Case Studies for Case Studies for UnderstandingUnderstandingGroundwater and Lake Groundwater and Lake IIInteractionsInteractions

Wisconsin Lakes Convention 2008

Case StudiesCase StudiesCase StudiesCase Studies

•• Silver Lake, Barron Co Silver Lake, Barron Co

ddl Gddl G•• Middle Genesee, Middle Genesee, Walworth CoWalworth Co

•• Crystal Lake, Crystal Lake, Sheboygan CoSheboygan CoSheboygan CoSheboygan Co

•• Central sand plainsCentral sand plainspp

The effects of changes in waterThe effects of changes in waterThe effects of changes in water The effects of changes in water level on the water quality of level on the water quality of Sil L k B C tSil L k B C tSilver Lake, Barron County, Silver Lake, Barron County,

WisconsinWisconsin

Dale Robertson and Bill Rose

U.S. Geological Survey, g y,Wisconsin WSC

Average Summer Trophic State of Silver Lake

Eutrophic60

Mesotrophic50

E IN

DEX

40

HIC

STA

T

Oligotrophic30

TRO

PH

TSI - TP

TSI - CHL

201985 1990 1995 2000 2005

TSI - SD

1985 1990 1995 2000 2005

W t B d tWater Budget

Change in Storage = Inputs – OutputsChange in Storage Inputs Outputs

Ground water

ΔS = P + QI + GI – E - Go

Ground water

Precipitation Surface water Evaporation

O i i l D i i fOriginal Description of Ground-water Flow

Installation and measurement of piezometerspiezometers

Lake water level

direcording gage and rain gagerain gage

Original DescriptionGround-water flow near Silver Lake

Yellow River

Silver Lake

Original Description

New Description

Yellow River

Silver Lake

Yellow River

Estimated Ground-water Output – 0.1 inches/day

With Tribs. 2, 3, and 7, 0.4' to ungaged in April 2005, and .3 to ungaged inWith Tribs. 2, 3, and 7, 0.4 to ungaged in April 2005, and .3 to ungaged in April 2006

88

89

87

88

n, ft

86

Elev

atio

Preliminary Results84

85

Preliminary Results

83

84

11/1/04 12/31/04 3/2/05 5/1/05 7/1/05 8/30/05 10/30/05 12/29/05 2/28/06 4/29/06 6/29/06 8/28/06 10/28/06

Measured stageCalculated stage

MY2005

Water inputs = 1297 acre-ft

Ungaged

Water outputs = 1777 acre-ft

Ungaged11%

Trib. 711% Evaporati

Precip.68%

Trib. 33%

GW out61%

on39%

68%Trib. 2

7%

Accuracy of the Estimated Water Budget

Monthly water inputs and outputs at Silver Lake300

InputsOutputs +storage change

200

250

cre-

feet

Outputs + storage change

100

150

lum

e, in

ac

0

50

Vo

Nov

. 04

Dec

. 04

Jan.

05

Feb.

05

Mar

. 05

Apr.

05

May

05

June

05

July

05

Aug

. 05

Sep

t. 05

Oct

. 05

Nov

. 05

Dec

. 05

Jan.

06

Feb.

06

Mar

. 06

Apr.

06

May

06

June

06

July

06

Aug

. 06

Sep

t. 06

Oct

. 06

Results Can Now Be Used To:

1. Understand changes in water quality

2. Estimate how the lake should respond to various management alternativesvarious management alternatives

3. Develop a Management Plan for the lake

4. Better able to predict changes in other lakes

Middle Genesee Lake

Waukesha County

Middle Genesee Study, Waukesha County

Middle Genesee Study, Waukesha County

Middle Genesee Study, Waukesha County

Middle Genesee Study, Waukesha County

Middle Genesee Study, Waukesha County

Middle Genesee Study, Waukesha County

The calibrated model can be usedMiddle Genesee Study, Waukesha CountyThe calibrated model can be used

to estimate GWin

Middle Genesee Study, Waukesha County

The ground-water capture zone under a “development” scenario

CASE STUDIES: CRYSTALCASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKELAKECASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKELAKEBob Nauta, RSV Engineering

Are the wells affecting Crystal Lake?Are the wells affecting Crystal Lake?Are the wells affecting Crystal Lake?Are the wells affecting Crystal Lake?

Figures from Hey and Associates, 2007

CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKELAKE

• STATISTICAL ANALYSES

• WATER CHEMISTRY ANALYSESWATER CHEMISTRY ANALYSES

• GROUNDWATER MONITORING

CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKELAKEGROUNDWATER MONITORINGGROUNDWATER MONITORING

CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKELAKEGROUNDWATER MONITORINGGROUNDWATER MONITORING

8/7/07 8/14/07 8/21/07 8/28/07 9/4/07 9/11/07 9/18/078/7/07 8/14/07 8/21/07 8/28/07 9/4/07 9/11/07 9/18/078/7/07 8/14/07 8/21/07 8/28/07 9/4/07 9/11/07 9/18/07

8/7/07 8/14/07 8/21/07 8/28/07 9/4/07 9/11/07 9/18/07

8/7/07 8/14/07 8/21/07 8/28/07 9/4/07 9/11/07 9/18/07

CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKELAKE

• STATISTICAL ANALYSES

• WATER CHEMISTRY ANALYSESWATER CHEMISTRY ANALYSES

• GROUNDWATER MONITORING

• GROUNDWATER MODELING• GROUNDWATER MODELING

CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKELAKEGROUNDWATER MODELINGGROUNDWATER MODELINGGROUNDWATER MODELINGGROUNDWATER MODELING

CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKELAKEGROUNDWATER MODELINGGROUNDWATER MODELING

GROUNDWATERDIVIDE

GOLF

LA BUDDECREEK

CR J

CR CJ

1000

CRYSTAL LAKE

COURSEROAD

900

800VATI

ON

(MSL

)

800

700

ELEV

A

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000

FEET

CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKELAKE

• STATISTICAL ANALYSES

• WATER CHEMISTRY ANALYSESWATER CHEMISTRY ANALYSES

• GROUNDWATER MONITORING

• GROUNDWATER MODELING• GROUNDWATER MODELING

• ORGANIZE REGIONAL STUDY

• GRANT ASSISTANCE

CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKELAKEREGIONAL STUDYREGIONAL STUDY

• SANITARY DISTRICT #1 – TOWNS OF RHINE & PLYMOUTH

• TOWN OF RHINE

• LITTLE ELKHART LAKEREHABILITATION DISTRICT

• SHEBOYGAN COUNTY

CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKELAKEREGIONAL STUDYREGIONAL STUDY

• CITIZENS ADVISORY COMMITTEE

• TECHNICAL WORKING GROUP

CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKELAKE

• STATISTICAL ANALYSES

• WATER CHEMISTRY ANALYSESWATER CHEMISTRY ANALYSES

• GROUNDWATER MONITORING

• GROUNDWATER MODELING• GROUNDWATER MODELING

• ORGANIZE REGIONAL STUDY

• GRANT ASSISTANCE

CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL CASE STUDIES: CRYSTAL LAKELAKEGRANT ASSISTANCEGRANT ASSISTANCE

• SUBMITTED BY SHEBOYGAN COUNTY

• FIRST STEP IN REGIONAL STUDY – ORGANIZE EXISTING DATA

• PROCEED TO NEXT PHASE

Central Sands LakesCentral Sands LakesCentral Sands Lakes Central Sands Lakes

Tim Asplund, WDNR Tim Asplund, WDNR and George Kraft (UWSP)and George Kraft (UWSP)

NW Waushara County LakesNW Waushara County LakesNW Waushara County LakesNW Waushara County Lakes

•• Landlocked lakes, no Landlocked lakes, no outletoutlet

•• Sandy soilsSandy soilsSandy soilsSandy soils•• Lakes near major regional Lakes near major regional

groundwater dividegroundwater divide•• Recent declines afterRecent declines after•• Recent declines after Recent declines after

unusually high period in unusually high period in the 1990sthe 1990s

•• ShortShort--term drought in term drought in Central WICentral WI

•• Major pumping centerMajor pumping centerajo pu p g ce teajo pu p g ce te

Source: UWSP

Source:UWSP

Source:UWSP

Effects of irrigation1970 –1/4 of the area irrigated

normal summer stream loss:- normal summer stream loss:25-30%

l t d li- normal summer water decline:½ foot

- drought stream loss:70-90%

- drought water decline:2-3 feet

Effects of irrigationIf 50% of area irrigated

-drought stream loss:drought stream loss:100%

drought water decline:- drought water decline:4 - 5 feet

2007:

>75% of area irrigated

Waushara County LakesWaushara County LakesWaushara County LakesWaushara County LakesLong, Huron

Fish, Pine

Source: UWSP

1950s

199499

Spring 2006Spring 2006

July 2006Ju y 006

Waushara Co LakesWaushara Co Lakeste

rval

s)

Marl

el (5

Fee

t Int Marl

HuronPleasantBeansPi

e La

ke L

eve Pine

WittersLongFish

Rel

ativ

e Bughs

1954 1960 1965 1971 1976 1982 1987 1993 1998 2004 2009Year

Waushara Co LakesWaushara Co LakesWaushara Co. LakesWaushara Co. LakesAt sub-continental divide, near pumping

1100

1105

l

R2 = 0.0096

R2 = 0 39491085

1090

1095

ve s

ea le

vel

LongHuronPineR = 0.3949

R2 = 0.54181075

1080

Feet

abo

v PineFish

R2 = 0.71181065

1070

Jun-1968

Dec-1973

May-1979

Nov-1984

May-1990

Oct-1995

Apr-2001

Oct-2006

Apr-20121968 1973 1979 1984 1990 1995 2001 2006 2012

Year

Waushara Co LakesWaushara Co LakesWaushara Co. LakesWaushara Co. LakesAway from divide, distant from pumping

890

R2 = 0.0092880

885

890

vel

2865

870

875

ove

sea

lev

GilbertBughs

R2 = 0.0908

855

860

865

Feet

ab Witters

R2 = 0.0006845

850

Jun-1968

Dec-1973

May-1979

Nov-1984

May-1990

Oct-1995

Apr-2001

Oct-2006

Apr-20121968 1973 1979 1984 1990 1995 2001 2006 2012

Year

Water table well near Hancock, WI

source: US Geological Survey -http://groundwaterwatch.usgs.gov

Nelsonville

Amherst Jct.

Down 3 ftKraft, 2008

Down 1 ft

Wild RoseDown 1 ft

Wautoma

Down 3 ft

Water levels unaffected by Water levels unaffected by pumpingpumping

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

pumpingpumping

-10.0

-8.0

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

renc

e

-6.0

-4.0

m 1

959

refe

-2.0

0.0

ater

(ft)

from

2.0

4.0

6 0Dept

h to

wa

6.0D

PT0015 PT0276 WS0105 Kraft, 2008

Water levels affected by Water levels affected by pumpingpumpingpumpingpumping

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Year

-10.0

-8.0

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

eren

ce

-6.0

-4.0

m 1

959

refe

-2.0

0.0

ater

(ft)

from

2.0

4.0

6 0Dept

h to

wa

6.0D

PT376_1464 WS0008 Kraft, 2008

Nelsonville

Amherst Jct.

Down 3 ft Nelsonville

Amherst Jct.

Down 3 ftKraft, 2008

Down 1 ftDown 1 ft

Wild RoseDown 1 ft Wild RoseDown 1 ft

Wautoma

Down 3 ft

Wautoma

Down 3 ft