Week 13b. Split-INFLWeek 13b. Split-INFLand, time permitting, QRand, time permitting, QR

CAS LX 522CAS LX 522Syntax ISyntax I

Using the microscopeUsing the microscope

We started We started off with a off with a relatively relatively simple simple structure, structure, with a CP, with a CP, a TP, a a TP, a VP.VP. tk

VP

TP

V

Ti+C

C

CP

whatDPj

didT

ti

tj

PatDPk

DPeatV

DP

T

Using the microscopeUsing the microscope

As we looked As we looked closer, we closer, we had reason to had reason to think that think that the “VP” was the “VP” was more more complicated, complicated, involving a involving a “little “little vv”. ”.

tk

vP

TP

v

Ti+C

C

CP

whatDPj

didT

ti

PatDPk

eatVm+v

DP

T

tm

VP

DPtj

V

Using the microscopeUsing the microscope But for many But for many purposes, we purposes, we don’t don’t needneed to to focus on the focus on the minute details minute details of the VP. In of the VP. In those those situations, situations, you’ll find that you’ll find that people still people still write VPs like write VPs like this, with the this, with the understanding understanding that the that the vvP is P is there.there.

tk

VP

IP

V

Ti+C

C

CP

whatDPj

didT

ti

tj

PatDPk

DPeatV

DP

T

Using the microscopeUsing the microscope What we’re What we’re going to do now going to do now is put “TP” is put “TP” under the under the microscope, microscope, where we’ll where we’ll find it is more find it is more complicated. complicated. For most For most purposes, we purposes, we can continue to can continue to think about it think about it as “TP”, but as “TP”, but this is a this is a preview of preview of where syntax where syntax can go from can go from here.here.

tk

VP

IP

V

Ii+C

C

CP

whatDPj

didI

ti

tj

PatDPk

DPeatV

DP

I

Let’s go back to Let’s go back to French…French…

Jean mange souvent des pommes.Jean mange souvent des pommes.Jean eats often of.the Jean eats often of.the applesapples‘Jean often eat apples.’‘Jean often eat apples.’

*Jean souvent mange des pommes.*Jean souvent mange des pommes.

Recall that this was one of Recall that this was one of our early examples showing our early examples showing verb-movement to T. French verb-movement to T. French and English differ in whether and English differ in whether they move finite main verbs they move finite main verbs to T. to T. Note: microscope on VP was Note: microscope on VP was removed, but we still suppose removed, but we still suppose that there is a that there is a vvP there…P there…

ti

V

VP

des pommes

PP

Vi+T

T

TP

JeanDPj

mangeV

AdvPsouvent

tj

French negationFrench negation

This happens with respect This happens with respect to negation too—the to negation too—the finite verb move to the finite verb move to the left of negative left of negative paspas……

Jean ne mange pas des pommes.Jean ne mange pas des pommes.Jean Jean NENE eat eat NEGNEG of.the of.the applesapples‘J doesn’t eat apples.’‘J doesn’t eat apples.’

*Jean pas ne mange des pommes.*Jean pas ne mange des pommes.

But fortunately or But fortunately or unfortunately, things are unfortunately, things are more complex that this…more complex that this…

ti

V

VP

PP

T

TP

DPk

Neg

NegP

pasne mange

[Neg+Vi]j+T

tj

tk

French and a problem…French and a problem… FiniteFinite verbs (main verbs and auxiliaries) in verbs (main verbs and auxiliaries) in French precede adverbs and precede negative French precede adverbs and precede negative paspas——they they must move to Tmust move to T..

Now let’s look at Now let’s look at infinitivesinfinitives, first the , first the auxiliariesauxiliaries……

N’N’êtreêtre paspas invité, c’est triste. invité, c’est triste.NENE be beinfinf NEGNEG invited, it’s sad invited, it’s sad‘Not to be invited is sad.’‘Not to be invited is sad.’

Ne Ne pas êtrepas être invité, c’est triste. invité, c’est triste. NENE NEGNEG be beinfinf invited, it’s sad invited, it’s sad‘Not to be invited is sad.’‘Not to be invited is sad.’

Nonfinite auxiliaries can either move pastNonfinite auxiliaries can either move past paspas (to T) (to T) or notor not, it appears to be optional., it appears to be optional.

French and a problem…French and a problem… +Fin aux:+Fin aux: V Adv, V neg : V Adv, V neg : Moves to T.Moves to T. +Fin verb:+Fin verb: V Adv, V neg : V Adv, V neg : Moves to T.Moves to T. ––Fin aux:Fin aux: (V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V):(V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V): (Opt.) Moves (Opt.) Moves to T.to T.

Nonfinite Nonfinite mainmain verbs…and adverbs… verbs…and adverbs… Souvent paraîtreSouvent paraître triste pendant son voyage de noce, c’est triste pendant son voyage de noce, c’est rare.rare.Often appearOften appearinfinf sad during one’s honeymoon, it’s rare sad during one’s honeymoon, it’s rare‘To often look sad during one’s honeymoon is rare.’‘To often look sad during one’s honeymoon is rare.’

Paraître souventParaître souvent triste pendant son voyage de noce, c’est triste pendant son voyage de noce, c’est rare.rare. AppearAppearinfinf often sad during one’s honeymoon, it’s rare often sad during one’s honeymoon, it’s rare‘To often look sad during one’s honeymoon is rare.’‘To often look sad during one’s honeymoon is rare.’

Nonfinite main verbs can either move past adverbs Nonfinite main verbs can either move past adverbs or notor not; optional like with auxiliaries.; optional like with auxiliaries.

French and a problem…French and a problem… +Fin aux:+Fin aux: V Adv, V neg : V Adv, V neg : Moves to T.Moves to T. +Fin verb:+Fin verb: V Adv, V neg : V Adv, V neg : Moves to T.Moves to T. ––Fin aux:Fin aux: (V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V):(V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V): (Opt.) Moves to T.(Opt.) Moves to T. ––Fin verb:Fin verb: (V) Adv (V), …(V) Adv (V), …

Nonfinite Nonfinite mainmain verbs…and negation… verbs…and negation… Ne Ne pas semblerpas sembler heureux est une condition pour écrire des heureux est une condition pour écrire des

romans.romans.NENE NEGNEG seemseeminfinf happy is a prerequisite for write happy is a prerequisite for writeinfinf of.the of.the novelsnovels‘Not to seem happy is a prerequisite for writing novels.’‘Not to seem happy is a prerequisite for writing novels.’

*Ne *Ne sembler passembler pas heureux est une condition pour écrire des heureux est une condition pour écrire des romans.romans. NENE seemseeminfinf NEGNEG happy is a prerequisite for writehappy is a prerequisite for writeinfinf of.the of.the novelsnovels ‘Not to seem happy is a prerequisite for writing novels.’ ‘Not to seem happy is a prerequisite for writing novels.’

Nonfinite main verbs can Nonfinite main verbs can not not move past negationmove past negation..

French and a problem…French and a problem… +Fin aux/verb:+Fin aux/verb:V Adv, V neg V Adv, V neg Moves to T.Moves to T.

––Fin aux:Fin aux:(V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V)(V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V)(Opt.) Moves to T.(Opt.) Moves to T.

––Fin verb:Fin verb:(V) Adv (V), neg V(V) Adv (V), neg VMoves over adv not neg??Moves over adv not neg??

So we have the whole So we have the whole pattern—and we didn’t pattern—and we didn’t predict it. predict it. Where could Where could the verb be moving?the verb be moving? A A head can’t adjoin to an head can’t adjoin to an XP, it has to be moving XP, it has to be moving to a to a head. head.

V

VP

PP

T

TP

Neg

NegP

pas

ne

T

VAdvPsouvent

Neg

DPk

V

French and a problem…French and a problem… +Fin aux/verb:+Fin aux/verb:

V Adv, V neg V Adv, V neg Moves to T.Moves to T.

––Fin aux:Fin aux:(V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V)(V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V)(Opt.) Moves to T.(Opt.) Moves to T.

––Fin verb:Fin verb:(V) Adv (V), neg V(V) Adv (V), neg VMoves over adv not neg??Moves over adv not neg??

We need there to be a head We need there to be a head herehere in the tree for the verb in the tree for the verb to move to…to move to…

That means we need to insert That means we need to insert a whole phrase (heads always a whole phrase (heads always head something)…head something)…

V

VP

PP

T

TP

Neg

NegP

pas

ne

T

VAdvPsouvent

Neg

DPk

V

A new FPA new FP

+Fin aux/verb:+Fin aux/verb:V Adv, V neg V Adv, V neg Moves to (F, then to) T.Moves to (F, then to) T.

––Fin aux:Fin aux:(V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V)(V) Adv (V), (V) neg (V)(Opt.) Moves to (F, then to) (Opt.) Moves to (F, then to) T.T.

––Fin verb:Fin verb:(V) Adv (V), neg V(V) Adv (V), neg V(Opt.) Moves to F(Opt.) Moves to F

Now we have a place for Now we have a place for nonfinite main verbs to move, nonfinite main verbs to move, past adverbs but under past adverbs but under negation. They can move to F.negation. They can move to F.

V

VP

PP

T

TP

Neg

NegP

pas

ne

T

VAdvPsouvent

Neg

DPk

V

F

FP

F

What is FP?What is FP? Vous avez pris les pommes.Vous avez pris les pommes.

you have taken the applesyou have taken the apples 3MSG 3MSG 3FPL3FPL‘You took the apples.’‘You took the apples.’

Vous les avez prises.Vous les avez prises.you them have taken you them have taken 3PL 3FPL3PL 3FPL‘You took them (3fpl).’‘You took them (3fpl).’

Quelles pommes avez-vous Quelles pommes avez-vous prises?prises?Which apples have you Which apples have you taken taken 3FPL 3FPL 3FPL 3FPL‘Which apples did you take?’‘Which apples did you take?’

Vous avez pris la pomme.Vous avez pris la pomme.you have taken the appleyou have taken the apple 3MSG 3MSG 3FSG3FSG‘You took the apple.’‘You took the apple.’

Vous l’avez prise.Vous l’avez prise.you it have taken you it have taken 3SG 3FSG3SG 3FSG‘You took it (3fsg).’‘You took it (3fsg).’

Quelle pomme avez-vous Quelle pomme avez-vous prise?prise?Which apple have you Which apple have you takentaken 3FSG 3FSG 3FSG 3FSG‘Which apple did you take?’‘Which apple did you take?’

A new FPA new FP It appears that It appears that when an object has when an object has to to crosscross FP, the FP, the verb shows verb shows agreement with it.agreement with it.

Why?Why?

This only happens This only happens when the object when the object has to move. When has to move. When the object must the object must not be not be trappedtrapped in in its original its original position. This position. This sounds like…sounds like…

VP

ti

T

TP

T

Vtk

V

F

FP

F

C

CP

C

DPk

DPi

ti

A new FPA new FP Well, it sounds like Well, it sounds like

phases are involved.phases are involved. Suppose FP is a phase.Suppose FP is a phase. If we need to move the If we need to move the

object to SpecCP (e.g. object to SpecCP (e.g. whatwhat), we darn well ), we darn well better get it to the better get it to the edge of the phase edge of the phase before the phase is before the phase is finished.finished. There are some technical There are some technical

issues here, that we’re issues here, that we’re going to ignore for now. going to ignore for now. How the How the subjectsubject gets out gets out is one. There are things is one. There are things we can say. For example, we can say. For example, we might suppose that the we might suppose that the “edge” of the FP phase is “edge” of the FP phase is larger, and includes larger, and includes SpecSpecvvP, but not VP or P, but not VP or anything inside. That is, anything inside. That is, VP gets frozen when the VP gets frozen when the FP phase ends.FP phase ends.

VP

ti

T

TP

T

Vtk

V

F

FP

F

C

CP

C

DPk

DPi

ti

A new FPA new FP So, suppose that FP has So, suppose that FP has

an uninterpretable an uninterpretable feature (that attracts feature (that attracts the object) that the object) that cancan be be strong, optionally.strong, optionally. It’s strong if it has to It’s strong if it has to

be, if the object will be, if the object will get trapped otherwise.get trapped otherwise.

It’s weak if it doesn’t It’s weak if it doesn’t have to be strong (the have to be strong (the system is lazy, strong system is lazy, strong features are work).features are work).

If it’s strong, the If it’s strong, the object moves into SpecFP object moves into SpecFP and the features are and the features are checked.checked.

When the verb moves up to When the verb moves up to F and on to T, if the F and on to T, if the feature of F was strong, feature of F was strong, the agreement features the agreement features are realized in the are realized in the verbal morphology.verbal morphology.

VP

ti

T

TP

T

Vtk

V

F

FP

F

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CP

C

DPk

DPi

ti

A new FPA new FP What might that feature be What might that feature be

that attracts the object and that attracts the object and not the subject?not the subject?

[[uu:] doesn’t sound like a :] doesn’t sound like a very good candidate, since very good candidate, since subjects have subjects have -features too -features too (and the subject is closer (and the subject is closer to F than the object is).to F than the object is).

What differentiates objects What differentiates objects and subjects?and subjects?

Well, Well, casecase would. would.

Suppose that F has a Suppose that F has a [[uucase:acc] feature that is case:acc] feature that is optionally strong. (This optionally strong. (This means that we assume now means that we assume now that F, not that F, not vv, is , is responsible for accusative responsible for accusative case).case).

Also, for this to work, we’d Also, for this to work, we’d have to suppose that the have to suppose that the object has a [object has a [uucase:acc] case:acc] feature to begin with feature to begin with (rather than a [(rather than a [uucase:] case:] feature to be valued).feature to be valued).

VP

ti

T

TP

T

Vtk

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F

FP

F

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CP

C

DPk

DPi

ti

AgrOPAgrOP AgrOPAgrOP, , Object Object

agreement phraseagreement phrase.. The verb moves up to The verb moves up to

T, stopping at AgrO T, stopping at AgrO along the way.along the way.

If the object has to If the object has to get out of VP, then get out of VP, then AgrO will have a AgrO will have a strong [acc] feature, strong [acc] feature, forcing the object to forcing the object to move into its move into its specifier first (to specifier first (to get out of the FP get out of the FP phase).phase).

If the [acc] feature If the [acc] feature was strong when it was was strong when it was checked, the verb checked, the verb shows agreement.shows agreement.

VP

ti

T

TP

T

Vtk

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AgrO

AgrOP

AgrO

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CP

C

DPk

DPi

ti

ECMECM AgrOP can solve a AgrOP can solve a serious problem we serious problem we had in English toohad in English too……

Here’s the current Here’s the current way we analyzed ECM way we analyzed ECM sentences, where sentences, where me me gets Case from gets Case from want.want.

The thing is, the The thing is, the embedded subject embedded subject actually acts like actually acts like it’s in the it’s in the matrix matrix clause somewhere.clause somewhere.

DPiBill

T

V

VP

wants

T

TP

VPTto

T

TP

leaveVtk

DPk1sg

…

ti

V

ECM v. BTECM v. BT Mary wants Mary wants herher to leave. to leave. Bill considers Bill considers himself himself to be a genius.to be a genius.

Before we said that the binding domain for Before we said that the binding domain for anaphors and pronouns was a clause (say, TP).anaphors and pronouns was a clause (say, TP).

HerHer and and himself himself above act like they are in above act like they are in the higher clause with the main clause the higher clause with the main clause subject.subject.

Our options are basically toOur options are basically to complicate the definition of binding domain in Binding complicate the definition of binding domain in Binding

TheoryTheory suppose the object has really moved out of the embedded suppose the object has really moved out of the embedded

clause.clause.

ECMECM

IfIf There is an There is an AgrOPAgrOP and and

Normal objects Normal objects generally go generally go there there and and

ECM subjects ECM subjects act like act like objects objects

Then Then We can suppose We can suppose that ECM that ECM subjects move subjects move therethere. .

AgrO

V

VP

wants

AgrO

AgrOP

VPTto

T

TP

leaveVtk

ti

DPiBill

T

TP

DPk1sg

tk

V

T

ECMECM GreatGreat!! But this isn’t the But this isn’t the

surface word order.surface word order. *Bill me wants to *Bill me wants to leave.leave.

It seems to be moving It seems to be moving (it makes BT work (it makes BT work better) but we don’t see better) but we don’t see it move.it move.

Yes, another case of Yes, another case of “covert” movement.“covert” movement.

Finish the FP phase, Finish the FP phase, commit the commit the pronunciation, then move pronunciation, then move the object.the object.

AgrO

V

VP

wants

AgrO

AgrOP

VPTto

T

TP

leaveVtk

ti

DPiBill

T

TP

DPk1sg

tk

V

T

AgrOPAgrOP

Let’s take stock here for a second.Let’s take stock here for a second. French told us:French told us:

There needs to be an FP between NegP and VP.There needs to be an FP between NegP and VP. Objects that move past FP have to stop there Objects that move past FP have to stop there (inducing object agreement)—so FP is AgrOP.(inducing object agreement)—so FP is AgrOP.

How does the How does the objectobject get to AgrOP? get to AgrOP? What differentiates the subject and object is case. What differentiates the subject and object is case. So AgrOP is what’s responsible for accusative Case. So AgrOP is what’s responsible for accusative Case. Not Not vv..

We solved an apparent problem with Binding We solved an apparent problem with Binding Theory.Theory. ECM subjects seem to be in the higher clause:ECM subjects seem to be in the higher clause:Bill considers himself to be a geniusBill considers himself to be a genius..Mary wants her to leaveMary wants her to leave..

An AgrO you can see?An AgrO you can see? So, yet another invisible head, inducing invisible So, yet another invisible head, inducing invisible

movement. Great. Have you syntacticians no shame?movement. Great. Have you syntacticians no shame?

Recall from earlier this semester that Irish is Recall from earlier this semester that Irish is VSO, but yet seems to be SVO underlyingly:VSO, but yet seems to be SVO underlyingly:

PhógPhóg Máire an lucharachán. Máire an lucharachán.kissedkissed Mary the leprechaun Mary the leprechaun‘Mary kissed the leprechaun.’‘Mary kissed the leprechaun.’

TáTá Máire ag- Máire ag-pógáilpógáil an lucharachán. an lucharachán.IsIs Mary ing- Mary ing-kisskiss the leprechaun the leprechaun‘Mary is kissing the leprechaun.’‘Mary is kissing the leprechaun.’

If an If an auxiliaryauxiliary occupies the verb slot at the occupies the verb slot at the beginning of the sentence, the main verb appears beginning of the sentence, the main verb appears between the subject and verb. Otherwise, the verb between the subject and verb. Otherwise, the verb moves to first position.moves to first position.

Northern IrishNorthern Irish

So, basically everything points to Irish So, basically everything points to Irish being a head-initial language. But yet, being a head-initial language. But yet, there’s this:there’s this:

Ba mhaith liom [Seán an abairt Ba mhaith liom [Seán an abairt aaLL scríobhscríobh]]C good with.C good with.1S 1S S.S.ACCACC the sentence. the sentence.ACCACC PRTPRT writewrite‘I want S to write the sentence.’‘I want S to write the sentence.’S writing the sentence is good with us (lit.)S writing the sentence is good with us (lit.) (cf. also (cf. also I want him to meet meI want him to meet me))

Ba mhaith liom [Seán fanacht]Ba mhaith liom [Seán fanacht]C good with.C good with.1S 1S S.S.ACCACC wait wait‘I want S to wait.’‘I want S to wait.’

Morphology on French Morphology on French verbsverbs

Past, varying persons:Past, varying persons: je mange-je mange-aiai--ss‘eat’‘eat’ tu mange-tu mange-aiai--ss

il mange-il mange-aiai--tt Fut, varying persons:Fut, varying persons: je mange-je mange-erer--aiai

‘eat’‘eat’ tu mange-tu mange-erer--asasil mange-il mange-erer--aa

Tense morphology is inside and separate Tense morphology is inside and separate from subject agreement morphology.from subject agreement morphology.

Kind of looks like after tense, Kind of looks like after tense, another, another, subjectsubject-agreeing morpheme is -agreeing morpheme is attached…attached…

AgrSP?AgrSP? AgrOPAgrOP, , Object agreement Object agreement

phrasephrase.. AgrSPAgrSP, , Subject Subject

agreement phraseagreement phrase?? Pleasingly symmetricalPleasingly symmetrical!!

Suppose now that AgrSP Suppose now that AgrSP is responsible for is responsible for [nom], the EPP [[nom], the EPP [uuD*] is D*] is a property of T, AgrOP a property of T, AgrOP is responsible for is responsible for [acc].[acc].

Why the subject Why the subject agreement on French agreement on French verbs?verbs? [[[[[[[[vv+V]+AgrO]+T]+AgrS]+V]+AgrO]+T]+AgrS]

VP

ti

T

TP

T

Vtk

V

AgrO

AgrOP

AgrO

AgrS

AgrSP

AgrS

DPk

DPk

ti

C

C

Split-INFLSplit-INFL The assumption of The assumption of

this structure is this structure is sometimes referred to sometimes referred to as the “Split-INFL” as the “Split-INFL” hypothesis;hypothesis; the the INFLectional nodes INFLectional nodes have been “split” have been “split” into into subject subject agreementagreement, , tensetense, and , and object agreementobject agreement..

Recall from “history” Recall from “history” lessons that what we lessons that what we call TP used to be call TP used to be called “IP” or called “IP” or “InflP”. Hence: “InflP”. Hence: Split-INFL.Split-INFL.

VP

T

TP

T

V

V

AgrO

AgrOP

AgrO

AgrS

AgrSP

AgrS

DP

DP

C

C

Adopting the Split-INFL Adopting the Split-INFL hypothesishypothesis

Lots of good syntax has been done both Lots of good syntax has been done both adopting the adopting the Split-INFL hypothesis Split-INFL hypothesis (trees contain AgrSP, TP, (trees contain AgrSP, TP, AgrOP) or AgrOP) or notnot (trees contain only IP/TP/InflP). (trees contain only IP/TP/InflP).

For many things, it doesn’t matter which you chooseFor many things, it doesn’t matter which you choose—analyses can be directly translated into a Split-—analyses can be directly translated into a Split-INFL tree or vice-versa.INFL tree or vice-versa.

Where it doesn’t matter, it doesn’t matter, but Where it doesn’t matter, it doesn’t matter, but sometimes it matters.sometimes it matters. On the final and in the homework, for example, it On the final and in the homework, for example, it

doesn’t matter. Stick with doesn’t matter. Stick with vvP and TP on the final and P and TP on the final and homework. But know about AgrOP and AgrSP for future homework. But know about AgrOP and AgrSP for future interactions with (particularly slightly older) interactions with (particularly slightly older) articles in syntax.articles in syntax.

Adopting the Split-INFL Adopting the Split-INFL hypothesishypothesis

The general program is that every The general program is that every dissociable piece of the structure should dissociable piece of the structure should get its own place in the lexicon, its own get its own place in the lexicon, its own functional head…functional head… Subject agreement is basically common Subject agreement is basically common acrossacross verbs, an independent piece.verbs, an independent piece.

Tense too is an independent piece.Tense too is an independent piece. And object agreementAnd object agreement And… plural marking… and progressive -And… plural marking… and progressive -inging,,aspectual -aspectual -enen, …, …

In Syntax II, we’ll spend a lot of the In Syntax II, we’ll spend a lot of the semester looking at places in the tree semester looking at places in the tree where functional projections need to be where functional projections need to be added.added.

QuantifiersQuantifiers

We interpret We interpret Bill saw everyoneBill saw everyone as as For every person For every person xx, Bill saw , Bill saw xx..

This is the meaning. This is the This is the meaning. This is the logical formlogical form of the sentence of the sentence Bill Bill saw everyonesaw everyone. In the notation of . In the notation of formal logic, this is written asformal logic, this is written asx. Bill saw xx. Bill saw x‘For all ‘For all xx ( (xx a person), Bill saw a person), Bill saw xx.’.’

QuantifiersQuantifiers

Every boy hates his roommate.Every boy hates his roommate. Notice that each boy hates a Notice that each boy hates a different roommate, the roommates different roommate, the roommates are specific to each boy.are specific to each boy.

For every boy For every boy xx, , xx hates hates xx’s ’s roommate.roommate.

This means that This means that every boyevery boy doesn’t doesn’t just mean the group of boys; just mean the group of boys; rather it goes through the set of rather it goes through the set of boys and says something about boys and says something about each of them individually.each of them individually.

QuantifiersQuantifiers

These phrases which don’t refer to These phrases which don’t refer to specific people/things in the specific people/things in the world but rather seem to do things world but rather seem to do things to sets of people/things are to sets of people/things are quantifiersquantifiers. Examples include:. Examples include: most studentsmost students twelve angry mentwelve angry men fewer than half of the membersfewer than half of the members some custodiansome custodian nobody in their right mindnobody in their right mind

QPQP What is the category of a What is the category of a quantifier like quantifier like most studentsmost students??

Well, it goes basically in all Well, it goes basically in all the same places a DP goes. the same places a DP goes. Like Like which studentwhich student or or whatwhat or or whowho..

So, like what we said for So, like what we said for whwh--phrases, phrases, quantifier phrases quantifier phrases are really DPs with an extra are really DPs with an extra propertyproperty (they’re (they’re quantificational). Sometimes quantificational). Sometimes people write QP, but they mean people write QP, but they mean ‘a quantificational DP’.‘a quantificational DP’.

studentNP

DP

Devery

RestrictionsRestrictions To reiterate, quantifiers are used to say To reiterate, quantifiers are used to say something about something about individuals in a setindividuals in a set..

Most students like syntax.Most students like syntax. The set (sometimes, The set (sometimes, restrictionrestriction) is the ) is the set of students.set of students.

This says that, if you check This says that, if you check allall of the of the students individually to see if students individually to see if eacheach likes syntax, you’ll find that most (more likes syntax, you’ll find that most (more than half) of the students you checked than half) of the students you checked do.do.

For each x in students, does x like For each x in students, does x like syntax? Did we answer “yes” for most of syntax? Did we answer “yes” for most of the ones we checked?the ones we checked?

QuantifiersQuantifiers To write the logical form (meaning) of a To write the logical form (meaning) of a sentence with one of these, you put the sentence with one of these, you put the quantifier first, and replace where it quantifier first, and replace where it came from with a variable:came from with a variable:

Most students eat at Taco Bell.Most students eat at Taco Bell.For most students For most students xx, , xx eats at Taco Bell eats at Taco Bell

No administrators eat at Taco Bell.No administrators eat at Taco Bell.For no administrator For no administrator xx, , xx eats at Taco eats at Taco BellBell

Mary likes every flavor of ice cream.Mary likes every flavor of ice cream.For every flavor of ice cream For every flavor of ice cream xx, Mary , Mary likes likes xx

BindingBinding A quantifier is said to A quantifier is said to bindbind its its variable. That is, the reference of the variable. That is, the reference of the variable is assigned by the quantifier.variable is assigned by the quantifier.

Bill read every book.Bill read every book.For every book For every book xx, Bill read , Bill read xx

Is this true? Well, let’s go through the Is this true? Well, let’s go through the books. books. Moby DickMoby Dick. Did Bill read . Did Bill read Moby Moby DickDick? Yes. Ok, ? Yes. Ok, War and PeaceWar and Peace. Did Bill . Did Bill read read War and PeaceWar and Peace? Yes. Ok, …? Yes. Ok, …

ScopeScope

A student read every book.A student read every book. When is this true?When is this true?

Mary, it turns out, has read all of Mary, it turns out, has read all of the books.the books.

Nobody has read everything, but Mary Nobody has read everything, but Mary read half of the books and Bill read read half of the books and Bill read the other half. Every book was read the other half. Every book was read by a student.by a student.

There are two meanings here, the There are two meanings here, the sentence is ambiguous between sentence is ambiguous between two logical forms.two logical forms.

ScopeScope

A student read every bookA student read every bookThere is a student There is a student xx such that such that

for every book for every book yy, , xx read read yyororFor every book For every book yy, there is a , there is a student student xx

such that such that xx read read yy It matters which quantifier It matters which quantifier comes first in the logical form.comes first in the logical form.

ScopeScope This is perfectly logical. A quantifier This is perfectly logical. A quantifier takes a set of individuals and checks to takes a set of individuals and checks to see if something is true of the individual see if something is true of the individual members of the set.members of the set.

A student read every book.A student read every book. (Namely, Mary)(Namely, Mary) In the set of students, we find that it is true In the set of students, we find that it is true that for at least one student that for at least one student xx: : xx read every read every bookbook..

In the set of students, we find that it is true In the set of students, we find that it is true that for at least one student that for at least one student xx:: In the set of In the set of books, we find that it is true that for each book books, we find that it is true that for each book yy, , xx read read yy..

There is a student There is a student xx such that for every book such that for every book yy, , xx read read yy..

x x students students : : y y booksbooks: : xx read read yy..

ScopeScope A student read every book.A student read every book. (They were (They were all covered, though not necessarily all covered, though not necessarily by one student)by one student) In the set of books, we find that it is In the set of books, we find that it is true that for each book true that for each book xx: : a student read a student read xx..

In the set of books, we find that it is In the set of books, we find that it is true that for each book true that for each book xx:: In the set of In the set of students, we find that it is true that students, we find that it is true that for at least one student for at least one student yy, , yy read read xx..

For every book For every book xx, there is a student , there is a student yy such that such that yy read read xx..

x x booksbooks: : y y studentsstudents: : yy read read xx..

LFLF We think about this kind of ambiguity We think about this kind of ambiguity in much the same way we think aboutin much the same way we think aboutMary heard a dog bark in the house.Mary heard a dog bark in the house. (either Mary was in the house or the dog (either Mary was in the house or the dog was)was)

This (above) is a This (above) is a syntacticsyntactic ambiguity, depending on where the PP ambiguity, depending on where the PP in the housein the house is attached. is attached.

If there are two different If there are two different interpretations, there are two interpretations, there are two different different structuresstructures. Two different . Two different LFs.LFs.

QRQR Sue read every book.Sue read every book.For every book For every book xx, Sue read , Sue read xx..

Covert movement again: the Covert movement again: the quantifier quantifier movesmoves to a position above to a position above the sentence, so there is then a the sentence, so there is then a direct mapping between the structure direct mapping between the structure and the logical form. But only after and the logical form. But only after the pronunciation has been fixed.the pronunciation has been fixed.

[every book][every book]ii [ [IPIP Sue read Sue read ttii ]. ].

QRQR

Sue read every book.Sue read every book.For every book For every book xx, Sue read , Sue read xx..

[every book][every book]ii [ [IPIP Sue read Sue read ttii ]. ].

As with As with whwh-movement, the -movement, the tracetrace is the variable at logical form—is the variable at logical form—moving quantifiers is a way to moving quantifiers is a way to establish a quantifier-variable establish a quantifier-variable structure.structure.

QRQR

Sue read every book.Sue read every book.For every book For every book xx, Sue read , Sue read xx..

[every book][every book]ii [ [IPIP Sue read Sue read ttii ]. ].

This movement is called This movement is called Quantifier RaisingQuantifier Raising ( (QRQR), and ), and it happens to it happens to everyevery quantifier quantifier before LF.before LF.

Quantifiers and bindingQuantifiers and binding

Every girl aced her exams.Every girl aced her exams. [Every girl][Every girl]ii [ [ ttii aced her aced herii exams]exams]

For every girl For every girl xx, , xx aced aced xx’s ’s examsexams

Not only the trace of QR, but Not only the trace of QR, but also pronouns, can be bound by also pronouns, can be bound by the quantifier, their referent the quantifier, their referent determined by the quantifier.determined by the quantifier.

Quantifiers and bindingQuantifiers and binding

[Every girl][Every girl]ii [ [ ttii aced her aced herii exams] exams] Binding (assigning reference) is subject to c-Binding (assigning reference) is subject to c-command. A quantifier can only assign command. A quantifier can only assign reference to a variable (its trace and reference to a variable (its trace and possibly other pronouns) which it c-commands.possibly other pronouns) which it c-commands.

Her brother said that every girl aced Her brother said that every girl aced her examsher exams..

The things which a quantifier c-The things which a quantifier c-commands are said to be in itscommands are said to be in its scope. scope.

Quantifiers can only bind variables in Quantifiers can only bind variables in their scope.their scope.

WCOWCO

Now, let’s look at weak crossover Now, let’s look at weak crossover again.again.

Every girl likes her roommate.Every girl likes her roommate. For every girl For every girl xx, , xx likes likes xx’s ’s roommate.roommate.

Her roommate likes every girl.Her roommate likes every girl. For every girl For every girl xx, , xx’s roommate likes ’s roommate likes xx..

Why can’t the second sentence have Why can’t the second sentence have this meaning?this meaning?

WCOWCO

[Every girl][Every girl]ii [ [IPIP ttii likes her likes herii roommate]. roommate]. For every girl For every girl xx, , xx likes likes xx’s roommate.’s roommate.

[Every girl][Every girl]ii [ [IPIP her herii roommate likes roommate likes ttii ]. ]. For every girl For every girl xx, , xx’s roommate likes ’s roommate likes xx..

Answer: WCO again.Answer: WCO again. But WCO is about moving But WCO is about moving a quantifier over a variable—so if WCO a quantifier over a variable—so if WCO rules out this meaning, there must have rules out this meaning, there must have been movement. been movement. There must have been QRThere must have been QR. A . A movement we couldn’t see.movement we couldn’t see.

ACDACD

Here’s another reason to believe in QR, Here’s another reason to believe in QR, antecedent contained deletionantecedent contained deletion. This . This one’s kind of complicated, so hang on one’s kind of complicated, so hang on tight.tight.

First, we need to talk about First, we need to talk about VP VP ellipsisellipsis..

Mary bought a record, and Bill did too.Mary bought a record, and Bill did too. [[IPIP Mary -ed [ Mary -ed [vvPP buy a record]] and buy a record]] and[[IPIP Bill -ed [ Bill -ed [vvPP buy a record]] too. buy a record]] too.

VP ellipsisVP ellipsis

Mary bought a record and Bill Mary bought a record and Bill bought a tapebought a tape. ≠ . ≠ Mary bought a Mary bought a record and Bill did too.record and Bill did too.

VP ellipsis is allowed VP ellipsis is allowed when a when a preceding VP is identicalpreceding VP is identical..

To To interpretinterpret this, you need to this, you need to use the content of the use the content of the preceding VP.preceding VP.

Mary bought a record and Bill Mary bought a record and Bill did (buy a record) too.did (buy a record) too.

VP ellipsisVP ellipsis We will consider the process of VP We will consider the process of VP ellipsis to be one of ellipsis to be one of deletion under deletion under identityidentity..

Underlyingly:Underlyingly:-ed [-ed [vvPP Mary sleep] and -ed [ Mary sleep] and -ed [vvPP Bill sleep] Bill sleep] too.too.

Before deletion:Before deletion:Mary -ed [Mary -ed [vvPP tt sleep] and Bill -ed [ sleep] and Bill -ed [vvPP tt sleep] toosleep] too

Pronunciation:Pronunciation:Mary -ed [Mary -ed [vvPP tt sleep] and Bill -ed [ sleep] and Bill -ed [vvPP tt sleep] toosleep] tooMary slept and Bill did tooMary slept and Bill did too

VP ellipsisVP ellipsis

So, as long as two VPs in So, as long as two VPs in sequence look identicalsequence look identical (where (where traces of movement look traces of movement look identical to one another—they identical to one another—they sound the same), sound the same), we are we are allowed to pronounce the allowed to pronounce the second one second one very quietlyvery quietly..

Like an extreme case ofLike an extreme case ofMary bought a record andMary bought a record and

Bill Bill bought a record bought a record too.too.

VP ellipsisVP ellipsis

Note that Note that identityidentity is actually fairly is actually fairly abstract.abstract.

John slept and Mary will too.John slept and Mary will too. John slept and Mary will John slept and Mary will sleepsleep too. too.

Before deletion:Before deletion:John -ed [John -ed [vvPP tt sleep] and Mary will [ sleep] and Mary will [vvPP tt sleep] toosleep] too The inflectional features of The inflectional features of v v don’t matter don’t matter for identity; the verb doesn’t for identity; the verb doesn’t inherentlyinherently have a tense suffix.have a tense suffix.

ACDACD Now, consider a DP with a relative Now, consider a DP with a relative clause:clause:

the record [the record [OpOpii that Mary bought that Mary bought ttii ]. ].

Bill likes [the record that Mary Bill likes [the record that Mary bought].bought].

Bill likes the record that Mary bought Bill likes the record that Mary bought and Sue does too.and Sue does too.

Bill likes the record that Mary bought Bill likes the record that Mary bought and Sue does (like the record that Mary and Sue does (like the record that Mary bought) too.bought) too.

ACDACD

Bill likes every book Mary does.Bill likes every book Mary does. Bill [Bill [vvPP likes every book likes every book OpOpii Mary [ Mary [vvPP likes likes ttii ]]. ]].

vvP:P: likes [every book likes [every book OpOp Mary likes Mary likes t t ]] vvP:P: likes likes tt Those aren’t the same. VP ellipsis Those aren’t the same. VP ellipsis shouldn’t shouldn’t work, but yet it does.work, but yet it does.

The deleted VP is The deleted VP is contained contained in the in the antecedent VPantecedent VP ( (antecedent-contained antecedent-contained deletiondeletion))

QR and ACDQR and ACD But now let’s consider what QR would do.But now let’s consider what QR would do. Every book that Mary likesEvery book that Mary likes is a quantifier. is a quantifier. Quantifiers have to move up past the subject Quantifiers have to move up past the subject by LF.by LF.

Bill likes every book Mary does.Bill likes every book Mary does. Pronunciation (before covert movement):Pronunciation (before covert movement):Bill [Bill [vvPP likes [every book likes [every book OpOpjj Mary [ Mary [vvPP likes likes ttjj ]]].]]].

LF:LF:[every book [every book OpOpjj Mary [ Mary [vvPP likes likes ttjj ]] ]]ii Bill [ Bill [vvPP likes likes ttii ]. ].

But now the VPs But now the VPs areare identical. identical. So if we believe in QR, we can explain ACD So if we believe in QR, we can explain ACD sentences in a natural way.sentences in a natural way.

Where do quantifiers Where do quantifiers go?go?

Every student left.Every student left. [Every student][Every student]ii [ [IPIP ttii left ] left ] We need a variable in subject We need a variable in subject position, so QR must be moving position, so QR must be moving the quantifier out of TP, to the quantifier out of TP, to somewhere higher then TP.somewhere higher then TP.

Believe me that it is also Believe me that it is also moving somewhere moving somewhere lowerlower than CP. than CP.

Adjunction to TPAdjunction to TP

In order to In order to accommodate this, we accommodate this, we need to formulate a need to formulate a new position to which new position to which quantifiers move.quantifiers move.

This position is This position is going to be going to be adjoined adjoined to TPto TP..

vPT

T

TP

subj

TP

QP

Adjunction to TPAdjunction to TP One difference between QR One difference between QR (adjunction to TP) and movement (adjunction to TP) and movement to SpecTP is in the motivations.to SpecTP is in the motivations.

Moving to SpecTP or moving to Moving to SpecTP or moving to SpecCP is motivated by some need SpecCP is motivated by some need of Tof T (EPP: T needs a DP in its (EPP: T needs a DP in its specifier)specifier) or Cor C ([Q] C needs a ([Q] C needs a [+WH] in its specifier)[+WH] in its specifier)..

Moving a quantifier (QR) is Moving a quantifier (QR) is required because the required because the quantifierquantifier needs to get out of the TP (for needs to get out of the TP (for interpretation). TP interpretation). TP itself itself has has no need for quantifiers.no need for quantifiers.

vPT

T

TP

subj

TP

QP

Adjunction to TPAdjunction to TP So, we could say that moving to So, we could say that moving to Spec is something that happens Spec is something that happens if the moving thing is if the moving thing is pulledpulled (T is pulling up a subject to (T is pulling up a subject to satisfy its own needs, not the satisfy its own needs, not the needs of the moving subject)needs of the moving subject) or or pushedpushed (quantifiers move to (quantifiers move to satisfy their own needs, not satisfy their own needs, not the needs of the T)the needs of the T)..

An XP that is An XP that is pulledpulled up goes up goes into Spec.into Spec.

An XP that is An XP that is pushedpushed up up adjoins.adjoins.

vPT

T

TP

subj

TP

QP