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People v. Ortega (276 SCRA 166)

Facts :

In 1992, en!a"#n Ortega, $r., %an&el 'arc#a an a certa#n $on *oe +ere cange

+#t "&rer or te -#ll#ng Anre %an %asang-a. As narrate / a +#tness, te

v#ct#" ans+ere te calle o nat&re an +ent to te /ac- port#on o te o&se

+ere te +ere av#ng a r#n-#ng spree. Acc&se Ortega ollo+e #" an later

te ear te v#ct#" so&t#ng or elp an +en te ran to+ars te scene e

sa+ te acc&se on top o te v#ct#" an sta//#ng te latter +#t a long /lae

+eapon. 0ereater, Ortega an 'arc#a /ro&gt te v#ct#" to a +ell an roppe

#" an place stones #nto te +ell. 0e tr#al co&rt o&n te acc&se glt /eon

reasona/le o&/t. 0e acc&se appeale averr#ng tat te tr#al co&rt erre #n

ol#ng te" cr#"#nall l#a/le /eca&se at te t#"e te v#ct#" +as roppe #nto te

+ell, e +as st#ll al#ve.

Iss&e:

eter or not te acc&se "a /e el cr#"#nall l#a/le or te eat o te v#ct#"

+#c #s not attr#/&ta/le to te sta/ +o&ns /&t &e to ro+n#ng

*ec#s#on:

A person +o co""#ts a elon #s cr#"#nall l#a/le or te #rect nat&ral an log#cal

conse3&ences o #s +rong&l act even +ere te res&lt#ng cr#"e #s "ore ser#o&s

tan tat #ntene. 0e essent#al re3s#tes or t#s cr#"#nal l#a/#l#t to attac are as

ollo+s :

1. te #ntene act #s elon#o&s 4

2. te res&lt#ng act #s l#-e+#se a elon4 an

5. te &n#ntene graven +rong +as pr#"ar#l ca&se / te actors +rong&l acts.

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r/ano v. People ('.R. 8o. 127;)

Facts:

Pet#t#oner

r/ano test#IA*. pon reac#ng te >IA* co"po&n, 0o"elen allegel slappe an

&rle #ns&lts at #", call#ng #" ?s#ps#p? !&st to "a#nta#n #s e"plo"ent as

8avarros tr#ccle r#ver. 0o"elen allegel ten el#vere several

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en

te la+ spea-s o provocat#on e#ter as a "#t#gat#ng c#rc&"stance or as an essent#al

ele"ent o selBeense, te reerence #s to an &n!&st or #"proper con&ct o te

oDene part capa/le o e@c#t#ng, #nc#t#ng, or #rr#tat#ng anone4 #t #s not eno&g

tat te provocat#ve act /e &nreasona/le or anno#ng4 te provocat#on "&st /e

s&c#ent to e@c#te one to co""#t te +rong&l act an so&l #""e#atel preceete act. 0#s t#r re3s#te o selBeense #s present: (1) +en no provocat#on at all

+as g#ven to te aggressor4 (2) +en, even # provocat#on +as g#ven, #t +as not

s&c#ent4 (5) +en even # te provocat#on +as s&c#ent, #t +as not g#ven / te

person een#ng #"sel4 or (E) +en even # a provocat#on +as g#ven / te

person een#ng #"sel, #t +as not pro@#"ate an #""e#ate to te act o

aggress#on.

In te #nstant case, 0o"elens #ns&lt#ng re"ar-s #recte at pet#t#oner an &ttere

#""e#atel /eore te *: 8o. A/arca #s ent#tle to te prov#s#ons o Art#cle 2E7 o te Rev#se PenalCoe +#c prov#es:

An legall "arr#e person +o, av#ng s&rpr#se #s spo&se #n te act o

co""#tt#ng se@&al #nterco&rse +#t anoter person, sall -#ll an o te" or /ot o

te" #n te act or #""e#atel tereater, or sall #nG#ct &pon te" an ser#o&s

ps#cal #n!&r, sall s&Der te penalt o est#erro.

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Art#cle 2E7 prescr#/es te ollo+#ng ele"ents: (1) tat a legall "arr#e person

s&rpr#ses #s spo&se #n te act o co""#tt#ng se@&al #nterco&rse +#t anoter

person4 an (2) tat e -#lls an o te" or /ot o te" #n te act or #""e#atel

tereater. 0ese ele"ents are present #n t#s case.

Hven to&g one o&r a alrea lapse ro" te t#"e A/arca ca&gt #s +#e +#t

o an te t#"e e -#lle o, te -#ll#ng +as st#ll te #rect /Bpro&ct o A/arcas

rage. 0ereore, A/arca #s not l#a/le or te eat o o.

=o+ever, A/arca #s st#ll l#a/le or te #n!&r#es e ca&se to te t+o oter persons e

sot #n te a!acent roo" /&t #s l#a/#l#t sall not /e or r&strate "&rer. In te

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Mariano Medina !ompensatory, mora, and eempary damages and attorney/s fees in the

tota amount of %,150#

After tria, the " "avite awarded %1,000 to the paintiffs pus %400 as attorney/s fee, pus

%100, the vaue of the mer!handise being !arried by (ata!an to %asay "ity for sae and

whi!h was ost in the fire# (oth paintiffs and defendants appeaed the !ase to "A whi!h

endorsed the !ase to S"#

$""%e# $+ the proimate !ause of the death of (ata!an was the overturning of the bus or the fire that

burned the bus, in!uding the 6 passengers eft inside#

&eld#

-he "ourt hed that the proimate !ause was the overturning of the bus be!ause when the

vehi!e turned not ony on its side but !ompetey on its ba!7, the ea7ing of the gasoine from

the tan7 was not unnatura or unepe!ted#

-he !oming of the men with a ighted tor!h was in response to the !a for hep, made not ony

by the passengers, but most probaby, by the driver and the !ondu!tor themseves, and that

be!ause it was dar7 8about 2:30 in the morning, the res!uers had to !arry a ight with them,

and !oming as they did from a rura area where anterns and fashights were not avaiabe#

n other words, the !oming of the men with a tor!h was to be epe!ted and was a natura

seuen!e of the overturning of the bus, the trapping of some of its passengers and the !a for

outside hep#

Moreover, the burning of the bus !an aso in part be attributed to the negigen!e of the !arrier,

through its driver and its !ondu!tor# A!!ording to the witness, the driver and the !ondu!tor

were on the road wa7ing ba!7 and forth# -hey, or at east, the driver shoud and must have

7nown that in the position in whi!h the overturned bus was, gasoine !oud and must have

ea7ed from the gasoine tan7 and soa7ed the area in and around the bus#

-he ea7ed gasoine !an be smet and dire!ted even from a distan!e, and yet neither the

driver nor the !ondu!tor woud appear to have !autioned or ta7en steps to warn the res!uers

not to bring the ighted tor!h too near the bus#

n addition, the !ase invoves a brea!h of !ontra!t of transportation be!ause the Medina

-ransportation faied to !arry (ata!an safey to his destination, %asay "ity# -here was

i7ewise negigen!e on the part of the defendant, through his agent, the driver Sayon# -here is

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eviden!e to show that at the time of the bow out, the bus was speeding and that the driver

faied to !hanged the tires into new ones as instru!ted by Mariano Medina#

-he driver had not been diigent and had not ta7en the ne!essary pre!autions to insure the

safety of his passengers# ;ad he !hanged the tires, spe!iay those in front, with new ones, as

he had been instru!ted to do, probaby, despite his speeding, the bow out woud not have

o!!urred#

People vs. %acar#o lep

'R 8o. >B56, $8H 2;, 19

People vs. lepFacts: %acar#o lep, acc&se, el/o+e er +#e on er /reast, &pon

/e#ng r&n- an &tter#ng#necent +ors. S&/se3&entl, te v#ct#" vo"#te an ten

+ent to /e. Je acc&se ten letor te

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'.R. 8O. >B5E66 A&g&st 2, 1951

FAC0S: Appeal ro" a !&ge"ent o te CFI o Occ#ental %#sa"#s, or appelant +as

stence to 12 ears an 1 a o recl&s#on te"poral an to #ne"n# te e#rs o

te ecease +#t te a"o&nt o P1,;;;. 0e cr#"e carge aga#nst te acc&se #s

o"#c#e.

In te aternoon o %a 6, 195;, a #st&r/ance arose #n a t&/a +#nesop. *onato

#no oDere so"e t&/a to Fa&st#no Pacas +#e 0#/a. Se re&se /eca&se se

alrea ave one, /&t #no treatene to #n!&re er # se # not accept. Pacas

steppe #n to een #s +#e, atte"pt#ng to ta-e a+a ro" #no te /olo e

carr#e. H"#g#o O"a"a" +o ca"e to te +#ne sop to see +at4s appen#ng,

#nstea got sta//e #n te cest / #no. 0#s appene +en #no s&cceee

#n #sengag#ng #"sel ro" Pacas, +renc#ng te /olo ro" te latters an

to+ars te let /e#n te acc&se an +#t s&c v#olence tat te po#nt o te

/olo reace O"a"a"s cest +o +as ten /e#n #no.

ISSH(S): eter or not #no #s cr#"#nall l#a/le

=H>*: Corro/orate / 'a&enc#o Cenas o te test#"on o te acc&se, Pacas an

#no +ere act&all or te possess#on o te /olo. en Pacas let go o te /olo,

#no a p&lle so v#olentl tat #t Ge+ to+ars #s let s#e, at te ver "o"ent

+en H"#g#o O"a"a" ca"e &p an +o +as tereore #t #n te cest +#to&t

#no see#ng #". #no alleges tat #t +as ca&se acc#entall an +#to&t

"al#c#o&s #ntent /eca&se e +as onl een#ng #s possess#on o te /olo +#c

Pacas +as tr#ng to +renc a+a ro" #" an #s con&ct +as perectl la+&l.

0e Co&rt tereore ac3tte #no /ase on te acts state.

5. PHOP>H v. 0RI8I*A* U169 SCRA 1 (199)V

Facts: 0r#n#a acc&se o 2 co&nts o "&rer N 1 co&nt r&strate "&rer. Acc&se

#n "e"/er o I8P #n 8as#p#t. Cr#"e occ&rre #n &t&an /et+een Hl R#o N Aga +#le

te +ere #n a aron +#le e

sot an #n!&re 0an

Iss&e: O8 conv#ct#on #s proper

=el: Ar"e. %&rer an atte"pte "&rer. 0r#n#a al#/# #s +ea- an overr#en

/ 0an an Co""enaors pos#t#ve #ent#

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#""ater#al. I"portant #s tat e sot te". 0an as no seen #ll "ot#ve to als#ope, X&eon, e +as

approace / Pa/l#to *o"as#an +o re3&este #s ass#stance #n gett#ng #s

aters s#gnat&re on a "e#cal cert#

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+en e "et #s parents, +o +ere r##ng #n te osp#tal a"/&lance an alrea

loo-#ng or #".

W At a/o&t 1:E #n te aternoon o te sa"e a, ater Hnr#cos ret&rn, Agra

rece#ve an envelope conta#n#ng a ranso" note. 0e note e"ane P1 "#ll#on or

te release o Hnr#co an +arne tat oter+#se te /o +o&l /e -#lle. Agra

to&gt te an+r#t#ng #n te note +as a"#l#ar. Ater co"par#ng #t +#t so"erecors #n te osp#tal, e gave te note to te pol#ce, +#c reerre #t to te 8I

or e@a"#nat#on

W %arc 11, 192 1:E p": Agra rece#ve an envelope conta#n#ng a ranso" note

e"an#ng P1 "#ll#on oter+#se Hnr#co +#ll /e -#lle. . Agra to&gt te an+r#t#ng

#n te note +as a"#l#ar so e reerre #t to te 8I or e@a"#nat#on an #t t&rne o&t

to /e *r. Sa"son 0ans s#gnat&re.

W *o"as#an an 0an +ere s&/se3&entl carge +#t te cr#"e o -#napp#ng +#t

ser#o&s #llegal etent#on #n te Reg#onal 0r#al Co&rt o X&eon

o *o"as#ans al#/#: at te t#"e o te #nc#ent e +as +atc#ng a "a!ong ga"e#n a r#ens o&se an later +ent to an opt#cal cl#n#c +#t #s +#e or te reract#on

o #s eeglasses

o *r. 0ans al#/#: e +as #n %an#la

W Hnr#co, 0#rso Ferreras an 'rate all po#nte *o"as#an.

W R0C: *o"as#an an 0an glt as carge an sentence te" to s&Der te

penalt o recl&s#on perpet&a an all accessor penalt#es

W Appeale

ISSH: 8 *o"as#an an 0an #s glt o -#napp#ng -#napp#ng +#t ser#o&s #llegal

etent#on

=H>*: THS. appeale ec#s#on #s AFFIR%H*

W Art. 267. #napp#ng an ser#o&s #llegal etent#on "a cons#st not onl #n

plac#ng a person #n an enclos&re /&t also #n eta#n#ng #" or epr#v#ng #" #n an

"anner o #s l#/ert

W 0an cla#"s tat te lo+er co&rt erre #n not

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1. an person co""#tt#ng a elon (el#to) alto&g te +rong&l act one /e

#Derent ro" tat +#c e #ntene.

W Hven /eore te ranso" note +as rece#ve, te cr#"e o -#napp#ng +#t ser#o&s

#llegal etent#on a alrea /een co""#tte. 0e act cannot /e cons#ere an

#"poss#/le cr#"e /eca&se tere +as no #nerent #"pro/a/#l#t o #ts

acco"pl#s"ent or te e"plo"ent o #nae3&ate or #neDect#ve "eans. 0esen#ng o te ranso" note +o&l ave a te eDect onl o #ncreas#ng te penalt

to eat &ner te last paragrap o Art#cle 267 alto&g t#s too +o&l not ave

/een poss#/le &ner te ne+ Const#t&t#on.

W On te #ss&e o consp#rac, +e note

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(iablana t#en alled and relayed t#e messa"e t#rou"# aused Anita 5alenia, a former

employee6olletor of e"a /oam, beause t#e %apitles did not #ave a p#one but t#ey ould be

rea#ed t#rou"# 5alenia, a nei"#bor and former o7employee of Ja*ueline %apitle at e"a

/oam.

5alenia t#en told (iablana t#at t#e #e! ame from )aby A*uino, and instruted (iablana

to as! )aby A*uino to replae t#e #e! wit# as#. 5alenia also told (iablana of a plan to ta!e

t#e as# and divide it e*ually into four8 for #erself, (iablana, petitioner Jainto and Ja*ueline

%apitle. (iablana, upon t#e advise of e"a /oam&s aountant, reported t#e matter to t#e

owner of e"a /oam, Josep# $y#en"o.

T#ereafter, Josep# $y#en"o tal!ed to )aby A*uino and was able to onfirm t#at t#e latter

indeed #anded petitioner a )$+ #e! for P10,000.00 as payment for #er pur#ases from e"a

/oam. )aby A*uino furt#er testified t#at petitioner Jainto also alled #er on t#e p#one to tell #er

t#at t#e )$+ #e! bouned. 5erifiation from ompany reords s#owed t#at petitioner never

remitted t#e sub4et #e! to e"a /oam. owever, )aby A*uino said t#at s#e #ad already paid

e"a /oam P10,000.00 as# as replaement for t#e dis#onored #e!.

$y#en"o filed a %omplaint wit# t#e :ational )ureau of nvesti"ation :)- and wor!ed out an

entrapment operation wit# its a"ents. Ten piees of P1,000.00 bills provided by $y#en"o were

mar!ed and dusted wit# fluoresent powder by t#e :). T#ereafter, t#e bills were "iven to

(iablana, w#o was tas!ed to pretend t#at s#e was "oin" alon" wit# 5alenia&s plan.

(iablana, petitioner, #er #usband, and 5alenia t#en boarded petitioner&s 4eep and went on to

)aby A*uino&s fatory. +nly (iablana ali"#ted from t#e 4eep and entered t#e premises of )aby

A*uino, pretendin" t#at s#e was "ettin" as# from )aby A*uino. owever, t#e as# s#e atually

brou"#t out from t#e premises was t#e P10,000.00 mar!ed money previously "iven to #er by

$y#en"o. (iablana divided t#e money and upon returnin" to t#e 4eep, "ave P;,000.00 ea#

to 5alenia and petitioner. T#ereafter, petitioner and 5alenia were arrested by :) a"ents, w#o

#ad been wat#in" t#e w#ole time.

A ase was filed a"ainst t#e t#ree aused, Jainto, 5alenia and %apitle. (T% rendered

its $eision findin" t#em G$ILT%beyond reasonable doubt of t#e rime of QUALIFIED

THEFTand sentened ea# imprisonment of FI&E '5( %EARS, FI&E '5( MONTHS

AN) ELE&EN '11( )A%S, as minimum, o SI* '6( %EARS, EIGHT '+( MONTHS

AN) TENT% '20( )A%S, as maximum.

T#e t#ree appealed to t#e %A and t#e deision of t#e trial ourt was MO)IFIE), in

t#at8a- t#e sentene a"ainst aused Gemma Jainto stands b- t#e sentene a"ainst

aused Anita 5alenia is redued to < mont#s arresto mayor medium, and - T#e

aused Ja*ueline %apitle is a*uitted. ene, t#e present Petition for (eview on

Certiorarifiled by petitioner alone,

Iss-e! =#et#er or not a wort#less #e! an be t#e ob4et of t#eft.

Hed! As may be "leaned from t#e aforementioned Artiles of t#e (evised Penal %ode,/e peson"

pope s-3e# o /e /e -s /"e soe "-e, "s /e 7nen7on o /e "##-sed 7s

ogain o /e /7n8 soen. T#is is furt#er bolstered by Artile 309, w#ere t#e law provides

t#at t#e penalty to be imposed on t#e aused is dependent on t#e value of t#e t#in" stolen.

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n t#is ase, petitioner unlawfully too! t#e postdated #e! belon"in" to e"a /oam, but t#e

same was apparently wit#out value, as it was subse*uently dis#onored. T#us, t#e *uestion arises

on w#et#er t#e rime of *ualified t#eft was atually produed. T#e %ourt must resolve t#e issue in

t#e ne"ative.

Intod v. Court of Appeals is #i"#ly instrutive and appliable to t#e present ase. n Intod (see

doctrines laid out in Intod), t#e %ourt went on to "ive an e>ample ofan offense t#at involved

fatual impossibility, i.e., a man puts #is #and in t#e oat po!et of anot#er wit# t#e intention to

steal t#e latter&s wallet, but "ets not#in" sine t#e po!et is empty.

erein petitioner&s ase is losely a!in to t#e above e>ample of fatual impossibility "iven in

Intod. n t#is ase, petitioner performed all t#e ats to onsummate t#e rime of *ualified t#eft,

w#i# is a rime a"ainst property. Petitioner&s evil intent annot be denied, as t#e mere at of

unlawfully ta!in" t#e #e! meant for e"a /oam s#owed #er intent to "ain or be un4ustly

enri#ed. =ere it not for t#e fat t#at t#e #e! bouned, s#e would #ave reeived t#e fae value

t#ereof, w#i# was not ri"#tfully #ers. T#erefore, it was only due to t#e e>traneous irumstane

of t#e #e! bein" unfunded, a fat un!nown to petitioner at t#e time, t#at prevented t#e rime

from bein" produed. T#e t#in" unlawfully ta!en by petitioner turned out to be absolutelywort#less, beause t#e #e! was eventually dis#onored, and e"a /oam #ad reeived t#e as#

to replae t#e value of said dis#onored #e!.

T#e fat t#at petitioner was later entrapped reeivin" t#e P;,000.00 mar!ed money, w#i# s#e

t#ou"#t was t#e as# replaement for t#e dis#onored #e!, is of no moment. T#e %ourt #eld in

Valenzuela v. Peoplet#at under t#e definition of t#eft in Artile 30? of t#e (evised Penal %ode

t#ere is only one operative at of e>eution by t#e ator involved in t#eftZt#e ta!in" of personal

property of anot#er.@ As o /e 7e /" pe77one oo9 possess7on o /e #/e#9 e"n

o Me8" Fo", s/e /"d peoed " /e "#s o #ons-"e /e #7e o /e, /"d 7

no een 7poss7e o "##op7s/en 7n /7s #"se. +bviously, t#e plan to onvine )aby

A*uino to "ive as# as replaement for t#e #e! was #at#ed only after t#e #e! #ad been

dis#onored by t#e drawee ban!. ine t#e rime of t#eft is not a ontinuin" offense, petitioner&s

at of reeivin" t#e as# replaement s#ould not be onsidered as a ontinuation of t#e t#eft. Atmost, t#e fat t#at petitioner was au"#t reeivin" t#e mar!ed money was merely orroboratin"

evidene to stren"t#en proof of #er intent to "ain.

oreover, t#e fat t#at petitioner furt#er planned to #ave t#e dis#onored #e! replaed wit#

as# by its issuer is a different and separate fraudulent s#eme. nfortunately, sine said

s#eme was not inluded or overed by t#e alle"ations in t#e nformation, t#e %ourt annot

pronoune 4ud"ment on t#e aused ot#erwise, it would violate t#e due proess lause of t#e

%onstitution. f at all, t#at fraudulent s#eme ould #ave been anot#er possible soure of

riminal liability.

: 5B= +/ TB /+(BG+:G, t#e petition is GRANTE). T#e $eision of t#e %ourt of Appeals,

are MO)IFIE). Petitioner Gemma T. Jainto is found G$ILT%of an IMPOSSI:LE CRIME as

defined and penaliCed in Artiles