Case Studies UNDP: PEMUTERAN BAY CORAL PROTECTION FOUNDATION, Indonesia

7/27/2019 Case Studies UNDP: PEMUTERAN BAY CORAL PROTECTION FOUNDATION, Indonesia

1/11

Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions or people, nature, and resilient communities

Indonesia

PEMUTERAN BAY CORALPROTECTION FOUNDATION

Empowered live

Resilient nation


2/11

UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES

Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wo

or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth

their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition

themselves guiding the narrative.

To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser

that details the work o Equator Prize winners vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ

to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models

replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to The Power o Local Action: Lessons rom 10 Years

the Equator Prize, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.

Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiatives searchable case study database, where you can fnd more Equator Prize winner

case studies.

Editors

Editor-in-Chie: Joseph Corcoran

Managing Editor: Oliver Hughes

Contributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding

Contributing Writers

Edayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Sean Cox, Larissa Currado, David Godrey, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hughes,

Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma, Mary McGraw, Brandon Payn

Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding

Design

Sean Cox, Oliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Parra,

Brandon Payne, Mariajos Satizbal G.

Acknowledgements

The Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Pemuteran Bay Coral Protection Foundation, and in particular the guidance and inputs o

Thomas Goreau. All photo credits courtesy o the Pemuteran Bay Coral Protection Foundation. Maps courtesy o CIA World Factbook and Wikipedia.

Suggested Citation

United Nations Development Programme. 2013. Pemuteran Bay Coral Protection Foundation, Indonesia. Equator Initiative Case Stu

Series. New York, NY.
http://www.equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=747:10years&catid=189:2012-eventshttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=747:10years&catid=189:2012-eventshttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=747:10years&catid=189:2012-eventshttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=747:10years&catid=189:2012-eventshttp://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=casestudysearch&Itemid=858


3/11

PROJECT SUMMARYPemuteran Bay Coral Protection Foundation was started inresponse to the collapse o the local shing industry near thePemuteran community in Bali, due in large measure to coralree loss rom sedimentation, rising water temperatures,and unsustainable shing methods such as ree bombing.The organization oversees more than 70 articial biorockcoral rees, which have restored sh stocks and marinebiodiversity. The chain eect o connecting the articialrees has helped to rejuvenate local subsistence shinglivelihoods.

Hundreds o community members have been trained inarticial ree building. The community has created a de actolocally managed marine protected area, with communityenorcement o regulations that prohibit destructive shingpractices. An ecotourism enterprise draws scuba diversrom around the world and provides an additional sourceo income. Ecotourism revenues have been reinvestedinto local schools, environmental education, and shorelinerestoration projects to control erosion.

KEY FACTS

EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2012

FOUNDED: 2000

LOCATION: Pemuteran, western Bali

BENEFICIARIES: Fishing households and local businesses

BIODIVERSITY: Coral rees and fsheries

3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Background and Context 4

Key Activities and Innovations 6

Biodiversity Impacts 8

Socioeconomic Impacts 8

Policy Impacts 9

Sustainability 10

Replication 10

Partners 10

PEMUTERAN BAY CORAL PROTECTIONFOUNDATIONIndonesia


4/11

4

ndonesias coral rees are the largest and most species-rich in the

world. However, only around ve per cent o these rees which

ustain shing, mariculture, diving and tourism industries remain

n excellent condition. Pemuteran Bay Coral Protection FoundationYayasan Kerang Lestari Teluk Pemuteran) is a community-based

marine protection and coral restoration initiative that was established

n response to the degradation o coral near Pemuteran, a small

shing village on the north coast o western Bali. Pemuteran, which

ranslates roughly as come back to you, is home to a population

approximately 8,000 people, many o whom are descended rom

ettlers who were relocated by the Indonesian government ollowing

volcanic eruption in 1963. Pemuteran has historically been one o

he poorest villages in Bali; with a climate too dry to cultivate rice,he community depended to a large extent on subsistence shing

or survival. The revitalization o the local shing industry and the

evelopment o new livelihood activities have thereore had a

ransormative eect on community wellbeing.

The tourism sector

ike many communities in tropical coastal areas, Pemuteran has

ncreasingly looked to tourism to provide opportunities or income

nd employment. Although ar rom the tourist resorts o southern

ali, Pemuterans black sand beaches, shallow rees and relatively

mild currents and waves make it an ideal location or diving and

norkelling. This combination o actors has made it an attractiveestination or tourists. But while many coastal villages that have

taked their economic utures on tourism have allowed or large-

cale resorts to ourish and degrade local ecosystems and marine

esources, Pemuteran has been developed in an environmentally

onscious way rom the beginning.

ourism has transormed the standard o living in the community

y providing new jobs and income. The development o the tourism

ndustry in Pemuteran, however, has reected traditional Hindu

alues that promote harmony with nature. All hotels and dive

shops in the village contribute a percentage o their revenue t

environment and development und that is administered by

village government. The und has paid or the restoration o tem

the development o a village environment management plan,

improvements to the village schools.

Locally managed marine protected area

The village conservation ethic ound its clearest expression w

traditional law was invoked to establish a marine protected

in the waters oshore. Despite this progressive step tow

responsible stewardship, Pemuteran Bay rees were badly dam

in 1998 when the South-East Asian economic crisis orced displworkers and armers to turn to the sea or survival. Mass destru

o marine ecosystems resulted, as shermen rom outside

community resorted to ree bombing and cyanide shing. C

on Pemuterans outer bank rees were almost entirely destroyed

Background and Context


5/11

55

much o the remaining coral was killed later that year as a result o

igh temperatures, sedimentation and the urther use o poison or

shing. As a result, the local shing economy collapsed, as did the

cotourism industry.

Rejuvenating rees with Biorock coral nurseries

n 2000, recognizing that community ood and income security were

everely threatened, the Pemuteran village community began totrictly enorce local laws against destructive shing practices and

nitiated eorts to rejuvenate local coral rees. To begin the ree

econstruction eort, the community collaborated with the Global

Coral Ree Alliance to install a series o Biorock coral nurseries

echnology that uses low voltage electrical currents on underwater

teel-rame structures to encourage the growth o coral and other

ee lie in the waters oshore rom Pemuterans beaches. The rst

tructure was installed in 2000, with unding provided by a local

otel. Following suit in 2002, another hotel owner took an interest

n the project and provided seed unds or a workshop to organize

nd train community members in the construction and installation

Biorock rees. Today, there are over 70 Biorock rees in Pemuteran

otalling hal a kilometre in length. Financing or the project has been

ntirely community-driven and locally raised: the structures used in

he Biorock technology are unded by ecotourism revenues rom

local hotels and businesses, while individual donations rom vis

are also used to sustain the initiative. It is also community mem

that have taken the lead on ree maintenance. The ormerly ba

rees have been transormed into spectacular coral gardens w

are now thriving and teeming with sh.

Pemuteran Bay Coral Protection Foundation

The initiative operates without a dened organizational strucit represents a collaborative eort between the communit

Pemuteran, local hotels and dive schools, and the researc

who developed Biorock technology. The oundation itsel

evolved somewhat organically, with the installation o the

Biorock structure providing a catalyst or the reintroduction

strengthening o the locally managed marine protected a

Several community-based initiatives and sel-help groups

emerged to support the work o the oundation, including car

out activities such as the maintenance o Biorock rees, plan

vetiver grass on the shoreline to reduce erosion, and patrolling

protected area to enorce shing restrictions. A centrally loc

Biorock Centre provides inormation about the technology

the community initiative. From relatively humble beginnings

Pemuteran Bay Coral Protection Foundation is now amongs

largest coral ree restoration projects in the world.


6/11

6

Key Activities and Innovations

Biorock Technology

iorock technology was developed by marine scientist Wol Hilbertz

nd marine biologist Thomas J. Goreau. It uses low voltage electrical

urrents on underwater steel-rame structures to encourage the

rowth o coral and other ree lie. The electrical current causes

issolved minerals in the seawater to precipitate and stick to the

teel structure. Gradually, layers o calcium carbonate build up

round the steel tubes. Since the calcium carbonate coating that

orms is so similar to natural ree substrate, corals take to biorock

ees very readily. The steel structures are anchored to the seabed,

nd can be powered by solar panels, wind turbines, wave generators

or land-based transormers. Because Biorock does not requireophisticated construction techniques or substantial material inputs,

t is particularly well suited to remote developing regions where raw

materials and technical know-how may be in short supply.

Other methods o ree restoration oten rely on afxing corals to hard

tructures with cement or glue. The success rate o this approach is

ighly variable and depends to a large extent on water quality and

emperature, both o which must be ideal. Experiments have shown

hat Biorock can help to counteract some o the actors that cause

orals to die-o, including high temperatures and pollution, and that

he technology is much more resilient in uctuating and variable

onditions. Also, coral typically grows between two and six times

aster on Biorock than naturally occurring coral, while survival ratesre between 16 and 50 times higher, even ater extended periods

o high water temperature. Biorock is also more eective than sea

walls or similar structures at reducing beach erosion: while these

tructures simply deect waves, Biorock rees absorb wave energy,

educing the impacts o the waves on the shoreline. Consequently,

waves deposit sand onto the shoreline, building up the beach rather

han washing it away.

Coral ree rejuvenation in Pemuteran

The success o the Pemuteran Bay Coral Protection Found

can be attributed to a combination o community-based acti

namely, the creation o the locally managed marine protected

and the installation o Biorock rees. The community has rest

local rees and, in so doing, reinvigorated the local shing

ecotourism sectors. The support o the Global Coral Ree Allianc

been instrumental in this, through training community membe

how best to deploy this innovative technology in service o gro

back coral rees. Equally crucial has been the oundations

unding model, which sees ecotourism revenues rom village h

and businesses owing into the construction and installation osteel structures which provide the literal oundation or ecolo

restoration.

Improvements in the health and unctioning o local m

ecosystems were quickly apparent. The Biorock struct

stimulated rapid coral growth in a ew short months, which, in

led to a number o requests to expand the project. Over 70 Bio

structures have been installed along the Pemuteran coast

2000, covering an area o two hectares and making this the la

coral ree nursery and restoration project in the world. Coral g

on mineral accretions (as with Biorock) are brightly coloured

support abundant and diverse sh populations. Plans or the u

include new solar-, wind- and wave-powered Biorock structLarge-scale restoration is planned or the rees on Pemute

oshore banks to restore the village sheries.

The communitys Biorock Centre employs local villagers to mo

and maintain the restoration project. The centre also ho

educational materials on marine ecosystems, coral ree regenera

Biorock technology, and community restoration eorts. Pemut

Bay Coral Protection Foundation also conducts public aware


7/11

7

ctivities and training sessions on the dangers o destructive shing

methods to supplement its ree restoration work. A village training

rogram has also been established to provide local youth with the

ducation and language skills needed to work in tourism.

Underwater coral sculpture gardens

One innovation unique to Pemuteran is the Ree Gardeners

rogramme. Using Biorock structures, the community hasonstructed a sculpture diving trail, with design eatures inspired by

alinese temple gardens. Underwater coral regeneration structures

ave been designed in the shape o boats, giant sea turtles, and

alinese goddesses together orming an oshore ree that is also

n art installation. The ree is powered by solar panels, which are kept

oat on rats and which are maintained and serviced by community

members. The sculpture trail has been a draw or dive tourism,

with proceeds reinvested into the Ree Gardeners Programme.

Community maintenance includes rescuing and transplanting

aturally broken corals; removing the snails and starsh that eed

n coral and damage the rees; and planting vetiver grass along

he Pemuteran shoreline to help stabilise the beach and reduce

horeline erosion. Tourists also have the option o contributing to

he project through the Coral Adoption Programme, whereby they

an sponsor their own coral. In exchange or regular sponsorship

ayments, the sponsors name is grown in limestone letters next to

heir coral.

Enorcing community-based marine resource managem

In addition to coral regeneration, the community has oc

on strengthening the management o its marine resource

previously declared but loosely enorced Village Marine Prote

Area has been reinvigorated, with a community patrol peca

laut established to enorce regulations banning destructive s

practices. Because traditional Balinese village laws are recogn

by national law enorcement agencies, the community was abdeclare and demarcate its own protected area without requ

permission rom central government authorities. The pecalang

is a de acto village police orce that monitors the marine prote

area. Violators and transgressors o community regulations rece

warning rst, and, i they persist, their boats and shing equipm

are seized, they are arrested, and are prosecuted by the Indone

police. This support rom national enorcement agencies has b

critical to the success o local conservation eorts.

Improving waste management and reducing soil erosio

The Pemuteran community aims to improve water quality in the

by addressing land-based as well as sea-based threats. The spill-

o waste (especially plastics) into the sea has been a particu

damaging trend. During the dry season, the community has thr

garbage and reuse into dry river beds, where it sits until it is u

out to sea in the rainy season. At the same time, land clearance

accelerated soil erosion and the sedimentation o mud. To add

these problems, the organization has prioritized waste proces

and recycling programs, as well as a plan or more eectively de

with the treatment o sewage. The community has also addre

soil erosion through the planting o vetiver grass along shorel

reducing the run-o that tends to smothers rees.


8/11

8

Impacts

BIODIVERSITY IMPACTSThe primary biodiversity impact rom this project has been the

egeneration and restoration o coral rees. Biorock technology has

been deployed to transorm what was a damaged and degraded

marine ecosystem into a thriving ree. The technology is simple yet

nnovative. Once installed, the ocean currents owing through the

tructures cause minerals rom the sea water to build up around the

teel tubing. Within a short amount o time, the steel structure is

oated in calcium carbonate. The build-up is similar in composition

o naturally occurring rees and is quickly colonized by coral and

other marine organisms that are attracted to the electric eld and

he shade oered by the structure. Coral ragments rom other

natural rees are also attached to the Biorock rame, giving them aecond lie. Because the electrical current creates the ideal chemical

onditions or coral growth, corals expend less energy creating these

onditions, leaving more energy or reproduction and regeneration.

As a result, Biorock coral typically grows at three- to ve-times

normal growth rates. Biorock rees quickly take on the appearance

o natural rees, and provide a reuge or an abundance and diversity

o marine species.

n addition to promoting ast coral growth, Biorock technology

protects corals rom the uctuations in water temperature and

environmental changes that oten degrade rees. Corals grown on

Biorock have been ound to be more resistant to environmental

hanges and to have signicantly higher survival rates ater

evere temperature episodes than corals growing on natural rees.

The technology thereore represents a pioneering innovation in

daptation and resilience.

The rate and extent o environmental recovery in Pemuteran Bay

has been nothing short o dramatic. The combination o Biorock

echnology, local enorcement o a marine protected area, and

education within the Pemuteran community on the importance

o marine conservation has led to the wholesale transormation o

what was a wasteland o dead coral into a thriving marine ecosystem

that is teeming with sh. The abundance and diversity o mspecies around the rees continues to grow, including populatio

dugongs, which were considered locally extinct prior to the pro

Enorcement o village regulations inside the marine protected

has also led to eective prohibition o destructive shing meth

These eorts, along with improvements in community w

management, have led to a range o environmental benets

also improve community wellbeing.

SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS

Coral restoration eorts have transormed the local econ

empowered the community, and changed local attitudes abou

value o healthy ecosystems to income generation and local livelihoGreater awareness about the extent to which anthropogenic ac

were degrading marine lie, and the eect this was having on

local economy (most notably the sheries and tourism sectors

been at the very centre o community conservation eorts and

behaviour change. The community, once actively engaged in

bombing and shing with cyanide, has recreated and rebuilt

based on a collective identity that prioritizes coral ree regenera

and conservation. In turn, conservation has paid dividend

leading to the recovery o dwindling sh stocks and attracti

new market o environmentally and socially conscious tourists

divers. Central to the communitys environmental and econ

recovery has been the strengthening o local marine protec

measures, established years prior, but widely shirked or disrega

the initiative has thereore built on a pre-existing conservation

that is rooted in local Hindu traditions. The community now st

monitors and enorces its locally managed marine protected

which incorporates regulations on destructive shing practices

Diversiied and rehabilitated livelihoods

The greatest socioeconomic impact rom the project has

improvement in local livelihoods. Previously, Pemuteran

one o the poorest villages in Bali, owing in part to dry clim


9/11

conditions that limit rice cultivation. The primary source o income

s subsistence shing, with ew other livelihood options open to the

average villager. Through ree restoration eorts, Pemuteran Bay

Coral Protection Foundation has rescued the local sheries, which

aced collapse only a decade ago. Local shermen have observed a

massive recovery in sh populations in the protected area. Growth

n ecosystem health and sh populations inside the protected area

has had positive spill-over eects outside the protected area, where

catch sizes have also grown.

The local ecotourism sector has also rebounded, creating new

obs and revenue streams or the community. Previously, the

teady decline in ree health had predictably negative impacts

on local tourist trafc, which was based largely on scuba diving

and ecotourism activities that rely on species abundance and

diversity. Bans on destructive shing and coral regeneration have

allowed populations o marine species to recover, which has led to

an upswing in dive tourism. Tourists now pay to dive in the coral

culpture trail, while hotels and dive schools pay a village tax that

upports community development projects. A recent survey showed

hat 40 per cent o tourists visiting Pemuteran were not only aware

o village coral restoration eorts, but came to the area specicallyo see the rejuvenated rees. Pemuteran hotels are now regularly

booked to capacity year round.

Gains or youth and women

As in other regions o Indonesia, the subsistence shing community

n Pemuteran has generally had limited access to education, skills

raining and investment capital. Since the Pemuteran Bay Coral

Protection Foundation began, the vast majority o local amilies

now have at least one member o the amily working in the tourism

ndustry. Jobs in the tourism industry, however, require a certain

evel o education, skills and language prociency. Growth in the

ndustry has, as a result, led to renewed interest in the pursuit o

ormal education. Where once local livelihood options were limited

o subsistence shing, and ormal education was perhaps considered

a luxury, a higher premium is now placed on education as a pathway

o better, more secure employment.

Local youth have been notable beneciaries o the rev

ecotourism industry, receiving both vocational and conserva

training that was previously unattainable. Women, however,

perhaps beneted even more. Where local women once

ew employment opportunities, were traditionally relegate

domestic work gutting and cleaning sh and had little i

control over household nances and decision-making, ecotou

has opened windows o opportunity or employment and na

autonomy. More than hal o the jobs in the local ecotourism seare currently held by women, challenging traditional gender

and empowering women in village public lie.

POLICY IMPACTS

A distinctive eature o Indonesian law is its respect or the bot

up governance o traditional Balinese society. Legal space has

made or villages to enact their own regulations without g

through the national government. These local by-laws rec

the ull support o the national government, however, on

implementation side. This policy climate created the condition

the community to declare a marine protected area in Pemuteran

and enorce local laws that were in turn recognised at the natlevel. The support o national police and regulatory authorities

monitoring and identiying transgressors has been an impo

ingredient o the locally managed marine protected areas succ

The many achievements and accomplishments o the initi

have made Pemuteran Bay a regular destination or Indone

policymakers looking or examples o environmental conserva

and sustainable livelihoods. Over the past decade, Pemuteran

hosted repeat visits by successive Ministers o Tourism, Fisheries

Marine Aairs, Environment, and Energy. These visits have so

to inspire the Government o Indonesia to make sheries ha

restoration a major goal o national sheries policy. The pro

has also been mentioned by government ministers at internat

conerences including Meetings o the Conerence o the Pa

(COP) to the United Nations Framework Convention on Clim

Change (UNFCCC).

9


10/11

10

Sustainability and Replication

SUSTAINABILITYemuteran Bay Coral Protection Foundation relies exclusively on

ocal resources and nancing. The initiative enjoys a high level

local buy-in and is viewed as an extension o the communitys

esire to pursue economic development in ways that restore and

onserve nature. Financial sustainability is achieved through a

model o voluntary taxation, whereby dive shops and hotels who

oth attract and benet rom tourism revenues pay a levy to und

ngoing conservation activities. Currently, the project relies on no

utside donor unding and is sel-sustaining. This model, however,

s contingent on continued tourism trafc to the region and to the

ommunity.

Another important dimension o the initiatives sustainability model

s the low level o investment needed in the construction and

maintenance o Biorock technology. Local people have been trained

n the design and assembly o the steel structures, using materials

hat are locally available. These skills are easily transerred, as is

nowledge on the repair and upkeep o the rees. The power needed

o electriy Biorock structures can come rom a number o sources,

ncluding solar and wave technology. Plans are in place to increase

he number o wave-, wind- and solar-powered structures along the

ee. As o 2012, the marine tourism area extending along Pemuteran

each is almost at capacity in the number o Biorock structures it

an contain; the ocus now is on maintaining existing rees, althoughlans to install wind and solar powered rees continue.

he initiative has become a source o great pride in the community,

nd local ownership o the project is high. Support or the project

s not surprising given the improvements it has brought to local

velihoods and incomes. A number o community groups have

prung up to maintain and support the initiative, including the

ocal marine guard to enorce the protected area regulations and

he Ree Gardeners who maintain the ree and plant vetiver grass

long the shoreline to reduce erosion. Local amilies host tourists

hrough home-stays, while local businesses including hotels and

dive shops educate guests on the initiative and the importancoral restoration. Local schoolchildren, too, use the project to

about marine resources and the environment.

REPLICATION

The project began in 2000, when the rst Biorock rees were inst

and the rst community members were trained in their construc

and maintenance. Over a decade later, there are now more

70 separate Biorock structures in Pemuteran Bay, with a comb

length o over hal a kilometre, creating the worlds largest

perhaps most successul coral ree restoration project. The pr

has inspired other local governments to take greater interest in

conservation. Similar restoration projects have been impleme

in other parts o Indonesia, including Lombok, Sulawesi, Java, F

and Sumbawa. Pemuteran Bay has become a national mod

best practice in community-based natural resource managem

The project has also become a demonstration site or stakeho

interested in hands-on conservation, sheries, and coral

restoration learning. The community has hosted several major

restoration training workshops. Students rom Indonesian, Ger

and British universities have produced research theses base

the initiative, while students rom Indonesian universities regu

attend seminars and workshops at Pemuteran ocused on

Biorock technology and community development. The succe

the project has been reported widely in national and internatmedia and has been the subject o several ull-length document

PARTNERS

Since its inception, Pemuteran Bay Coral Protection Foundation

worked closely with the Global Coral Ree Alliance (GCRA), a

prot organization made up o volunteers and researchers in

eld o coral ree restoration and management. GCRA researc

developed the Biorock method o coral ree restoration and

provided training and support to the Pemuteran community.


11/11

Click the thumbnails below to read more case studies like this:

Equator Initiative

Environment and Energy GroupUnited Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

304 East 45th Street, 6th Floor

New York, NY 10017

Tel: +1 646 781-4023

www.equatorinitiative.org

UNDP partners with people at all levels o society to help build nations that can withstand crisis, and drive and sustain the

o growth that improves the quality o lie or everyone. On the ground in 177 countries and territories, we oer global pers

ive and local insight to help empower lives and build resilient nations.

The Equator Initiative brings together the United Nations, governments, civil society, businesses and grassroots organizati

o recognize and advance local sustainable development solutions or people, nature and resilient communities.

2013 by Equator Initiative

All rights reserved

FURTHER REFERENCE

Pemuteran Bay Coral Protection Foundation website: http://biorockbali.webs.com/

Global Coral Ree Alliance website: www.globalcoral.org

Biorock FAQs: http://www.biorock.org/aq-page

Goreau, T.J. 2009. Tourism and Sustainable Coral Rees. See: http://www.globalcoral.org/Ecotourism%20Biorock%20complete.pd

Pemuteran Bay Coral Protection Foundations Equator Initiative prole page: http://www.equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=c

winners&view=winner_detail&id=120&Itemid=683
http://biorockbali.webs.com/http://www.globalcoral.org/http://www.biorock.org/faq-pagehttp://www.globalcoral.org/Ecotourism%20Biorock%20complete.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=winner_detail&id=120&Itemid=683http://www.equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=winner_detail&id=120&Itemid=683http://www.equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=winner_detail&id=120&Itemid=683http://www.equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=winner_detail&id=120&Itemid=683http://www.globalcoral.org/Ecotourism%20Biorock%20complete.pdfhttp://www.biorock.org/faq-pagehttp://www.globalcoral.org/http://biorockbali.webs.com/http://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/winners/113/casestudy/case_1370356453.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348150773.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348163266.pdf

Documents

Case Studies UNDP: PEMUTERAN BAY CORAL PROTECTION FOUNDATION, Indonesia