Case Studies UNDP: COMMUNITY-BASED MARINE MANAGEMENT FOUNDATION, Indonesia

7/27/2019 Case Studies UNDP: COMMUNITY-BASED MARINE MANAGEMENT FOUNDATION, Indonesia

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Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities

Indonesia

COMMUNITY-BASEDMARINE MANAGEMENTFOUNDATION

Empowered live

Resilient nation


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UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES

Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wo

or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth

their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition

themselves guiding the narrative.

To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser

that details the work o Equator Prize winners vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ

to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models

replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to The Power o Local Action: Lessons rom 10 Years

the Equator Prize, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.

Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiatives searchable case study database.

EditorsEditor-in-Chie: Joseph Corcoran

Managing Editor: Oliver HughesContributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding

Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hughe

Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,

Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Brandon Payne, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu

DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Pa

Brandon Payne, Mariajos Satizbal G.

AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the Community-Based Marine Management Foundation, and the guidance a

inputs o Sandra Tjan, Indonesian LMMA Network. All photo credits courtesy o the Community-Based Marine Management Foundati

Maps courtesy o CIA World Factbook and Wikipedia.

Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Community-Based Marine Management Foundation, Indonesia. Equator Initiative C

Study Series. New York, NY.
http://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/events/2012events/Book_Launch/power%2520of%2520local%2520action%2520final%25202013%25208mb.pdfhttp://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=casestudysearch&Itemid=858


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PROJECT SUMMARYThe Community-based Marine Management Foundationcoordinates conservation, environmental education andlivelihoods programming centred on locally-managedmarine areas in 26 sites across eastern Indonesia. Among itsinnovative conservation work, the oundation has supportedvillages in the Padaido Islands to use GPS technologiesto map local marine resources, helping them to resist thedestructive eects o commercial shing companies.

The oundation has also has mainstreamed environmentaleducation into schools in ve dierent regions o Indonesia,

through the design o unique conservation modules or 27primary schools, each ocusing on the species o greatestimportance to the local people. In Jayapura, meanwhile,shers have become procient in developing home-made Fish Aggregation Devices to improve sh catches.These traditional and modern approaches have broughtsubstantial benets to member communities, and haveoten led to their adoption by local government.

KEY FACTS

EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2008

FOUNDED: 2003

LOCATION: Eastern Indonesia, based on Biak island

BENEFICIARIES: Fishing communities

BIODIVERSITY: 26 Locally Managed Marine Areas

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COMMUNITY-BASED MARINEMANAGEMENT FOUNDATIONIndonesia

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Background and Context 4

Key Activities and Innovations 6

Biodiversity Impacts 10

Socioeconomic Impacts 11

Policy Impacts 12

Sustainability 13

Partners 13


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he Republic o Indonesias 17,508 islands support the worlds

econd-highest level o biodiversity ater Brazil, and are second only

o Australia in terms o endemism, with 36% o their 1,531 species

bird and 39% o their 515 species o mammal being endemic.

he country has a range o marine and coastal ecosystems along its

0,000 miles o coastline, including beaches, sand dunes, estuaries,

mangroves, coral rees, sea grass beds, coastal mudats, tidal ats,

lgal beds, and small island ecosystems. The islands orm part o

he Coral Triangle, an area containing the worlds greatest diversity

coral ree sh, with more than 1,650 species in eastern Indonesia

lone. The threats o over-shing and warming, acidiying, and rising

ceans have made the country a priority or marine conservation

rogrammes. Despite having the largest economy in SoutheastAsia, 13.3% o Indonesias 238 million people were living below

he poverty line in 2010; many live in remote provinces with poor

nrastructure and low levels o human development, relying on

ubsistence agriculture and artisanal shing or their livelihoods.

Devolving marine management to coastal communities

he locally-managed marine area approach was rst introduced in

ndonesia as a solution to the threat o declining marine resources

n 2003. During the late 1990s, the World Wildlie Funds Biodiversity

Conservation Network worked closely with two local NGOs in the

adaido Islands, north o Papua, to promote community-based

oastal management by establishing an ecotourism venture.his eort subsequently involved the Indonesian Environmental

Conservation Foundation (Yayasan KEHATI). The experience o

nvolving local communities in the conservation and sustainable use

marine resources led to the ormation in 2003 o the Community-

ased Marine Management Foundation (Yayasan Pengelolaan

okal Kawasan Laut), based on the island o Biak. This brought

ogether conservation proessionals, academics rom Cenderawasih

University, and local people in an attempt to regulate over-shing

hrough community engagement.

Yayasan Pengelolaan Lokal Kawasan Laut(PLKL) grew quickly w

eastern Indonesia to encompass other areas o Papua, West Papua

the Maluku Islands. While the catalyst or its ormation was decl

sh species numbers, the group was also ounded to address

need to secure local communities rights to access and sustain

manage their natural resources. The organizations initial goal

to create and share a community-based, sustainable, and equit

marine resources management model or the coastal areas and s

islands o eastern Indonesia. This has comprised strengthening

institutions, supporting community-based conservation activ

assisting communities to use marine resources sustainably,

developing locally-relevant environmental education programm

Background and Context


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PLKL works alongside local communities to establish loc

managed marine areas in which shing is regulated by zo

These regulations generally include seasonal shing and harve

restrictions, bans on destructive shing methods such as the u

explosives, and establishing Marine Protected Areas that unctio

permanent no-take zones. The basis or these regulations has b

the revival o a traditional resource management system kn

as sasi; the reintroduction o this community-based approac

regulating shing practices aims at both conserving certain

species and ecosystems and sustainably managing shing stoc

local shermen. As o 2011, PLKL had assisted in establishing 26

operational Locally-Managed Marine Areas (LMMAs). Their

has led to the substantial recovery o key species populations

increases in shing stocks.

Alongside its marine management work, PLKL has also wo

closely with universities and schools to develop environme

curricula that raise awareness o important local conserva

priorities and promote eective marine resource managem

In total, PLKL is currently engaged in more than 50 conserva

education and livelihoods projects. Partnerships with the WWildlie Foundation and The Nature Conservancy have allo

the organization to substantially and rapidly increase its inu

within eastern Indonesia since 2007 through the replication o

LMMA and educational models. PLKL has also played a key ro

the LMMA Network in southern Asia and the Pacic, working clo

with LMMA projects in the Philippines, Palau, the Federated S

o Micronesia, Papua New Guinea, the Solomon Islands, Fiji,

Vanuatu.

Fig. 1: Community-Based Marine Management Foundation sites

ource: Community-Based Marine Management Foundation


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Key Activities and Innovations

LKLs activities are categorized into three programme areas:

onservation, environmental education, and livelihoods.

Conservation Programme

he conservation programme consists o establishing Locally-

Managed Marine Areas in partnership with community-based

organizations and international partners. There are 26 LMMAs in

he PLKL network, clustered in ve areas o eastern Indonesia. In

ach o these areas, the oundation has begun by working with

one community to help them establish and adaptively manage

n LMMA. Within this area, a community may decide to establish

protected zones and limited use zones, or sasi areas, whichave restrictions on harvesting. For example, they may allow only

easonal harvesting o key species o a certain size, and only using

ertain shing methods. These projects are each given ofcial LMMA

tatus once they have been established and meet the guidelines o

he LMMA Network.

Within sasiareas, some zones are demarcated as complete no-take

ones or key species. These are designated as Marine Protected

Areas (MPAs). To date, more than 25 MPAs have been recognized

by local government authorities. In addition, the community may

ecide to place other restrictions on shing methods in their LMMA

outside their sasiand MPA zones. The LMMA approach has helped

o increase the abundance, size and diversity o marine speciesboth inside and outside the restricted areas, and to improve local

ncomes through the sustainable harvesting o marine resources.

he conservation programme o work has expanded rapidly since

ts inception in Biak; the graph below shows a sharp increase in

onservation sites between 2007 and 2009, due to new collaborative

partnerships with The Nature Conservancy and World Wildlie

oundation.

LKL provides training and technical support to the groups it

works with in marine management. Training is given on issues such

as community outreach and organizing; participatory plan

identication o the communitys vision, target resources, thr

and solutions; development o measurable objectives; comm

mapping o natural resources; and creation o culturally approp

and scientically valid LMMAs and sasi areas. PLKL also acili

networking and knowledge sharing between the dierent LM

sites. This is conducted through periodic cross-site visits

annual network meetings where representatives rom the va

communities exchange knowledge peer-to-peer and share les

learned rom their respective experiences.

Environmental Education Programme

The environmental education programme complements

implementation o community-based marine management. In 2

PLKL began working with six primary schools in Tanah Merah B

support teachers in developing new environmental-based curr

These are taught to the th-grade level; each schools curricul

unique to its village, with subjects selected according to their

relevance. Learning modules are based on two books and cove

semesters. In 2010, the department o education in Jayapura Di

legally recognized the environmental education modules in th

pilot schools in Tanah Merah Bay. Environmental issues have

been included as a test subject or all schools in the area. By

2011, the education program had expanded to include 27 prim

schools, 72 teachers, 990 students and 31 local conservation gracross eastern Indonesia.

Livelihoods Programme

Finally, the livelihoods programme was introduced in 2008

the aim o developing viable alternative sources o incom

local shermen, thereby enhancing conservation by increasing

economic sustainability o LMMAs. This programme is still in its i

stages and has so ar been implemented at our sites.


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Expansion across eastern Indonesia

rom its initial base in Biak, PLKL has rapidly expanded its geographical

each. The organization either directly or collaboratively manages

rojects in ve areas in eastern Indonesia Padaido Islands, Tanah

Merah Bay, Kei Islands, Raja Ampat Islands, and Sausapor Abun as

well as having recently established a project in Timor Leste.

iak, Padaido Islands: Since 2003, the Padaido Islands project has

een managed by the PLKL Program Secretariat and the Faculty

Mathematics and Science at Cenderawasih University, based

n Biak. Six environmental education programmes and six village

onservation programmes have been developed with several small

sland and village communities on the east coast o Biak, including

aba Village and the islands o Auki and Meos Mangguandi. Localommunities initially carried out participatory mapping and zoning

ctivities, leading to the creation o six LMMAs. Meos Mangguandi

sland has been the site o a pilot eco-enterprise project, in which

eed capital has been provided to households to produce sh and

oconut oil products. Currently, the community-based marine

management approach in the islands is being adopted by the local

overnment. Environmental education programmes have also been

eveloped in six villages on Biak.

Tanah Merah Bay, Papua:Tanah Merah Bay in Jayapura, Papua, wa

second area in which PLKL implemented its models o commu

based marine management and environmental education. LMwere established in the villages o Tablasupa, Tablanusa,

Demoi in 2004, managed by the PLKL Programme Secret

and Cenderawasih University in partnership with Lembaga

Kampung, a village customs union; this has since increased to

conservation sites, as well as six environmental education proje

Kei Islands, Southeast Maluku Islands: The Kei Islands, locate

the south-eastern part o the Maluku Islands, have seen one LM

established. PLKL programmes in this area are concentrate

Rutong Village in the Ambon Bay sub-district o Baquala, Am

City. The LMMA in this region was rst implemented by the

community in partnership with the Faculty o Fishery and M

Science at Pattimura University and YayasanPaparisa, a local Nin 2004. There are also three educational projects currently b

administered.

Sausapur Abun, Raja Ampat Islands, West Papua: In 2009,

partnered with The Nature Conservancy as part o its work with

Coral Triangle Initiative to establish conservation and environm

education programmes in Raja Ampat Islands, in West Papua. T

currently include six LMMAs and projects in six village schools. W

Indonesia and PLKL collaboratively manage 14 projects in Saus

Abun, on the northern coast o the Birds Head Peninsula o

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Conservation Programme Environmental Education Programme Livelihoods Programme

Fig. 2: Growth of PLKLs programme areas, 2003-2010

Source: Community-Based Marine Management Foundation


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Papua. In 2010, WWF requested oundations support in introducing

he LMMA model in Jamursba Medi, the site o one o the worlds

argest leatherback sea turtle nesting areas.

Timor Leste: Finally, in late 2011, with support rom Conservation

nternational (CI) and the Coral Triangle Support Partnership, the

oundation expanded its work to a community in Timor Leste.

Workshops have been given in programme planning, programme

management, mapping, biological monitoring, CPUE data collectionnd analysis, and socioeconomic data collection.

PLKL has been able to ensure a high level o management capacity

cross its sites through extensive peer-to-peer knowledge exchange.

ts workshops have engaged more than 1,500 participants since 2003,

llowing conservation practitioners to learn rom the successul

examples o other initiatives in eastern Indonesia, and receive

raining on management and conservation techniques. These have

ncluded training on Community-based Adaptive Management, a

key component o the LMMA approach to conservation. Techniques

or biological monitoring have included photo-transect surveying,

while trainings have also ocused on socioeconomic monitoring and

developing environmental education modules or primary schools.

nnovations and locally-appropriate technologies

Beyond the creation o Locally-Managed Marine Areas, PLKL

ontinues to play a substantial role in helping to develop the

apacity o local management bodies and to implement innovatory

pproaches to conservation.

Participatory mapping: Dierent communities have developed

pecic areas o expertise over time, and have shared innovative

pproaches within the LMMA network. The Padaido and Meos

Mangguandi sites, or example, prioritized the mapping o their

marine resources as a response to external pressures on theiresources. The highest risk to these communities came rom the

ocal government authorities issuing permits to national and

nternational commercial shing companies to operate within their

marine areas, including their traditional shing grounds. This led to

he depletion o sh stocks, and involved shing techniques such

s the use o explosives and chemicals, causing severe damage to

oral rees.

Since 2003, villages in the Padaido Islands have used GPS mapping

o resist these pressures on their LMMAs. Maps have allowed

ommunities to evaluate the extent o damage to coral rees and

o raise awareness among villagers o the LMMA boundaries. The

process has involved village and sub-district governments as active

llies in conservation by approving the maps once they have been

developed, while shing permits have been granted to local people

by the Fishery Department. A local radio station Radio Republik

ndonesia has also helped to educate these shing communities

on their harvesting rights. The Padaido Island communities are now

procient in the use o GPS or mapping, and have become known

s community mappers.

Fish Aggregation Devices:The Tanah Merah Bay conservation g

or their part, has become procient in developing Fish Aggreg

Devices. These buoy-like devices are placed along the borde

traditional shing areas to attract sh species, and also serv

demarcate shing limits. These devices are constructed usin

average o 60-70% recycled local materials. Rubber rom used

(at an average cost o USD 30) has been substituted in plac

expensive nylon ropes (which cost between USD 200-300.) T

devices have become a source o income generation or sherin the Tanah Merah Bay communities.

Sustainable harvesting o high-value marine species:The Tani

Kei and Ohoiren communities, meanwhile, based in the Ma

Islands, have become well-known or their success in harve

sea cucumbers and large Trochus sea snails by re-introducing

resource-use customs, and planting seaweed lines to attract t

high-value species.

In March-April 2010, a knowledge exchange tour took p

involving these three agship conservation project sites,

Meos Mangguandi and Padaido, Tana Merah Bay, and Tanim

Kei and Ohoiren. Each group shared their respective knowledgcommunity-based mapping, producing Fish Aggregation Dev

and sustainably rearing sea cucumbers. PLKL has subseque

ocused on establishing these three groups as Learning Centre

widespread dissemination o these practices, and to acilitate

entry o new communities into the Indonesia LMMA network:

1. Tanimbar Kei, South East Maluku: Learning Centre or tradit

sasi management o marine resources;

2. Meos Manguandi, Biak, Papua: Learning Centre or participa

mapping;

3. Tanah Merah Bay, Jayapura, Papua: Learning Centre

environmentally-riendly shing tools.

Tailored environmental education modules

PLKLs environmental education programme has also

recognized as an innovation in conservation. The curricu

developed by the oundation and teachers at Tablasupa pri

school in Tanah Merah Bay was selected as a best practice o

eleven eastern Indonesian provinces by the World Banks Sup

Ofce or Eastern Indonesia (SOEI). This has encouraged teac

rom remote areas to compile and produce their own environm

education materials in their schools, and has led to invitations

local government authorities in eastern Indonesia to present

environmental education programme models.

Establishing LMMAs: fve case studies

The process o creating Locally-Managed Marine Areas is illust

by the case o ve villages on Misool Island, in Raja Ampat, du

2007. PLKL and The Nature Conservancy acilitated the establishm

o LMMAs in partnership with Kapatcol, Lilinta, Biga, Gamta,

Magey village communities. Each village decided to set asid

least 10 to 40 square kilometers o marine area to serve as e

protected or limited use zones; these zones are still in place to


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Species such as sea cucumber, Trochus, lobster, and herbivore shes

re protected within these zones or specied open and closed

easons. Local people can only harvest those species within the

mited use zones, which border the protected zones, and within the

open shing area. They also harvest only ater monitoring activities

have been conducted by community members to ensure that the

ize and density o species meet the highest economic value. The

ommunity members themselves conduct the monitoring once

every three months. When the monitoring results indicate that thepecies are ready to harvest, the local people hold a community

meeting, acilitated by the village conservation group, during which

hey discuss when to harvest and how to market the catch.

The Kapatcol community designated a small island, Fayalpop, as the

ite or their LMMA. This island is surrounded by sea grass meadows,

oral rees and sanded areas. A biological survey conducted by TNC

ogether with the local people ound that this island ecosystem was

n important habitat or lobster, trochus, sea cucumber and sh

pecies.

The community designated 20 square kilometres as a protected zone

nd 40 square kilometres as the limited use zone. The remainingmarine area outside the zones is an open shing area. During the

rst phase o the LMMAs implementation, the limited use zone was

losed or three years.

The Lilinta community, on the other hand, declared 15 square

kilometres as a protected zone and 40 square kilometres or limited

use; this was closed or two years. Biga village established a smaller

LMMA area, with 10 km2 reserved as a protected zone, and 20 km2 or

limited use. Similarly to Kapatcol, the limited use zone was dec

closed or three years in its rst phase. Gamta and Magey villa

nally, created a shared LMMA, covering their combined m

resource area. They set aside 15 km2 as a protected zone, and 30

or limited use, which was closed or three years.

In the case o Gamta and Magey, the villages chose to implem

both religious and customary orms o sasi. PLKL and its pa

organizations are sensitive to dierences in local cultural sensibidierent orms osasiare used depending on the respective stre

o traditional customs or religious belie. Since the majority o G

community members are Muslim, their religious sasi cerem

was conducted based on their Islamic belie, while the M

community conducted theirs according to their Christian be

The communities shared one customary sasiceremony, condu

by traditional leaders.

The dierent experiences o the villages on Misool Island demons

that implementation o LMMAs is highly individualized, and i

entirely to the decisions o the local community. While the gro

do ollow general LMMA guidelines in establishing protected

limited use zones, the legitimacy o the regulations resides in local cultural relevance. Community-based Adaptive Managem

approaches ensure that local people are the nal arbiters in LM

implementation.


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Impacts

BIODIVERSITY IMPACTSLKLs initiatives have signicantly increased marine biological

iversity at its various LMMA sites. Protected and limited use zones

llow key species to regenerate, and, in some cases, enable rare or

ndangered species to return to an area. This has been the case

t several sites, where anecdotal evidence has attested to greater

pecies density and diversity. Sustainable shing regulations have

meant that sh stocks remain at healthy levels. This is evidenced by

igher recorded catches or local shermen. Bans on destructive

shing practices also mean that the ecological integrity o the LMMA

reas as a whole is vastly improved, as measured by greater coral

ealth. Community awareness-raising and environmental education

nitiatives support PLKLs work in conservation.

Visible conservation benefts o no-take zones

iodiversity impacts vary depending on the type o LMMA that

as been established. In some cases, sasi areas are ull no-take

ones; these can cover vast areas o coral rees, allowing high levels

biological diversity to ourish. For instance, in the Tablanusu

ommunity in Tanah Merah Bay, seven kilometres o coral rees

re managed as a no-take sasi zone. Communities in the Padaido

slands have established a no-take zone measuring over one

undred hectares. In these areas, key species are entirely protected

rom human activities. The no-take approach has resulted in higher

pecies diversity in many sites. In the Kei Island community oOhoiran, or instance, the number o species o sea cucumber has

ncreased rom two to six since no-take sasizones were introduced.

Ecological and economic monitoring

Anecdotal evidence is supplemented by rigorous scientic data

ollection. Baseline data were collected in all o the sites to measure

he impact o the LMMAs. Monitoring has involved community

olunteers, who have recorded sightings o key species to

measure the targeted impact o marine management in their sites.

Socioeconomic data have also been collected to compile bproles o the target populations and assess the economic g

rom community-based resource management. Catch Per

Eort (CPUE) data have been collected semi-annually or pe

o ourteen days in nine villages since 2008. These gures pro

evidence o the positive impacts or both conservation and pov

reduction. Monitoring data have revealed high numbers o Tro

sea snails in the Kei Island communities, an important indic

species or ecological health.

Other sites have seen signicant increases in coral cover. S

data collected in 2000, 2005, and 2010 on coral cover at M

Mangguandi have demonstrated increasing levels o coral he

Similar results have been seen at Auki Island, where the creatiothree MPAs between 2002 and 2007 allowed coral rees to rec

substantially rom their degraded states by 2010.

Environmental education underpinning conservation

Environmental education has supplemented PLKLs conserva

activities by raising awareness o key species among primary sc

pupils. Similarly to the creation o LMMAs, these environme

education modules are highly individualized, ocusing on the sp

o the greatest importance or local people. The table below sh

the dierent modules that have so ar been developed in partne

with primary school teachers. The success o this programme ha

to it being adopted by local government authorities.

PLKL has also worked with Cenderawasih University and

Fisheries Academy at Biak to develop an LMMA Site Assist

Programme. This enables students to carry out a portion o

studies at LMMA sites. To date, 45 students have been suppo

to participate in activities such as biological monitoring and C

studies. The initiative has assisted Cenderawasih Universit

establishing its Applied Marine Studies Centre, which aims to e

a new generation o students to play a role in the manageme

LMMAs in Indonesia.


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SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS

PLKLs Locally-Managed Marine Areas have had substantial

ocioeconomic benets or the communities that manage them.

These benets include both higher income generation rom

mproved catch sizes and enhanced community wellbeing resulting

rom their role in resource management processes.

To date, ten o the twenty-six LMMA sites have reported signicantncreases in the abundance o indicator species and in income. Across

he ten sites, increases have ranged rom 150% to 1,644%. Increases

n species numbers have been seen both within sasi areas and in

he surrounding waters, indicating that the no-take zones have had

positive impacts on wider ecological health. For example, in Kei

sland communities, abundance o sea cucumbers has increased

by 1,644% inside the area and by more than twenty times ou

the area since the creation o LMMAs. This has resulted in a

15% increase in income or collectors. In Tanimbar Kei, the tro

catch increased by 483% over a period o our years. This resu

in income increases o 22-30%. In Tablasupa village, in Ta

Merah Bay, meanwhile, the population o rabbitsh has increase

1,467% inside the sasiarea and by 1,895% in the surrounding

resulting in a 15-19% increase in income or local shermen.

Sharing in the benefts o sustainable management

Prots rom shing have oten been equitably shared w

participating communities. For example, Ohoiren village in th

Islands opened their marine area to harvest sea cucumbers

a closure period o 10 months. The harvest was sold throug

11

Focal Areas Name of school Learning module topic

Tanah Merah Bay,

Jayapura, Papua

1 SD YPK Tablasupa Coral Ecosystem at Serye Bo

2 SD YPK Tablanusu Tablanusu Coastal Ecosystem

3 SD YPK Demoikisi Conservation o Sea Cucumber at Sombiyei

4 SD Inpress Depapre Conservation o Orupre River

5 SD YPK Kantumilena Turtle

6 SD YPK Meukisi Sea grass Ecosystem in Tobesikana, Meukisi

Biak, Papua

7 SD YPK Uru Fauna at Mangrove Forest at Ayundi and Wabudi

8 SD YPK Sbruria Limestone Mining at Karyendi, Ambroben Village

9 SD YPK Opiare Ecosystem Yenbemawa Beach, Opiare Village

10 SD YPK Ibdi Flora at Mangrove Forest at Neer Inggambras, Ibdi Village

11 SD YPK Saba Conservation o sago at Saba Village12 SD Inpress Sundey Agathis Forest at Sundey Village

Raja Ampat Islands

13 SD Negeri Faanlap Trochus Conservation

14 SD Negeri Harapan Jaya Lobster at Jaganan Island, Harapan Jaya Villages

15 SD YPK Tomolol Potential o Sea cucumber at Mabel, Tomolol

16 SD Negeri Lilinta Mangrove Ecosystem at Walol, Lilinta Village

17 SD YPK Deer Sea grass Ecosystem at Yenyar, Deer Village

18 SD YPK Dibalal Coral Ree at Jailolo Island, Dibalal Village

Sausapor Abun

19 SD Negeri Waibem Sea Cucumber

20 SD YPK Kwor Tanaman keladi

21 SD YPK Werbes Mangrove Ecosystem

22 SD YPK Werur Coral Ree at Dua Islands (Pulau Dua)

23 SD YPK Saubeba Turtle

24 SD Inpress Sausapor Coral Ree at Oran Beach, Sausapor

Kei Islands, Southeast

Maluku Islands

25 SD Nasional Katolik Ohoiren Conservation o Sea Cucumber at Loontawod

26 SD Kristen Ohoira Hawear (sasi) at Ohoira Village

27 SD Kristen Tanimbar Kei Trochus

Table 1: Environmental Education Programs



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open bidding process, and prots were shared among the main

takeholders in the initiative: 70% o the total revenue was given

o the local church, which played a lead role in establishing the

villages conservation plan, with a urther 10% going to the village

government, and 10% to the conservation group.

Since 2010, PLKL has assisted communities in developing alternative

ivelihood projects at LMMA sites, in response to their requests

or assistance in diversiying their income base. PLKLs alternativeivelihood program is helping to identiy sources o income to

upport community members during limited use zone closure

periods. The group has developed a community training program

or assessing the easibility o alternative livelihood projects an

implementing them. To date, this has been undertaken in our

but remains in its pilot phase.

POLICY IMPACTS

Since 2002, the oundation has been assisting communitie

developing regulations or resource management. These are g

legal status by sub-district government authorities, strengtheinstitutional ties between the LMMA initiatives and

government policies. PLKL has helped communities to mee

required standards or resource regulations, with legal support

the law department at Brawijaya University, in Malang, East Java

graph below shows the number o sites currently with and wit

resource regulations: eleven sites have so ar had their u

regulations recognized by government authorities. These proce

have also involved legal recognition o the resource maps prod

by the LMMA projects.

PLKLs practice o establishing resource regulations in tandem

local groups has gained signicant regional recognition. In 2

the Regional Development Planning Agency in Maluku invthe oundation to share their models and approaches or na

resources management with small island communities. A work

was held with support rom UNDP Indonesia to allow PLKL to sha

experiences with these processes with small island representat

12

Fig. 3: Coastal Zone Management Plan Development


0

5

10

15

20

25

30

2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Sites in process o developing Coastal Zone Management Plans

Sites with Coastal Zone Management Plans


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13

Sustainability

SUSTAINABILITYo ensure the sustained impacts o PLKLs initiatives in eastern

ndonesia, various strategies have ocussed on increasing the

ustainability both o the LMMA sites themselves and o the

ndonesia LMMA network as a whole.

n the ormer category, diversiying local incomes through sustainable

co-enterprises, capacity building with local conservation groups,

nd environmental education in schools have been the main tactics

mployed to date.

he LMMA network, meanwhile, relies on a diversied donorortolio to und its large-scale programmes. Long-term budget

lanning has been conducted at both levels to identiy key resource

eeds and current unding gaps.

Adding value to sustainable resource harvesting

LKL has encouraged the introduction o small-scale eco-enterprises

t LMMA sites to increase local incomes rom natural resources

uring shing closure periods. In 2007, a workshop was held in

onjunction with the Community Conservation Network, attended

y sixty participants representing twenty sites. The objective o

he eco-enterprises programme was to strengthen the nancing o

ommunity conservation activities.

n 2010, the programme provided seed capital or our communities

n Meos Mangguandi to begin processing salted sh and coconut

il products. In addition, some sites have been able to raise revenue

hrough the sale o artisanal handicrats relating to their conservation

ctivities. Eleven sites have been able to generate up to USD 100-

00 per month rom the sale o bags, key chains, t-shirts, and other

roducts. Other sites have also made the decision to reinvest a

ortion o their income rom marine harvests into LMMA activities.

Building management capacity at the grassroots

A key component o community-based conservation is cap

building. Leveraging its role within the wider LMMA Netwo

the Pacic, PLKL has provided training on dierent conserva

issues, including marine area management, biodiversity monito

governance issues, and income generation schemes. This appr

has put the village-level conservation groups at the cent

its work, ensuring that they are able to assume ull control o

LMMA programmes in the long-term. Allied to its engagem

with university students, PLKL has been able to ensure that

human resources are in place to sustain its impacts over time, w

its environmental education programme has taken a bottomapproach to changing attitudes to sustainable marine resource

across eastern Indonesia.

Securing the networks long-term fnancial health

The Indonesia LMMA network has diversied its donor bas

bringing in new unders. The network has also establishe

programme endowment or saety net. This is made up o paym

or projects in which PLKL sta have acted as consultants, suc

in collaboration with TNC and WWF in Raja Ampat and Saus

Abun respectively. This endowment und is used to supplemen

networks unding or its operations.

PARTNERSThe oundation has collaborated with dierent stakeholders

organizations in introducing and implementing LMMA approa

These partners include: the Department o Education in Jaya

Papua; COREMAP, Biak, Papua; TNC Raja Ampat, Sorong, Papua; W

Bird Head, Sorong, Papua; University o Cenderawasih, Jaya

Papua; CTSP Indonesia; CTSP Timor Leste; RaiConsolodia,

Timor Leste; Pescas (Ofce o National Directorate o Fisheries

Aquaculture), Timor Leste; and the LMMA Network.


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FURTHER REFERENCE

Indonesia LMMA Network page: http://lmmanetwork.dreamhosters.com/indonesia

UNEP. 2011. Taking Steps toward Marine and Coastal Ecosystem-Based Management - An Introductory Guide. http://www.unep

pd/EBM_Manual_r15_Final.pd
http://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348150115.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348164353.pdfhttp://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/com_winners/casestudy/case_1348161992.pdf

Documents

Case Studies UNDP: COMMUNITY-BASED MARINE MANAGEMENT FOUNDATION, Indonesia