CARTOGRAPHYCARTOGRAPHYin the 21in the 21stst century century

Mike Mike ShandShand

Department of Department of GeographyGeography

and Geomaticsand Geomatics

AbstractAbstractCARTOGRAPHY in the 21st Century

Cartography has seen dramatic technological changes in the past 15 years as the mapping sciences have finally moved into a fully digital environment.

The availability of raster and vector spatial digital data, Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and compatible mapping/graphics software has fundamentally changed how cartographers and mapping scientists approach the map production and analysis processes required for the 21st century.

More importantly many academics, students and researchers increasingly rely on the support and skill base of the modern cartographer or GIS technician to access, utilise and keep up-to-date with this dynamically changing technology.

Mike ShandUniversity of Glasgow

Role Change for Role Change for CartographersCartographers

Pre-digital rolePre-digital roleMaps and graphics to final hard copy (paper or film)

Post-digital rolePost-digital roleMaps and graphics to final hard copy

Map production in digital file formats for publishers

File conversion and creation of GIS map data for research & teaching

Production of web mapping and graphics for Internet publication

Digital manipulation of raster spatial imagery

Map skills transfer to academics and students

Desk Top Publishing for departmental publicity and publications

++

• PAPER MAPSPAPER MAPS flat, folded, atlas sheets

• DIGITAL MAPSDIGITAL MAPS graphics & GIS software

• WEB MAPSWEB MAPS static, interactive, animated

Map Media OptionsMap Media Options

(raster or vector)

DIGITAL MAPPINGDIGITAL MAPPINGIS TODAY’S PREFERRED OPTIONIS TODAY’S PREFERRED OPTIONfor map data, production and visualisationfor map data, production and visualisation

UK Academic Map Data ServicesUK Academic Map Data Services

University of Edinburgh University of Edinburgh University of Manchester

University of Essex University of Durham King’s College London

Office for National Statistics

Ordnance Survey & DigimapOrdnance Survey & DigimapBartholomew UK Digital Map DataBartholomew UK Digital Map DataLandmap (DEM; Landsat; SPOT)Landmap (DEM; Landsat; SPOT)CASWEB (SAS/LBS census data)CASWEB (SAS/LBS census data)

SABE (NUTS 1,2,3) Europe Map DataSABE (NUTS 1,2,3) Europe Map DataCORINE (Land Use)CORINE (Land Use)

European Environment Agency Data European Environment Agency Data ServiceService

Global Land Cover FacilityGlobal Land Cover FacilityASTER, MODIS Satellite ImageryASTER, MODIS Satellite ImageryDOTS, BOPS, GFS, MEI economic DOTS, BOPS, GFS, MEI economic

statisticsstatistics UNEP (GRID) international dataUNEP (GRID) international dataNational Imagery and Mapping

Agency (NIMA)

Map Data SetsMap Data Sets

What type of Map Data?What type of Map Data?

TOPOGRAPHICTOPOGRAPHIC

POPULATIONPOPULATION

LAND USELAND USE

ENVIRONMENTALENVIRONMENTAL

GEOPHYSICALGEOPHYSICAL

HISTORICALHISTORICAL

UK Map DataUK Map Data

Ordnance SurveyOrdnance Survey

EDINA DigimapEDINA Digimap

DIGIMAP &DIGIMAP &ORDNANCE SURVEYORDNANCE SURVEY

vector products/formatsvector products/formats• Master Map• Land-line Plus (1:1250 / 1:2500 / 1:10,000, NTFNTF)

• Land-Form PANORAMA Contour (1:50,000, NTFNTF or DXFDXF)

• Land-Form PANORAMA DTM (1:50,000, NTFNTF or DXFDXF)

• Meridian (1:50,000, NTFNTF or DXFDXF)

• Strategi (1:250,000, NTFNTF or DXFDXF)

DXFDXF layer based - NTFNTF code based

DXFDXF creates larger file sizes than NTFNTF

Tools for translating or Tools for translating or useuse

• NTFNTF - GIS translators (ESRI ArcViewArcView, MapInfoMapInfo)• NTFNTF - AutoCAD > DXFDXF/DWG• DXFDXF - CAD or GIS (ESRI ArcView, MapInfo)• DXFDXF, EPS, GIS > Adobe Illustrator Illustrator,

>Macromedia Freehand Freehand • DXFDXF EPS, > CorelDrawCorelDraw• GIF > Paint packages (CorelPaint, PhotoShop)

User experience needed forUser experience needed for

data collecting and disseminatingdata collecting and disseminating

GISGIS(Geographical Information Systems)(Geographical Information Systems)

Software ProductSoftware Product

ESRI – ArcGIS; ArcViewESRI – ArcGIS; ArcView

MapInfo ProfessionalMapInfo Professional

AutoDesk AutoCADAutoDesk AutoCAD

alsoalso MicroStation; LaserScan; MicroStation; LaserScan; SmallWorldSmallWorld

File FormatFile Format

shp; e00shp; e00

mid/mif; tabmid/mif; tab

dxf; dwgdxf; dwg

EPS, DXF or GIS formats EPS, DXF or GIS formats (with MaPublisher)(with MaPublisher) intointo

AdobeAdobe ILLUSTRATOR ILLUSTRATOR oror MacromediaMacromedia FREEHANDFREEHAND

DXF into CorelDrawDXF into CorelDraw

DXF into AutoCADDXF into AutoCAD

MAP DATAMAP DATA SOFTWARSOFTWAREE

PROBLEMSPROBLEMS

AVAILABLEAVAILABLEraster & vectorraster & vector

AVAILABLEAVAILABLEGIS & graphicsGIS & graphics

Data import & exportData import & exportData translationData translation

Data structures & Data structures & topologytopology

Data manipulationData manipulation

LACK of TRAINING and EXPERIENCE ?LACK of TRAINING and EXPERIENCE ?LACK of TRAINING and EXPERIENCE ?LACK of TRAINING and EXPERIENCE ?

Reasons for problems ?Reasons for problems ?

Do cartographers have the Do cartographers have the skillsskills

to support academics and to support academics and studentsstudents

??If yes, are cartographers continuing to If yes, are cartographers continuing to keep up-to-date with technologykeep up-to-date with technology

??

If not, what role does HOD’s play in theIf not, what role does HOD’s play in theCPD needs of support staffCPD needs of support staff

??- and what structures and courses exist- and what structures and courses exist

to supply CPD needs of staffto supply CPD needs of staff??

SUMMARYSUMMARY

CARTOGRAPHYCARTOGRAPHYin the 21in the 21stst century century

Mike Mike ShandShand

Department of Department of GeographyGeography

and Geomaticsand Geomatics