three decades, the pressures o a rapidly expanding population

ave resulted in the country’s globally signicant biodiversity being

hreatened by deorestation, land degradation and the unregulated

xploitation o natural resources. Over 80 per cent o the country’s

atural orest cover has been degraded due to agriculture, irrigation,

ndustrialization, urbanization and logging. Over 22 mammal

pecies, 14 bird species and 280 species o higher plants in Sri Lanka

re currently classied as threatened.

ri Lanka Wildlie Conservation Society (SLWCS) has been proactive

n launching initiatives to prevent the loss o biodiversity, recognizinghe role that healthy ecosystems play in sustaining essential

cological services such as pollination, seed dispersal and natural

est control. SLWCS is committed to the development o innovative

trategies to address human-elephant conicts (HEC), one o the

most pressing environmental and socioeconomic concerns in rural

ri Lanka. Over the past 14 years, SLWCS has established several

andmark projects to address HEC that have been internationally

ecognized and have been emulated in other Asian elephant range

ountries.

A agship species

he Asian elephant (elephas maximus) is one o the most endangeredmega-herbivores on the planet and to conserve viable populations

elephants in the wild is an enormous challenge. Their conservation

s o the utmost importance, as conservation o this agship species

esults in the protection o several other mammal, bird and reptile

pecies in the area. Over the last our decades, the Asian elephant

opulation has declined dramatically, with habitat loss and conict

with humans posing the biggest threats to its survival. As human

ettlements encroach urther and urther into elephant habitat,

ncidences o crop raiding increase and lead to the destruction o 

rops, homes and livelihoods.

Human-elephant conict 

Even though the people o Sri Lanka and the elephant share a cul

bond that is over 5,000 years old, and the elephant is a living sy

o Sri Lankan culture, human-elephant conicts have becom

critical conservation problem in wildlie management, i not

o the most pressing environmental and socioeconomic conc

in Sri Lanka. Ever year, between 150 and 200 elephants are kille

retaliation by armers or their destruction o crops, while betw

60 and 80 people on average are killed annually by elephants

crisis escalates every year and HECs are now common in eig

Sri Lanka’s nine Administrative Provinces, directly and indir

aecting over three million people.

According to data gathered by the Elephant Conservation Un

the Department o Wildlie Conservation (DWC), rom 1991 to 2

1,138 people were killed by elephants and some 2,844 eleph

were killed by armers. From 2004 to 2007 a total o 3,103 ho

were destroyed by elephants.

In addition to the above losses, the damages caused by eleph

to paddy elds, home gardens, maize, cereal crops and coc

plantations have been estimated at USD 10 million annua

huge cost or subsistence armers to bear. Today, human-elep

conicts dene the relationship between people and eleph

in Sri Lanka. A HEC survey conducted in 1998 showed that ohouseholds in one village, 64 per cent had experienced cro

property damage due to elephant incursions and each house

spent roughly USD 84 per annum on the purchase o HEC mitig

supplies – kerosene oil, recrackers, ashlight batteries and bul

protect their crops and homes. This represents approximately t

per cent o the mean annual income.

Roughly ve square kilometers o land is needed to suppo

elephant without upsetting the natural balance that exists betw

the elephant and the dry zone habitats in which most wi

Background and Context

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esides. The current population o about 3,500 elephants thereore

equires roughly 17,500 km2 or 27 per cent o the total land areaor its exclusive use. The system o protected areas in Sri Lanka,

owever, covers only 12.5 per cent o the land area (or 8,200 km2).

hus, national parks and nature reserves alone cannot ensure the

ong-term survival o the elephant. I elephants are to survive outside

rotected areas in signicant numbers, it is essential that coexistence

etween elephants and human communities be encouraged.

Empowering communities

LWCS’s vision is to help protect and conserve Sri Lanka’s diminishing

iodiversity and to make the local and international community

ware o ongoing threats to it. The organization strives to enable

ommunities to balance ecosystem protection and economicevelopment by pioneering a model or sustainable conservation,

with a particular ocus on mitigating HEC. The organization’s

hilosophy is to work with rather than or communities, so that local

ommunities participate in as well as benet rom conservation and

esearch eorts to save threatened ecosystems, endangered wildlie

nd their habitats.

LWCS’s strategy or sustainable conservation begins with a bottom-

p process o discussions with aected communities to design and

evelop the most eective human-elephant conict mitigation

management solutions through a participatory process integr

with long-term monitoring and evaluation. Communitiesprovided with the necessary capacity building to orm comm

organizations that eventually take control o the project. Th

made possible by SLWCS’s inclusive model. To ensure sustainab

community organizations are encouraged to become indepen

with the SLWCS providing expert guidance and assistance as nee

Fig. 1: Human and elephants deaths in Sri Lanka due to HEC between 1991 and 2010

ource: Department o Wildlie Conservation, Elephant Conservation Unit 

0

50

100

150

200

250

1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Elephant Deaths Human Deaths

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Key Activities and Innovations

With managed coexistence between elephants and localommunities the only way to ensure both wildlie conservation and

he sustainable development o communities, SLWCS addresses

uman-elephant conict via a multi-aceted approach. First,

mplementing conict prevention measures that directly reduce

he number o occurring incidents and, second, investigating root

auses o conicts and tackling them with tailored, long-term, case-

pecic strategies.

A direct solution

or short-term direct conict prevention, SLWCS came up with an

mproved encing strategy that allows the highest possible reedom

o elephant movement, while also guaranteeing the highestpossible security o local people and their arms. With regard to long-

erm mitigation strategies, the initiative stresses the importance

o increasing community knowledge o the orest ecosystem

particularly the temporal and spatial distribution o wild elephant

erds and their behavior), putting in place appropriate strategies to

onserve elephant habitat, introducing more ecologically riendly

gricultural practices, and providing villagers with livelihood options

hat are compatible with human-elephant coexistence.

One o the most eective tools averting human-elephant conict is to

ence out crop raiding elephants by installing solar powered electric

ences either along elephant or human ecological boundaries.

LWCS has provided over 50 kilometers o solar-powered electricences so ar, which help to protect the dwellings and elds o armers

rom elephant incursions and also reduce the incidence o violent

ncounters between humans and elephants. Since the beginning

o the project in 1997, SLWCS has erected additional electric ences

n the North, Central, and Eastern Provinces o Sri Lanka. The rst

ommunity-based solar powered electric ence was erected in the

illage o Gamburu-Oya/Pussellayaya in Wasgamuwa in 1998.

or the rst time in Sri Lanka, the project ully integrated community

participation into a process o encing elephants out rom certain

areas (human settlements, elds, etc.) rather than encing theinto protected areas. This approach strives to give elephants m

room outside o national parks, an important step given that

70 per cent o Sri Lanka’s elephant population live outside nat

parks. Based on the initial success o this eort, several more ele

ences were installed to establish a buer o electric-enced villa

allowing more space or elephants to roam and reducing

incidence o elephants coming into conict with humans.

 A multi-aceted approach

Constructing ences does not automatically resolve all issue

address all actors that continue to drive elephant populations d

or keep rural subsistence armers marginalized. There are mlevels to this problem, and i eorts are to have maximum ee

range o approaches is needed. One strategy is the incorpora

o landscape-level strategies that support armers in building

capacity to cultivate alternative crops around their lands, as a b

to deter elephants rom coming into villages. It is important to

that crops play a major role in HEC, as most o the crops that ar

cultivate, such as rice, corn, banana, pumpkins, cucumber, ghe

cereals, pulses and sugarcane, are very attractive and highly pala

to elephants. Identiying crops that are not attractive to eleph

and yet bring armers good revenue, is one o the major goals

SLWCS has set itsel in its alternative crop project. This project

launched as a pilot eort to explore how armers that suer req

crop and property damages rom elephants can be supportemitigate those risks through the cultivation o alternative c

such as chili, bitter gourd or citrus, which deter elephants inste

attracting them.

Innovative techniques

Beyond these direct conict prevention measures, a de

understanding o elephant behavior, habitat usage, abunda

movement and distribution are important or the manageme

the elephant population. Some methods to gather this inorma

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uch as radio telemetry and GPS tracking, are very expensive and

me consuming, and so SLWCS has cooperated with the University

Moratuwa to develop an alternative, low-cost and highly eective

ool to gather this inormation - the eleID.

he eleID is an automated elephant identication system that

makes use o acial and pattern recognition sotware. It unctions

s an intelligent database that is loaded with pictures o elephants

nd helps to develop a constantly updated habitat monitoringmechanism. When a picture o an elephant is uploaded into eleID,

specially developed algorithm analyses the picture and searches

he database or previous sightings o that particular animal. I that

nimal has been sighted and captured beore, it identies the animal

nd adds the new picture to the corresponding record. Thereby the

ystem not only acilitates the tracking o elephants’ past movements,

ut also constantly improves the database or uture searches. I 

he elephant has not been sighted beore, the system issues a new

dentity to that animal. As the system evolves, the accumulated

ata helps to extract demographic and behavioural inormation on

lephants, which are crucial or elephant habitat protection and or

he development o long-term strategies to mitigate HEC.

A urther advantage o this system is its use o the Google Earth API,

hrough which researchers and the general public rom around the

world can contribute to this process by uploading rontal images o 

lephants that they have encountered. Along with these images,

sers can also give additional inormation about the elephant, such

s relative tail length, tail tut inormation, and details o primary

nd secondary ear olds. Due to its accessibility to a large number

users who can upload images to it rom any location, the eleID

ystem eliminates one o the major deciencies in manual image

ased elephant identication. In manual methods, the researchers

r the team involved in the identication task have to recognize

rom memory each and every individual elephant identied. Suchmethod is time-consuming and difcult to use or collaborative

work.

his approach contributes meaningully to the implementation

Elephant Conservation Areas, Managed Elephant Reserves

nd Elephant Corridors, as proposed by the DWC in ITS recently

ormulated national policy or elephant conservation and

management (the National Policy or the Conservation and

Management o Wild Elephants in Sri Lanka, Department o Wildlie

Conservation, 2006). Due to its success in pilot areas, SLWCS plans to

xpand into the North Western Province, a HEC hotspot, where 37

er cent o Sri Lanka’s annual elephant killings occur.

Addressing underlying actors

ince habitat loss is the primary cause o HEC, particularly in the dry

one o the country, an agroorestry project has been undertaken in

he Ampara District o the Eastern Province where 55 armers have

een provided with planting materials, training, irrigation acilities

nd nancial support to reorest their degraded land. Farmers

were encouraged to intercrop using maize ( zea mays), cowpea

vigna unguiculata), groundnuts or peanuts (arachis hypogaea),

and vegetables such as bitter gourd (momordica charantia), rid

gourd (lua acutangula) and okra (abelmoschus esculentus).

intercropping approach provides armers with income until

trees planted or the agroorestry project reach their harves

stage. The average earning rom intercropping per season

armer is LKR 22,995 (Indonesian rupiah), excluding what is u

within the household. An additional benet o intercroppin

that it supplements armers’ incomes, thereby reducing the n

to engage in chena (slash-and-burn cultivation). In the longmature trees provide arming amilies with domestic necess

such as wood, ood, odder, rewood and other resources that red

their dependence on revenues rom timber and other unsustain

extractive activities.

SLWCS has encouraged the development o home gardens a

additional livelihood diversication strategy or arming am

to combat poverty, improve ood security and improve nutri

 The SLWCS home garden project was implemented in 11 vill

in the Eastern Province. It provided training in planting, ater

operations and composting and also established six commu

based organizations to monitor and supervize the project’s activ

Baseline biodiversity and GIS surveys were conducted in the

and the mapping o present and past land use practices have b

utilized to envisage landscape-level land management strategi

balance human and animal needs. The project directly benets

households as well as various schools and environmental gro

 The project provided selected beneciaries with plants, equipm

training and unds to cover maintenance costs. The long-

objective o this subproject is or beneciaries to generate an inc

rom their home gardens while improving their local environme

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Impacts

BIODIVERSITY IMPACTSAgricultural diversity in Sri Lanka is increasingly threatened

by monocultures, which are responsible or an increase in soil

degradation and a decrease in the soil’s water holding capacity. Such

negative impacts can be observed in most o the areas that have

been converted to monoculture. Establishment o monocultures,

primarily or maize, is also associated with substantial reduction in

biodiversity.

Through its promotion o agroorestry and a holistic approach

o land use, SLWCS has managed to make substantial progress

on biodiversity conservation. More than 100 acres o abandoned

ands were converted into agriculture and agroorestry productionby planting 40,000 plants, leading to the minimization o soil

degradation and the maximization o resource utilization within

hose individual plots. Additionally, the green cover in the area

was increased by establishing and improving 642 home gardens

hrough the planting o 9,630 plants including jackruit (artocarpus

heterophyllus), wood-apple (eronia limonia), tamarind (tamarindus

ndica), cashew (anacardium occidentale), kone (schleichera oleosa),

beli (aegle marmelos), telambu (sterculia oetida), mee (madhuca

ongiolia), kohomba (azadiracta indica) and damba (syzygium

micranthum).

The positive eects o these projects on the environment were

nvestigated through the rst long term biodiversity monitoringtudy in the Lahugala area, conducted in the Eastern Province

rom 2008 to 2010. The surveys speak or themselves, listing a total

o 94 species o buttery, ve species o dragony, twelve species

o amphibian, 109 species o bird, eleven species o mammal, 46

pecies o plant and seven species o vine in the area. Additionally,

he surveys included the third recorded sighting in Sri Lanka o the

White-tailed or Marshall’s Iora (aegithina nigrolutea) in a proposed

groorestry site in Karankowa.

As a result o the HEC mitigation strategies implemented by SLwild elephants are now no longer enced into their conserv

areas, but can ollow their natural paths outside the rese

without getting into direct conict with the villagers. The num

o elephant deaths have decreased dramatically in the areas w

such measures have been implemented.

SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS

SLWCS’s ‘Saving Elephants by Helping People’ (SEHP) initiative dir

benets approximately 16,500 villagers in the three provinces w

it is implemented. Prior to the introduction o solar powered ele

ences, 70 per cent o the land was let uncultivated due to eleph

requently raiding the elds.

Data gathered in 1998 rom the village o Pussellayaya, which is

o the SEHP villages, showed that 64 per cent o the 210 househ

surveyed had experienced crop or property damage. Since

initiation o the SEHP project the incidence o such events

reduced dramatically. Following installation o the ences, elep

raids have signicantly decreased (in some villages they have

been averted completely) making it possible or villagers to cult

all o their elds without the risk o a reduced crop yield.

Additionally, armers are now able to cultivate both seasona

annual crops, which was almost impossible beore the installa

o the ences. Accordingly, crop losses are reduced by up to 100cent in some villages, resulting in an average 90 per cent increa

income among aected armers, and this does not include ind

annual savings o roughly LKR 5,400, which were previously spe

items to detect and drive o raiding elephants, such as kerosen

recrackers, and ashlight batteries. Further savings have resu

rom the avoidance o expenses or repair and replacemen

property damage. As a result o the communities’ ability to ma

electric ences, some villages have managed to leverage u

assistance rom the goverment to provide them with electricity

roads and other acilities.

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mproved quality o lie or communities

Beyond these direct economic impacts, there are also numerous

ndirect outcomes that provide the communities with an improved

quality o living. Community members now benet rom more

eisure time, increased mobility and proper rest at night, accruing

rom the act that nightly vigils are no longer needed to deend elds

rom raiding elephants. Until recently, armers oten had to spend

heir nights in tree houses, as their homes on the ground weren’tae at night. In Luhugala, studies have shown that the time spent by

armers on the lookout or elephants has decreased rom nine hours

o 45 minutes during cultivation periods.

Another example o the positive socioeconomic impacts o the

project is Hulunnuge village, where the poorest armers o Sri

Lanka’s Lahugala Division are based. Lacking access to paddy elds,

abandoned chena lands were the only land available or arming.

The SLWCS agroorestry project provided these armers with all the

acilities to cultivate these abandoned lands and thereby managed

o improve their income by an average o LKR 22,995 per armer per

eason.

To urther improve the lives o participating communities, SLWCS

has established six community-based organizations that bring

ogether more than 700 villagers. These organizations provide a

platorm to armers or the peer-to-peer exchange o knowledge

and experience.

POLICY IMPACTS

 The Sri Lankan Department o Wildlie Conservation (DWC)

long worked to nd appropriate ways to address HEC. Eorts r

almost exclusively on a encing in strategy that orced elephants

within their conservation areas and thereby reduced their ree

to move and access land. In contrast to that approach, SL

advocates a encing out strategy, providing the elephants with m

exibility and permitting them to cope with the loss o their hawhile achieving the same human-elephant conict mitigation

village protection outcome as the encing in strategy.

With clear indications arising o the wildlie conservation ben

o this approach, SLWCS began to put pressure on DWC of

to change their modus operandi rom a encing in to a en

out  strategy and to support SLWCS in its eorts to implem

corresponding pilot projects. Many discussions were nece

to convince the DWC o the merits o the new approach, b

was eventually conceded that SLWCS methods were better su

to mitigating HEC and DWC agreed to replicate the appr

throughout the country.

SLWCS works closely with government departments to ensure

when land is allocated or arming, elephant behavior is accou

or and respected. As a result, rice and banana armers are alloc

land away rom elephant areas, while those growing dete

crops such as chili, bitter gourd or citrus, are provided with la

peripheral areas to provide a buer zone.

9

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Sustainability and Replication

SUSTAINABILITYLWCS projects are almost exclusively unded rom ecotourism

evenues. By working through groups such as Global Vision

nternational, Travellers Worldwide, Worldwide Experience, Frontiers,

nd Tiny Island Volunteers, SLWCS has been able to integrate its

esearch and conservation programs into nature-based tourism

nitiatives.

REPLICATION

ased on the SLWCS’s success, international donors have invited

he organization to replicate its approach in other countries. Thenternational Elephant Foundation was the rst to initiate such a

roject based on the training o eld sta in Indonesia’s Nature

Conservation Agency on a variety o community and environmental

ssues, including rapid rural appraisal (RRA) techniques, which are

ommonly used by SLWCS when implementing human-elephant

onict mitigation strategies.

urther, the Sri Lankan branch o Care International has shown

nterest in replicating some o SLWCS’s methods and projects, in

articular SLWCS’s model o establishing biological ences, in order

o meet their goals.

LWCS’s six community-based organizations also provide platormsor the peer-to-peer exchange o knowledge and experience among

armers.

PARTNERS

The United States Fish & Wildlie Service provided unds or the

SEHP and eleAlert Projects.

The Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA)

provided unds or the SEHP, eleAlert, agroorestry, home garden

and biodiversity survey projects.

• The International Union or Conservation o Nature (I

provided unds or the wetlands assessments.

• The United Nations Educational, Scientic and Cu

Organization (UNESCO) Sri Lanka Mission provided und

conduct assessments o three new nature and cultural site

nominated or World Heritage status.

• Google Earth provided unds or the eleID Project.

• The Nature Conservancy provided unds and sent a team to

with SLWCS to conduct post-tsunami ecological assessmen

2005 and 2006.

• The Central Cultural Fund o Sri Lanka collaborated on

assessments o the three nature and cultural sites to

nominated or world heritage status.

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1111

The Department o Wildlie Conservation requested the help o 

SLWCS to address HEC and establish SEHP initiatives.

The Mahaweli Authority o Sri Lanka, a local institution,

requested the help o SLWCS to address HEC and establish SEHP

initiatives.

International Elephant Foundation provided unds or the SEHP

Project.

Disney Wildlie Conservation Fund provided unds or the SEHP

Project.Busch Gardens & Sea World Conservation Fund provided unds

or the SEHP project.

Cleveland Matroparks Zoo, Ohio provided unds or the Habitat

Enrichment Project.

Denver Zoo, Colorado provided unds or the SEHP project and

also sent a curator to conduct eld work in collaboration with

the SLWCS.

Brookeeld Zoo, Chicago provided unds or the SEHP project.

The United Nations Foundation provided unds or the SEHP

project.

Sri Lanka Fire Brigade awarded SLWCS a contract to develop a

GIS-based rapid response system or the Fire Brigade.

World Ed sent a team to work with SLWCS to assess livelihoods

and how they are impacted by HEC in the Northwes

Province.

• Cotswold Outdoor Apparel Company shot their 2007 out

apparel catalogue at SLWCS eld sites and promoted SLWC

the catalog.

• Indonesia Forest Department, Bengkulu Province, Sum

sought the assistance o SLWCS in training their sta.

 The ollowing media organizations have produced documenthighlighting SLWCS’s HEC mitigation work: Animal Planet, Disco

Channel, DOC TV-Germany, Greener Media, USA, Young

 Television, Mona Lisa Production-France, Animaux TV-Fra

Greener Media’s eature-length documentary has been subm

to eight international lm estivals. National Public Radio-

broadcasted a radio program on SLWCS/The Nature Conservan

post-tsunami ecological assessment work.+++

 The ollowing volunteer placement organizations have suppo

SLWCS’s research and conservation programs: Global V

International, Travellers Worldwide, Worldwide Experience, Fron

and Tiny Island Volunteers.

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FURTHER REFERENCE

Sri Lanka Wildlie Conservation Society website http://www.slwcs.org/

Khalid, Z. and Dharmasiri, N. 2005. Assessment o Human Elephant Conict in the North West Region o Sri Lanka. Sri Lanka Wildlie Co

vation Society. http://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/2008winners/SL_Wildlie_Con_Soc/assessmentohumanelephant

ict.pd 

Lai, Tsung-Wei. 2002. ‘Promoting Sustainable Tourism in Sri Lanka’ in Linking Green Productivity to Ecotourism: Experiences in the

Pacifc Region. Asian Productivity Organization. http://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/2008winners/SL_Wildlie_Con_

promotingsustainabletourism.pd 

Corea, C., Dharmasiri, N., Mirandu, S., and Corea, R. GIS Based Rapid Ecological and Resource Utilization Baseline Survey o the Proposed vila UNESCO World Heritage Site. Sri Lanka Wildlie Conservation Society. http://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/2008win

SL_Wildlie_Con_Soc/gisbasedrapidecologicalandresourceutilizationbaselinesurvey.pd 

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