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7/27/2019 Case Studies UNDP: CAPTAINCY OF THE UPPER AND LOWER IZOZOG (CABI), BOLIVIA
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Equator Initiative Case StudiesLocal sustainable development solutions for people, nature, and resilient communities
Bolivia
CAPTAINCY OF THE UPPERAND LOWER IZOZOG (CABI)
Empowered live
Resilient nation
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UNDP EQUATOR INITIATIVE CASE STUDY SERIES
Local and indigenous communities across the world are advancing innovative sustainable development solutions that wo
or people and or nature. Few publications or case studies tell the ull story o how such initiatives evolve, the breadth
their impacts, or how they change over time. Fewer still have undertaken to tell these stories with community practition
themselves guiding the narrative.
To mark its 10-year anniversary, the Equator Initiative aims to ll this gap. The ollowing case study is one in a growing ser
that details the work o Equator Prize winners – vetted and peer-reviewed best practices in community-based environmenconservation and sustainable livelihoods. These cases are intended to inspire the policy dialogue needed to take local succ
to scale, to improve the global knowledge base on local environment and development solutions, and to serve as models
replication. Case studies are best viewed and understood with reerence to ‘The Power o Local Action: Lessons rom 10 Years
the Equator Prize’, a compendium o lessons learned and policy guidance that draws rom the case material.
Click on the map to visit the Equator Initiative’s searchable case study database.
EditorsEditor-in-Chie: Joseph Corcoran
Managing Editor: Oliver HughesContributing Editors: Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Erin Lewis, Whitney Wilding
Contributing WritersEdayatu Abieodun Lamptey, Erin Atwell, Toni Blackman, Jonathan Clay, Joseph Corcoran, Larissa Currado, Sarah Gordon, Oliver Hughe
Wen-Juan Jiang, Sonal Kanabar, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Rachael Lader, Patrick Lee, Erin Lewis, Jona Liebl, Mengning Ma,
Mary McGraw, Gabriele Orlandi, Juliana Quaresma, Peter Schecter, Martin Sommerschuh, Whitney Wilding, Luna Wu
DesignOliver Hughes, Dearbhla Keegan, Matthew Konsa, Amy Korngiebel, Kimberly Koserowski, Erin Lewis, John Mulqueen, Lorena de la Pa
Brandon Payne, Mariajosé Satizábal G.
AcknowledgementsThe Equator Initiative acknowledges with gratitude the guidance and inputs o the Captaincy o the Upper and Lower Izozog. Ph
credits courtesy o Rossy R. Montaño ( page 4, top; 6, top) and Hal Noss (cover photo; pages 4, bottom; 6, bottom; 7; 8; 9). Maps courtesy
CIA World Factbook and Wikipedia.
Suggested CitationUnited Nations Development Programme. 2012. Captaincy o the Upper and Lower Izozog (CABI), Bolivia. Equator Initiative Case Stu
Series. New York, NY.
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PROJECT SUMMARY The Captaincy o the Upper and Lower Izozog (Capitaniadel Alto y Bajo Izozog - CABI) represents more than 10,000members o Bolivia’s Izoceño-Guaraní people in a landmark co-management agreement in the country’s Gran Chacoregion. With technical support rom the Wildlie ConservationSociety, CABI negotiated with the Bolivian government orestablishment o the 3.4 million-hectare Kaa-Iya del GranChaco National Park and Integrated Management NaturalArea, one o the largest national parks in South America.
The innovative management agreement at the heart o the park’s creation gives co-management rights to theIzoceño-Guaraní people. CABI has also successully lobbiedor titling o indigenous territories within the park, with theeventual aim o acquiring ownership o around 1.5 millionhectares. These gains have helped to protect the people’sland rom the threats posed by large-scale cattle ranchingand commercial soybean, sunower, and cotton arming.
KEY FACTS
EQUATOR PRIZE WINNER: 2004
FOUNDED: 1991
LOCATION: Gran Chaco region, Bolivia
BENEFICIARIES: 23 communities along the Parapetí River
BIODIVERSITY: Kaa-lya del Gran Chaco National Park
3
CAPTAINCY OF THE UPPER AND LOWERIZOZOG (CABI)Bolivia
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Background and Context 4
Biodiversity Impacts 6
Socioeconomic Impacts 7
Sustainability 8
Partners 9
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4
he Captaincy o the Upper and Lower Izozog (Capitanía del Alto
Bajo Izozog, or CABI) is a grassroots indigenous organization
epresenting 10,000 members o Bolivia’s Izoceño-Guaraní people,
ving in 23 communities along the Parapetí River in the Gran Chaco
egion, south o the Bañados de Izozog wetlands. The group has
een instrumental in achieving recognition o land ownership rights
or indigenous groups throughout Bolivia. In 1995, CABI helped to
reate the 3.4 million-hectare Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco National Park
nd Integrated Management Natural Area (Parque Nacional y Area
Natural de Manejo Integrado Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco), one o the
argest national parks in South America.
A landmark case or land rights in Bolivia
n the lowlands o Eastern Bolivia, land rights are at the heart o the
nter-connected challenges o preserving an indigenous people’s
way o lie and a unique tract o dry tropical orest. The case o Capitanía del Alto y Bajo Izozog demonstrates the importance o
egotiating land tenure amidst diering land uses and user groups.
he pre-Hispanic Guaraní-Izoceño people have sustainably armed
nd hunted in the isolated and biologically diverse Gran Chaco
egion or centuries. In recent decades, however, large-scale cattle
anching and commercial soybean, sunower, and cotton arming
ave encroached upon traditional indigenous territory, damaging
he land through deorestation and soil degradation. Lacking tenure
ghts over the public lands they lived on and utilized, the Guaraní-zoceño were powerless to prevent these incursions.
Negotiations between Bolivia’s government and CABI, on behal o
he Guaraní-Izoceño, began in the 1990s, resulting in two landmark
greements. With technical support rom the Wildlie Conservation
ociety, CABI successully proposed the establishment o the Kaa-
ya del Gran Chaco National Park and Integrated Management
Area (KINP) in 1995. The organization was subsequently named
o-administrator o the park. At 3.4 million hectares o uninhabited
orest and scrubland, the park is the largest protected area in Bolivia,
and contains the largest area o dry tropical orest under prote
in the world.
Establishing the national park was part o a broader CABI
management strategy, however. In 1997, CABI presente
Background and Context
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55
emand or a Tierra Comunitaria de Orígen (TCO) – a designated
ndigenous territory – under Bolivia’s new agrarian reorm law. The
overnment approved the request, while retaining ownership rights
o underground minerals and awarding water rights to the local
municipal government. By the end o 2012, 560,000 hectares o
he Izoceño TCO had been titled, along with an additional 165,000
a o private land. Almost all o the remaining area has completed
he technical requirements or titles to be issued, and requires only
decision by the president to sign the titles. When the process isomplete, approximately 1.2 million hectares o ormerly public
and will be owned by CABI, as the indigenous people’s legal
epresentative, with the remainder o the 1.9 million hectares in
rivate, nonindigenous ownership. In contrast to other cases in
olivia, where parks and indigenous territorial claims overlap and
re a source o conict, CABI’s approach created the opportunity to
manage a total o 5.3 million hectares o the Bolivian Chaco based on
rinciples o rainorest conservation and sustainable use o wildlie
nd other natural resources.
A basis or sustainable local resource management
or the Guaraní-Izoceño, the outcome was a pragmatic compromise.
On the one hand, they relinquished any ownership claim to the land
encompassed by the Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco National Park. On
other hand, the community now own the sole right to exploi
land and orests o their titled territory. This represents a major
towards saeguarding their livelihoods and uture survival, a
recognised as a breakthrough indigenous land rights case in Bo
The Guaraní-Izoceño were also able to negotiate a major inu
over the park, which is the only national park in the Ame
actively co-managed by an indigenous organization and a natgovernment. The group won the right to pursue sustainable activ
such as ecotourism and shing, in some park areas, while closin
entire area to new settlers. The proposal or a co-managed nat
park was reviewed in community meetings prior to its submis
the border was designed in such a way as to minimize conict
allay concerns over the loss o livelihoods, and excluded areas uti
by communities or occupied by third parties rom the park. The
also allows a non-contacted group o Ayoreode hunter-gathere
continue their traditional nomadic liestyle, albeit within a restr
range compared to their historical practices. A participatory
use zoning approach has allowed CABI to reach agreements
the majority o the ranchers and armers in the area, creating a
or broad participation in the management o the national park
settling conicts that obstructed titling its territorial claim.
Fig. 1: Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco National Park, Bolivia
Source: Arambiza, E. and Painter, M. 2006.
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Impacts
BIODIVERSITY IMPACTS
The Kaa-Iya del Gran Chaco National Park incorporates approximately
20% o the Bolivian portion o the Gran Chaco, a vast eco-region
hared with Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil. The 3.4 million-hectare
park is home to viable populations o several agship species,
including the jaguar (Panthera onca) – with roughly 1,000 individ
the park is home to the largest documented population in the w
– and the endemic Chacoan peccary (Catagonus wagneri ), kn
locally as “tagua” or the quilimero pig.
A critical sanctuary or biological diversity
Other wildlie species in the park are typical o the Chaqu
plains region, including 89 species o snakes, 301 species o b
65 species o small mammals, and 59 species o large mamm
As well as jaguars and Chacoan peccaries, mammal species
as armadillos (Tolypeutes matacus and Chlamyphorus retusus)
Chacoan Mara, Conover’s Tuco-tuco, puma, ocelot and maned are all common in the region. The presence o guanacos has
conrmed in the sand-dunes in the south-east o the natural
the White-lipped peccary, Silvery marmoset, Black howler mon
tapir, pampas deer, Bare-aced Curassow, Crowned eagle and B
and-white Hawk-Eagle can also be ound within the park.
The immense importance o this protected area or biolo
diversity is urther underlined by the 880 species o vascular p
registered within its boundaries. Some examples are the quebr
(Schinopsis lorentzii ), black guayacán, soto de arenales (Schin
corneta), and cupesí (Prosopis chilensis). Other important sp
include the oss silk tree (Chorisia speciosa), Iberá-Bira (Caesal
paraguariensis), mistol ( Ziziphus mistol ), and a variety o palm spe
Monitoring and conservation o agship species
As well as helping to design and implement the Kaa-Iya Nat
Park management plan, approved by the Bolivian governme
2000, CABI has also led complementary conservation eorts w
the Izoceño TCO. For instance, their indigenous territory is hom
the only population o the Chacoan guanaco (Lama guanicoe vo
the most highly endangered vertebrate in Bolivia. CABI has ra
unds or a protection campaign conducted with municipalities
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anchers’ associations in the area, and has assigned a technical team
o study the species and promote its conservation. In particular,
hese eorts have ocussed on rangeland management measures
hat allow livestock production or communities and private
anchers, while ensuring guanaco conservation.
Controlled wildlie hunting; wetlands conservationAlso within the community’s traditional lands, the Bolivian
government has explored the legalization o sustainable commercial
wildlie exploitation. This is currently in its pilot phase, and has
allowed individual land owners to hunt selected species. The Izoceño
people have demonstrated interest in producing commercial
hunting proposals or a number o species within the TCO, including
parrots ( Amazona aestiva and Myiopsitta monachus), Red Tegu lizardsTupinambis ruescens), and Collared Peccaries (Tayassu tajacu).
The sustainable use o natural resources in the Gran Chaco was
boosted in September 2001 with the declaration o two local Ramsar
ites. The rst lies completely within the Kaa-Iya National Park, whilehe second site is shared by the national park and the Izoceño TCO,
ncluding the narrow strip o riverine orest along the Parapetí river
n which the Izoceño communities and their agricultural activities
are concentrated. The appropriate management o this area along
Ramsar guidelines has promoted the conservation o this critical
habitat, while supporting Izoceño livelihoods through the long-
erm use o resources including arable land, uelwood, and timber,
he production o mesquite our and native honey, and small-scale
sheries.
SOCIOECONOMIC IMPACTS
The deence o their indigenous lands and securing acces
resources contained within them constitute the primary socia
economic impacts o CABI’s work on behal o the Izoceño-Gua
people. This has been consolidated through the creation o the
Iya National Park and the titling o the Izoceño TCO, with the l
in particular ensuring that the community is able to benet
land ownership and the sustainable use o their natural resouIn addition, the structure o CABI has acilitated a more equit
distribution o benets – such as employment and developm
projects – across the 23 communities, and has mainta
communal access to natural resources without imposing restric
or boundaries among communities. Land rights have thereore
integral to improved ood and livelihood security.
Livelihood diversifcation
Eorts to increase household incomes have been based upon
revitalization o traditional production systems, incorporating v
addition to encourage the sustainable use o resources. Wo
villagers have experimented with the production o mesquite
and sh meal or sale in the Izoceño communities. Plant-b
shampoo and honey are also being commercially developed
sale in Santa Cruz, the regional capital. These activities are man
by CABI’s women’s organization, the Inter-Communal Centre
the Women o the Izoceño Communities (CIMCI), whose goal
to empower women, promote traditional culture, improve
availability and nutrition, and boost indigenous incomes. Accor
to a recent study, the success o these enterprises relies on bui
stronger and more equitable economic links with the expan
market-driven economy o Santa Cruz.
In 2003, CABI evaluated the ecotourism potential o the reidentiying a number o sites or the development o tourism aci
This has the potential to promote conservation within the nat
park and the Izoceño TCO, while producing economic benet
local communities. Pilot ecotourism initiatives have been condu
in partnership with Gas TransBoliviano, Servicio Nacional de A
Protegidas (SERNAP), USAID, and private land-owners.
Environmental education
Since 1996, meanwhile, with support rom the Wildlie Conserv
Society, CABI has implemented an environmental educa
programme throughout the Izozog school system, against
background o national education reorm. This environmecurriculum has been adopted in sixteen local schools, with
support o 90 teachers and reaching approximately 2,000 stud
Supporting materials include a series o teaching manuals, and
course has been adopted by a local teacher training college. In 2
the Izoceño environmental education team worked with UNIC
preparing a guide to environmental education in schools. This t
is currently applying a schoolyard ecology programme – Educa
de la Ecología en el Patio de la Escuela – in schools in Izo
communities and in other communities surrounding the Ka
National Park.
7
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8
Sustainability and Replication
SUSTAINABILITYhe conditional nature o the tribe’s land rights is underlined by the
resence o the 1,900-mile Bolivia-Brazil pipeline, which bisects both
he Kaa-Iya National Park and the TCO. The pipeline was approved
eore either the park or indigenous territory was created, and
he government retains rights to energy resources in the area. As
consequence, Bolivia’s government has granted urther gas and
il exploration concessions in both the KINP and the indigenous
erritory.
Turning an environmental threat into opportunity
ollowing a landmark agreement between the Izoceño and the
ponsors o the pipeline, however, energy companies are required
o work with CABI to mitigate their social and environmental
mpacts. The organization led negotiations with Gas TransBoliviano
hat established the right o local populations to participate in the
enition o compensation and mitigation programs related to the
mpacts associated with hydrocarbon development. As a result o
hese negotiations, a sum o USD 1.5 million was agreed to support
tling o indigenous lands. This was a threeold increase rom the
USD 500,000 originally proposed. This has covered the titling o
he 273,000-hectare Ayoreode TCO and the titling o community
ands or 43 Chiquitano communities living in the pipeline’s area o
nuence, leaving USD 730,000 or the titling o the Izoceño TCO. Thegreement also established a USD 1 million trust und to support the
ational park.
n 2003, CABI and Gas TransBoliviano co-ounded the Kaa-Iya
oundation, which manages the national park’s trust und and
as sought to generate new and additional resources. To date, the
oundation has raised matching unds rom the Weeden Foundation
or each dollar generated by the trust und – totalling USD 55,250 in
002-2003 – and raised an additional USD 65,000 to purchase a ranch
roperty within the Kaa-Iya National Park that has subsequently
een restored as wetlands. This trust und made up 43 percent o the
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99
ark’s budget between 1998 and 2003, and has largely supported
he park’s management when government unding has not been
vailable.
he Izoceño communities have also benetted substantially rom
he arrangement. As part o the compensation programme, CABI
as designed a Development Plan or Indigenous Peoples which
ncludes a range o productive activities or local communities,
ncluding the provision o hand pumps to ensure household water
upplies and community livestock ranches, both based on revolvingredit systems to recover and re-invest nancial resources. CABI
as also worked with Bolivia’s National Agrarian Reorm Institute to
esign an approach or land titling that has reduced the cost rom an
fcial estimate o USD 3 per hectare to USD 0.36 per hectare.
n 2001, these eorts led to the International Association o Impact
ssessment recognizing the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline or excellence
n addressing environmental and social impacts associated with a
major inrastructure project. In 2002, CABI received the XI Annual
artolomé de las Casas prize rom the Government o Spain, or
xtraordinary contributions to environmental conservation and the
eence o indigenous cultures.
he success o CABI’s lobbying and advocacy eorts have ensured
he sustainability o the organization itsel – urther supported by
he reorm o its administrative procedures and annual external
udits to ensure its transparent administration – the environmental
ntegrity o the national park, and a long-term source o unding or
he development o Izoceño communities.
PARTNERS
Strategic partnerships have been crucial to the success o
Captaincy o the Upper and Lower Izozog. Initial contacts betw
CABI and the Wildlie Conservation Society (WCS) date back to 1
with the rst major initiatives beginning in 1994. WCS remains C
most important partner, providing technical support in elabora
the proposal or the creation o the KINP (1994), and in desig
and executing the management o the Kaa-Iya National Park and TCO since 1997.
Servicio Nacional de Areas Protegidas (SERNAP) is the governm
authority responsible or the administration o the national sys
o protected areas; CABI co-manages the Kaa-Iya National Park
SERNAP as part an agreement signed with the Ministry o Sustain
Development and Planning.
Gas TransBoliviano (GTB) is the private company that o
and operates the Bolivia-Brazil gas pipeline. Forming the
Iya Foundation in 2003, CABI and GTB have created a volun
association to promote biodiversity conservation in and around
national park.
United States Agency or International Development (USAID)
provided nancial support or the project since 1996.
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www.equatorinitiative.org
The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the UN’s global development network, advocating or change and
necting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a better lie.
The Equator Initiative brings together the United Nations, governments, civil society, businesses and grassroots organizati
o recognize and advance local sustainable development solutions or people, nature and resilient communities.
©2012 by Equator Initiative
All rights reserved
FURTHER REFERENCE
Arambiza, E. and Painter M. 2006. Biodiversity Conservation and the Quality o Lie o Indigenous People in the Bolivian Chaco. Human O
nization, Vol. 65, No. 1. Society or Applied Anthropology. http://www.ibcperu.org/doc/isis/11576.pd
USAID. 1997. Participatory Practices: Learning From Experience, Procurement Alternative or Collaboration: USAID/Bolivia’s Chaco Initia
http://www.equatorinitiative.org/images/stories/2004winners/CABI/pnacc040.pd