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Bir
th ra
te(p
er 1
000
peo
ple
)Kazakhstan
Moldova
Georgia Turkmenistan Kyrgyzstan
Belarus
Armenia
Ukraine
Azerbaijan TajikistanUzbekistan
30
20
10
0
Dea
th ra
te(p
er 1
000
peo
ple
)
30
20
10
25
15
5
25
15
5
0
LatviaLithuania RussiaEstonia
A Birth and death rates in the former USSR
B Russia’s population
What is happening to Russia’s population?Source A shows Russia and the other countries which, up to 1991, used to form the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). Russia’s population is likely to decline from 143 million in 2007 to 111 million in 2050. The main causes of this are a high death rate, low birth rate and a low level of immigration. Alcohol-related deaths in Russia are very high and life expectancy is low. Russian women, who are highly educated, do not want large numbers of children. Immigration into Russia is low, and many emigrants are moving away from Russia, particularly to Western Europe to look for a better lifestyle.
C Russian birth and death rates
18
16
14
12
10
8
Bir
ths/
Dea
ths
per
100
0
Year1980
19821984
19861988
19901992
19941996
19982000
20022004
20062008
Birth rate
Death rate
More than one million Russians with AIDS
Male life expectancy falls to 59
Lowest ever birth rates at 1.1 per woman
One pensioner for every worker in 20 years’ time
Russian death rates highest in peacetime
Task 1Study Source A.
a Name the country shown on the map with the highest rate of natural population growth.
bpeople.
c Name three other countries shown on the map that are experiencing population decline.
Task 2Study Source C.
a Describe how birth rates and death rates changed in
b Identify the years when the total population:
Task 3Match the following beginnings and endings of sentences to complete three population is now declining.Death rates are high … to have a career rather than
large numbers of children.Birth rates are low …
… as more people move out of
Population is lost through migration …
… because of high levels of alcoholism, heart disease and accidents.
8 Cambridge IGCSE Geography
CASESTUDY Population decline in Russia1b
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-75784-3 - Cambridge IGCSE Geography CoursebookGary Cambers and Steve SibleyExcerptMore information
D Population graphs for the G8 countries
Population since 1990
350
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
Mill
ion
s
Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia UK USA
Life expectancy at birth
85
80
75
70
65
60
Year
s
Canada France Germany Italy Japan Russia UK USA
Adult HIV infection (2007)
Japan
Germany
UK
Canada
France
Italy
USA
Russia
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6
% of all 15–49 year-olds
0.8 1.0 1.2
TB infection (2007)
Japan
Germany
UK
Canada
France
Italy
USA
Russia
0 50 100 150
Number of cases per 100 000 population
200
1990
2004
1990
2004
2020 (projected)
E Cash for more babies! Task 4Study Sources B and D.
a Use Source D toidentify the main differences between
G8 countries. Use fi gures and examples in your answer.
b Use Source B tosuggest reasons for these differences.
Task 5Study Source E.
trying to decide whether to have a second child. Write a conversation between them which includes information about the advantages and problems of having another child.
Sample case study questionFor a country that you have studied, explain why it has a high rate of natural population growth.
A second baby? Russia’s mothers aren’t persuaded19 May 2006
President Vladimir Putin last week promised to spend some of the country’s oil profi ts on efforts to solve the population problem. He ordered parliament to more than double monthly child support payments to 1500 roubles (about US$55) and added that women who choose to have a second baby will receive 250,000 roubles (US$9200); a very large amount in a country where average monthly incomes are close to US$330.
On Monday, young women at the Family Planning Youth Centre in Moscow said they liked the sound of more money, but suggested that Mr Putin has no idea about their lives. ‘A child is not an easy project, and in this world a woman is expected to get an education, fi nd a job, and make a career,’ says Svetlana Romanicheva, a student who says she won’t consider having a baby for at least fi ve years.
Others say Putin is right. ‘Russian women typically have one child ... but many of my patients would like a second if they felt they had enough support,’ says Galina Dedova, a doctor at Happy Families, a private Moscow clinic. ‘Most of my patients count their roubles ... If they could get more money, some might have more children.’
9
Theme 1 Topic 1
www.cambridge.org© in this web service Cambridge University Press
Cambridge University Press978-0-521-75784-3 - Cambridge IGCSE Geography CoursebookGary Cambers and Steve SibleyExcerptMore information