Cartography: Visualization of Geospatial Data

Third edition

MENNO-JAN KRAAK AND FERJAN ORMELING

of Pearson Education Harlow, England London • New York Reading, Massachusetts • San Francisco Toronto • Don Mills, Ontario • Sydney • Tokyo • Singapore - Hong Kong • Seoul Taipei • Cape Town - Madrid • Mexico City - Amsterdam • Munich • Paris Milan

Contents

Preface viii Acknowledgments xi

Chapter 1 Geographical Information Science and maps 1

The map as an interface 1 1.2 Geospatial data 3 1.3 Geographic information systems 8 1.4 Geospatial analysis operations

The spatial data infrastructure and maps Further reading 19

Chapter 2 Data acquisition 20

The need to know acquisition methods 20 2.2 Vector file characteristics 22 2.3 Raster file characteristics 23 2.4 Deriving data from existing maps 25 2.5 Working with digital data 29 2.6 Control and accuracy 35

Further reading 38

Chapter 3 Map characteristics 39

3.1 Maps are unique 39 3.2 of cartography 40 3.3 The cartographic communication process 44 3.4 Map functions and map types 48

Further reading 50 Website 50

Chapter 4 GIS applications: which map to use?

4.1 Maps and the nature of GIS applications 4.2 Cadastre and utilities: use of large-scale

maps 4.3 Geospatial analysis in geography: use of

small-scale maps 54

Contents

4.4 Geospatial, thematic and temporal comparisons 57 Further reading 63

Chapter 5 Map design and production 64

5.1 Introduction 64 5.2 Symbols to portray data related to points,

lines, areas and volumes 65 5.3 Graphic variables 66 5.4 Conceptual and design aspects of text

on the map 70 5.5 Requirements for the cartographic

component of GIS packages 5.6 Map design and production 74 5.7 map design 79 5.8 Web maps and multimedia 82

Further reading 84

Chapter 6 Topography 85

Georeferencing 85 6.2 Map projections 88 6.3 Geometric transformations 94 6.4 Generalization 95 6.5 Relief 105 6.6 Topographic data: mapping and charting

organizations 6.7 Geographical names 115

Further reading

Chapter 7 Statistical mapping

7.1 Statistical surveys 7.2 Data analysis 122 7.3 Data classification 126 7.4 Cartographical data analysis 133 7.5 Mapping methods 136

Further reading

Chapter 8 Mapping time 152

8.1 Introduction 152 8.2 Mapping change 154 8.3 Animation 155 8.4 Dynamic variables 157

Further reading 158

Contents

Chapter 9 Maps at work: presenting and using geospatial data in maps and atlases

9.2 Paper atlases 9.3 Electronic atlases 9.4 Maps at work: map use functions 9.5 Working with (web-based) electronic

atlases Further reading

Chapter 10 Maps at work: analysis and geovisualization

10.1 Introduction 169 10.2 Geovisual analytics 174

Further reading

Chapter Cartography at work: maps as decision tools

Again: why maps? Management and documentation of

spatial information Outdated data: at work with the Digital

Chart of the World 177 Accessibility: cartography, and

geospatial information policy 11.5 Copyright and liability

Map use and usability Maps and Geographical Information

Science revisited 188 Further reading

References ! 90 Index 195