Cartajena Et Al - Camelid Domestication on the Western Slope of the Puna de Atacama

8/3/2019 Cartajena Et Al - Camelid Domestication on the Western Slope of the Puna de Atacama

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155ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA 2007 42 (2) Publications Scientifiques du Musum national dHistoire naturelle, Paris.

Camelid domestication on the western slopeof the Puna de Atacama, northern Chile

Isabel CARTAJENADepartamento de Antropologa

Universidad de Chile

Ignacio Carrera Pinto 1045, CL-Santiago Chile (Chili)

[email protected]

Lautaro NEZInstituto de Investigaciones Arqueolgicas y Museo R.P. Gustavo Le Paige

Universidad Catlica del Norte

Le Paige s/n, CL-San Pedro de Atacama Chile (Chili)

[email protected]

Martin GROSJEANNacional Center of Excellence in Research on Climate (NCCR) and Institute of Geography

University of Bern

Erlachstrasse 9a, CH-Bern 3012 (Switzerland)

grosjea

n@

giub

.unib

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Cartajena I., Nez L. & Grosjean M. 2007. Camelid domestication on the western slopeof the Puna de Atacama, northern Chile. Anthropozoologica 42 (2): 155-173.

ABSTRACT

Archaeofaunal records from the Early Archaic to the Early Formative sites(11000-2400 BP) on the western slope ofthe Puna deAtacama region (22S-24 S) were analys ed in orde r to und erstand the process of ca meliddomestication. The remains were recovered from rockshelters and open sitesreflecting an extended occupational sequence, starting with the first humanoccupations in the Early Archaic (11000-8000). During the Late Archaic(5000-3800 BP), the mobile hunting/gathering tradition had changed into acultural system characterised by large campsites, hunting activities beingpresent along with the first evidence of camelid domestication in favourablemid-Holocene sites (Quebrada Tuln and Puripica), which evolved duringthe Early Formative to complex camelid husbandry-based societies about3100 BP. Although osteometrical evidence is mainly used, we incorporatepathologies, palaeoenvironmental information, the material culture and thearchaeological context. Our intent is to identify the environmental scenarioand the importance of environmental variables in desert areas, as well as tounde rstand the emerge nce of camelid domestication in relation to


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Cartajena I., Nez L. & Grosjean M.

156 ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA 2007 42 (2)

subsistence, transport and sources for rawmaterial, and also, the continuityofcamelid hunting activities during the EarlyFormative. The results sustain thehypothesis of domestication taking place around Puna independent from the

Central Andes in a context of complex archaic societies which consolidateduring the EarlyFormative.

RSUM

La domestication descamlids sur leversantoccidental de la Puna deAtacama,Chili du Nord.Les restes fauniques de sites de lArchaque Ancien au Formatif Ancien(11000-2400 BP) du versant occidental de la Puna de Atacama (22S-24S)ont t analyss afin de comprend re le processus de domest ication descamlids. Les restes proviennent dabris-sous-roche et de sites de plein airrefltant une longue squence doccupation, depuis les premires occupationshumaines de lArchaque Ancien (11000-8000). Pendant lArchaque rcent

(5000-3800 BP), la traditionnelle chasse/cueillette itinrante sest transformeen un systme culturel caractris par de grands sites de plein air, des activitsde chasse perdurantes avec, simultanment, la premire mise en vidence de ladomestication de camlids dans des sites holocnes (Quebrada Tuln etPuripica). Ces sites ont volu pendant le Formatif Ancien vers des socitspratiquant un systme dlevage complexe des camlids, aux environs de3100 BP. Notre tude exploite essentiellement les donnes de lostomtrie,mais galement celles de la palopathologie, du palo-environnement, de laculture matrielle et du contexte archologique. Notre intention a t, dunepart, de mettre en vidence le scnario environnemental et limportancedes variables environnementales dans des zones dsertiques, dautre part decomprendre lmergence de la domestication des camlids en relation avec la

subsistance, le transport et les sources de matires premires, et enfin de saisirla continuit des activits de chasse des camlids pendant le FormatifAncien.Les rsu ltats soutiennent lhypothse dune domestication dans la Punachilienne indpendante de celle des Andes centrales, dans un contexte desocits archaques complexes qui se consolident pendant le FormatifAncien.

RESUMEN

Domesticacin de camlidos en la vertiente occidental de la Puna de Atacama,norte de Chile.Reg ist ros arqueo faun st icos de sitio s com prendidos en tr e el Arca icoTemprano hasta el Formativo Temprano (11,000-2400 AP) de la vertienteoccidental de la regin de la Puna deAtacama (22S-24S) fueron analizados

con el fin de entender el proceso de domesticacin de los camlidos. Losrestos fueron recuperados tanto de abrigos bajo roca como de sitios a cieloabierto que reflejaron una extendida secuencia de ocupacin, comenzandocon las primeras ocupaciones humanas en el Arcaico Temprano (11,000-8000 AP). Durante el Arcaico Tardo (5000-3800 AP), la tradicin de caza yrecoleccin mvil cambi hacia un sistema cultural caracterizado por grandescampamentos y actividades de caza junto a las primeras evidencias dedomesticacin de camlidos en hbitats favorables del Holoceno Medio(Quebrada Tuln yPuripica), evolucionando hacia sociedades basadas en uncomplejo manejo de los camlidos durante el Formativo Temprano alrededorde 3100 AP. Aunque principalmente se emplea evidencia osteomtrica,tambin incorporamos datos de patologas, informacin paleoambiental,

MOTS CLSPuna de Atacama,

camlids sud-amricains,domestication,

Archaque Ancien,FormatifAncien.

KEY WORDSPuna de Atacama,

South-American camelids,domestication,

Late Archaic,EarlyFormative.


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INTRODUCTION

A summary on camelid domestication evidencesfrom the western slope ofthe Puna deAtacama ispresented. The results form part of a multidisci-plinary research aimed towards the understan-ding of the transitio n betwee n La te Archaic(ca. 5.000-3.800 BP) and Early Formative socie-ties (ca. 3.100-2.400 BP), characterised bycame-lid domestication and the beginning of livestockhusbandry, among others (Nez et al. 2006a).One part of the project was a research onQuebrada Tuln. Together with previous work,it allows an approach to the problem over a longchronological sequence that starts from the firsthuman occupations in the highland s around11.000 BP (Nez etal. 2001, 2002; Grosjean etal. 2005a). Results obtained through palaeocli-matic reconstructions have remarkable signifi-cance since they have provided a sequence fromLa te Plei stocene to La te Holocene giving apowerful insight to palaeoclimatic changes andits cultural responses (Grosjean etal. 1997, 2001,2005b).

First studies were made as part of a researchaiming to document the domestication process inthe Puna de Atacama at the end of the 70 s(Hesse & Hesse 1979 ; Nez 1981; Hesse1982a, 1982b, 1986) where local camelid domes-tication during the LateArchaic was suggested(Hesse 1982a: 210). Further studi es in theAtacama Basin and Middle Loa river have sup-ported this hypothesis (Cartajena 1995a, 1995b,2003, 2005; Yacobaccio 2003). Most recently,Mengoni and Yacobaccio (2006) have summari-

zed part of these studies. They present a view ofca melid domest ica tion in the Sout h Cen tral

Andes and a state-of-art of zooarchaeologica lresearch in the Circumpuna compared with theCentral Andes area (ibid.).This work emphasises on evidence recoveredfrom excavations of archaeological sites locatedon the western slope of the Puna de Atacama.These allow a clear definition on sett lementnatu re, palaeoenvironmental conditions andcontextual intra and inter relationships. In fact,Archaic sites under s t udy belong to thesame cultural tradition called Pur ipica-Tuln(Nuez 1992) in which some ofthe cultural indi-cators transfer to the Early Formative phase,entailed to the emergence of pottery, metalworkand ceremonial architectu re, among others(Nez etal. 2006a).Zooarchaeological analysis emphasises on osteo-metry, age profiles, osteopathologies, fiber analy-sis and taxonomic diversity. All these indicatorsare traditionally used to identify domesticatedforms. Especially relevant are palaeoenvironmen-tal data, which allow to build up a scenario in

which this process could have developed. Ofmajor importance are contextual pieces of infor-mation, particularly those referring to the pre-sence of rockart and possible pens.

ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES

The geographic area in which archaeological sitesare located corresponds to the western slope ofthe Puna de Atacama (22-24S), in an altitude

Camelid domestication on the western slope ofthe Puna de Atacama, northern Chile

157ANTHROPOZOOLOGICA 2007 42 (2)

PALABRAS CLAVEPuna de Atacama,

camlidos sudamericanos,domesticacin,

Arcaico Tardo,Formativo Temprano.

cultura material ycontexto arqueolgico. Por una parte, buscamos identificarel escenario ambiental y la importancia de las variables ambientales en reasdesrticas. Por otro lado, entender la emergencia de la domesticacin de

camlidos para la subsistencia, transporte y fuente de materias primas, perotambin la continuidad de las actividades de caza durante el FormativoTemp rano. Los resu ltados apuntalan la hiptesis de un centro dedomesticacin circumpuneo independiente al de losAndes Centrales dentrode un contexto de sociedades arcaicas complejas, las cuales se consolidandurante el Formativo Temprano.


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gradient of intermediate ravines between thehighlands and the oasis piedmont (ca. 2.500 to3.600 m above sea level).The sites are placed in Quebrada Puripica -30 kmnorthwest of San Pedro de Atacama- andQuebrada Tuln situated on the southeasternborder of the Salar de Atacama (Fig. 1). Theassemblage studied here come from the sites ofTambillo-1 from the Early Archaic (ca. 11.000-8.000 BP), from Puripica-1 and from Tuln-52from the Late Archaic (ca. 5.000-3.800 BP); andTu ln-54-55-85-94-109-122 from theEarly Formative Period (ca. 3.100-2.400 BP)(Table 1).The Early Archaic corresponds to the transitionbetween the Late Pleistocene (Late-Glacial) andthe Early Holocene coincident with first humanoccupat ions in the Puna de Atacama.Palaeoenvironmental data show that this periodis character ized by a humid phase with an

increase in summer rains and higher water levelin lakes; nevertheless these levels show rapiddecreases around 8.100 14C yr BP announcing

the start of the arid stage (Nez et al. 2002).High level of mobility is observed in the humangroups as denoted by the location of settlementsin low lands, intermediate altitudes and in thehighlands. However, at the end of this period ahigher popu latio n d e nsity is observed atTambillo-1, located at the edge of the Salar deAtacama, characterized by circular structuresnucleated around a fireplace (Nez 1983).The Late Archaic Pur ipica-Tuln tradition ischaracterised by large campsites, the develop-

ment of solid architecture formed by multipleagglutinated circular structures, a diversificationand innovative lithic industry with microlithsand perforators , more sedentary populationscompared to the Early Archaic, the appearanceof rock art , long dist ance in teractio ns and asubsist ence strateg y both including huntingand camelid domest ication. All this suggeststhe development of an increasing socioculturalcomplex ity (Nez 1992; Grosjean etal. 2005b).

The Ea rly Formative is charac terized by theemergence of large settlements with a complexand planned ritual architecture along with theintensification and expansion of productive prac-tices, an emphasis on ritual express io ns, theappearance of new technologies such as pottery,and the presence of numerous sett lements inQuebrada Tuln denoting sedentarypopulations.This occurs in a time span between 3.080 and2.380 BP (Nez etal. 2006a).Archaeological collections from sites Tambillo-1,

Puripica-1, Tuln-52 and Tuln-54 had beenpreviously studied by Hesse & Hesse (1979),

whose results are found in an unpublishedpreliminary report and in Hesse (1982a, 1982by 1984). Later , Y a cobacc io (2003 ) andCartajena (2003, et al. 2003) also developedosteometric studies. In the present work thesecollectio ns are re- evaluated and new resu ltsfrom Quebrada Tuln, obtained during 2002-20 05 are in corporated (Ne z et al. 2006a)(Table 2).



FIG. 1. Studied Area. Designer: Patricio Lpez.


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TABLE 1. Studied sites.

Site Location Period Dates Description References

Tambillo-1 Eastern border Early 8.87070 BP Open campsite with circular Nez et al.of the Salar Archaic 8.590130 BP semi-subterranean structures 2002de Atacama 27 kmsouth from San Pedrode Atacama(2.300 m. a.s.l)

Puripica-1 Higher border Late 4.05095 BP Formed by multiple Nez et al.of Quebrada Archaic 4.81570 BP agglutinated 1999Puripica, circular structures.30 km northeastof San Pedro de Atacama(3.500 m. a. s. l.)

Tuln-52 Southern border Late 3.86060 BP Agglutinated circular Nez et al.of Quebrada Tuln Archaic 4.58090 BP and subcircular structures 2006a(3.000 m. a. s. l.) built w ith vertical blocks.

Tuln-94 Southern border Transitional 3.40040 BP Formed by two clusters Nez et al.of Quebrada Tuln (Archaic 3.11060 BP of circular and subcircular 2006a(2.620 m. a. s. l.) to Formative) structures, with a total

of 19. early potterywas recovered.

Tuln-54 Located Early 2.38070 BP Central semi-subterranean Nez et al.on the southern border Formative 3.08070 BP temple structure delimited 2005, 2006aof Quebrada by a perimetral wall builtTuln, 300 m west with big vertical blocks,of Tuln-52. that also form internal(3.000 m. a. s.l,) structures. Twenty four

human newbornburialswith their offerings were foundin pits at the beginningof occupation. The templeis surrounded by possiblydwelling structures. The sitehas been completelycovered by stratified deposits.

Tuln-122 Located on the Early 2.74040 BP Agglutinated and isolated Nez et al.southern border Formative clusters of structures, 2006aof Quebrada Tuln, built mainly from vertical(2.680 m. a. s. l.) flat rocks, that form a total

of 153 structures.

Tuln-85 Located near Early 3.14070 BP Extended monticular stratified Nez 1992to the lowland Formative 2.66080 BP deposit, associated to humanvega on the Salar newborn burials and structures.de Atacama border(2.318 m. a. s. l.)

Tuln-109 Located on the Early 3.14080 BP Small rock shelter associated Nez et al.northern border Formative 2.41070 BP to rock art and offerings. 2006aof Quebrada Tuln(3.000 m. a. s. l.)

Tuln-55 Located Early 3.01040 BP Cave associated with rock art. Nez et al.on the southern Formative 2.700100 BP 2006aTulnborder of Quebrada(2.680 m. a. s. l.)


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OSTEOMETRY

The methodology used in this study aims to cha-racterise faunal assemblages according to osteome-tric criteria seeking far the best possible taxonomicdetermination ofremains, especiallybetween both

wild species (Lama guanicoe y Vicugna vicugna),which have big differences in size with no overlap-ping measurements (Wing 1972 , Kent 1986,Elkin et al. 1991, Cartajena 2003). On the other

hand, there are only few morphological diffe-rences being one of the m the incisors of thevicua (Wheeler 1984). Zooarchaelogical andgenetic evidence suggest that wild camelid speciesbelong to two different genera (Lama andVicugna), where the llama descended from theguanaco while the alpac a from the vicua(Wheeler 1995, Kadwell & Wheeler 2001).Osteometric techniques applied to current came-lids have been matter of debate since the begin-nings of last century (Herre 1 9 52 : 75).

Nevertheless, problems on taxonomic assignationthrough osteologic measurements persist due tothe lack of significant size differences betweendomestic and wild animals (Lama glama/Lamaguanicoe and Lama pacos/Vicugn a vicugna).However, multivariate statistical methods hadeasily lead to a separation between big and smallsize camelid groups (Wheeler 1991 : 37),

although there are difficulties inside each group(Kent 1986) demanding more sophisticated sta-tistical techniques (Izeta & Corts 2006). Along

with this, in the application of models based onmodern species dimensions, the large period ofselection and change is being ignored, and cannotbe recognized through current standards(Moore 1989: 317). Finally, there are wide inter-section areas due to intraspecific variability; insome cases subspecies have been defined withimportant size differences which get confusedinterspecifically (Novoa & Wheeler 1984: 121,Elkin etal. 1991: 5). In the case ofthe Northwestof Argentina, llama is the biggest morphotype;

vicua the smallest and guanaco would be in anintermediate range (Yacobaccio etal. 1994: 28).In addition, founder herds should only be detec-ted in the faunal record iftheyare separated spa-tially from the wild population since this wouldbring about shifts in selection pressures, reflectedin skeletal size and/or morphology (Peterset al. 1999). Yet in this area domestic speciescohabit with wild ones.This shift in the measurements trough time canbe interpreted as an indicator for animal domesti-

cation. In order to compare assemblages fromdifferent periods and sites the Logarithmic SizeIndex (LSI) was used. This allows considering

jointlymeasurements from different skeletal partsin an assemblage (Meadow1999). For the case ofbig size camelids a guanaco1 with a length of181 cm (nose- base of the tail) was used, whichcorresponds to the lower range defined forPatagonian guanaco (Raedecke 1979 in Wheeler1995: 275). Given the lack of archaeological noractual skeletons from the region, this animal wasused for which known body measurements(length) were ava ilable. Smal ler to otherPatagonian guanaco, it is not that different tothose commonly used as a standard in closer areas(Northwestern Argentina) with differences bet-

ween 5-10% in first phalanx, second phalanx,an d m etapodia ls measurements (E lkin etal. 1991, Izeta & Cort s 2006, Mengoni &

TABLE 2. Identified camelid bones per site (NISP and MNE).D iaph ys is fragments , splints and minima l bon es are no tincluded.

Period Site NISP MNE

Early Archaic Tambillo-1 1048 456Late Archaic Tuln-52 7874 3989

Puripica-1** 3426 Early Formative Tuln-54 3921 2169

Tuln-55 116 69Tuln-85 595 503Tuln-109 166 132Tuln-122 93 85

** Source: Hesse (1982a: Table 2)

1. Zoologische Staatsammlung Muenchen 1956/89.


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Yacobaccio 2006). On the other hand, measuresobtained f rom an actua l guanaco skeletonattributable to an even closer area resulted largercompared to one finally used here as standard.

For small camelids a vicua2 was used as a stan-dard animal, with a total length of 170 cm. Usedmeasurements and nomenclature were based onvon den Driesch (1976).First phalanx was selected due to its highfrequencyin most ofthe sites. Given its morphological pat-tern it is easy to separate between anterior and pos-teriors. BFp and Dp. measurements were put on

scatter plots (Fig. 2). The presence oftwo differentgroups small size and big size camelids can beeasly distinguished from the Figure 2. It is inter-esting to note the presence both of anterior andposterior phalanxes in each group discarding thatobserved size differences are due to this fact. Inaddition, sexual dimorphism does not affect bothgroups in the case ofSouthamerican camelids sincethere are no significant size differences betweensexes (Moore 1989, Cartajena 2003).Although the scarce number of measurements, inTa mbillo-1 both groups of size are presen t.

2. Zoologische Staatsammlung Muenchen 1979/186.

12,00 14,00 16,00 18,00 20,00 22,00 24,00

Dp (mm)

12,00

14,00

16,00

18,00

20,00

22,00

24,00

B

Fp(mm)

Phase

Early Archaic anterior

Early Archaic posterior

Early Formative anterior

Early Formative posterior

Late Archaic anterior

Late Archaic posterior

n = 194

FIG. 2. Measurements (BFp and Dp) of anterior and posterior first phalanx of camelids by archaeological phases. Early Archaic(8.900 BP), Late Archaic (4.850-3.850 BP) and Early Formative (3.080-2300 BP).


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Given the early dates obtained for this site it

could be assumed that the smaller and largergroups are wild specie s, vicua and guanacorespectively. Anterior and posterior phalanxescould be easily separated for each one ofthestages (Late Archaic and Formative).In order to set a metric criteria to discriminatebetween size groups, in Figure 3 we present the

0

10

20

30

Frequency

14 16 18 20 22 24BFp (mm)

n=187

FIG. 3. Sample and empirical distribution of first phalanx meas-urements (BFp) of all camelids from studied sites covering the

Early Archaic, Late Archaic, and Early Formative periods.

0

5

10

15

20

Frequency

14 16 18 20 22 24BFp (mm)

n=111

FIG. 4. Sample and empirical distribution of first phalanx meas-urements (BFp) of all camelids from Late Archaic site Tuln-52.

0

2

4

6

8

10

Frequency

14 16 18 20 22 24BFp (mm)

n=27

FIG. 5. Sample and empirical distribution of first phalanx meas-urements (BFp) of all camelids first phalanx measur ements

(BFp) from Late Archaic site Puripica-1.

0

2

4

6

8

10

Frequency

14 16 18 20 22BFp (mm)

n=42

FIG. 6. Sample and empirical distribution of first phalanx meas-urements (BFp) of all camelids first phalanx measur ements(BFp) Early Formative sites located at Quebrada Tuln (Tuln-54, 85 and 122).

3. An Epanechnikov Kernel based distribution using an optimal bandwidth as suggested in Silverman (1986).The empirical distribution represents the most likelypopulation distribution of measurements obtained from theavailable sample.

sample and empirica l3 di st ribution of BF p.

Although other authors (Hesse 1982a) have useddifferent cutting points, in this case 18 mm wasproposed to separate between small and big sizecamelids. In order to statistically assess diffe-rences between groups, Wilcoxon test wasapplied. Results express two differentiated assem-blages (Z = -7.78, p = 0.00).


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BFp distribution was evaluated for each site withthe suggested cut measurement. This was plottedand Wilcoxon test was applied to them(Figs 4-6)4. Results effectively show two distinctgroups in each site.In order to have a more accurate analysis, pha-lanxes were separated between anterior and poste-riors, and given their higher representation, onlythe posterior were considered. Empirical measu-rement distribution in the big size camelid group(Fig. 7) suggests larger heterogeneity for Archaicsite Tuln-52. During the Formative situationchanges since measurements tend to concentratein the middle trend; especially inferior segmentscommon inArchaic sited do not appear represen-ted, which could be due to initial husbandrydevelopment.Aiming towards the comparison ofbigger measu-rements samples, LSIwas used for both groups. Ithas to be noted that relative size differences arenot affected bychanging the animal used as stan-dard. However, the absolute values measured inthe vertical axis maychange.In the case ofbig size camelids (Fig. 8), from theEarly Archaic onwards size decreases, althoughthe assemblage is small and probably does not

.1

.2

.3

.4

.5

kerneldensity

18 19 20 21 22 23BFp (mm)

Tu52 Tu5485122

FIG. 7. Posterior First Phalanx measurements (BFp) empiricaldi st ribut ion of b ig size ca melids from La te Archa ic s ites

(Puripica-1 and Tul-52) and Early Formative sites located atQuebrada Tuln (Tuln-54, 85 and 122).

Tambil lo-1 Puripica-1 Tuln-52 Tuln-54-85-122

-0,20

-0,10

0,00

0,10

0,20

69

8

41

98

FIG. 8. LSI boxplots for big size camelids from Early Archaicsite Tambillo-1, Late Archaic sites (Puripica-1 and Tuln-52),and Early Formative sites located at Quebrada Tuln (Tuln-54,85 and 122).

4. PU-1 Z=-1,82 p=0,068 ; TU-52 Z=-5,99 p=0,00 ; TU-54-85-122 Z=-3,41 p=0,001.

register the complete range ofvariation properly.Despite the fact ofthe scarce number of measure-ments, the size of the guanacos could be solidly

charac terized sin ce at thi s pe riod no humanmanipulation should be observed.In the case of Late Archaic sites Puripica-1 andTuln-52 the median decreases and variation inrelation to earlier (Tambillo-1) and to later sitesincreases, especially in the lower bound (Tuln-54, 85 and 122). It is interesting to note that theupper bound ofTuln-54 rises compared to LateArchaic sites, suggesting the presence of largeranimals.This situation suggests the presence of domestic

camelids in the analysed sites, which is suppor-ted by the smaller size of the big camelid groupfound in Late Archaic sites according to speci-mens collected. This follows the pattern propo-se d f or th e d o m est icat i o n o f O ld Wor ldherbivores like Bos, Capra and Ovis such as ared uction in the mean body size, the lowerminimum size and the increased variab ili ty


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TABLE 3. Cumulative percentage of non fused epiphysis (imma-ture), sites Tuln-52 (B5) and Tuln-54 (H2 and H4). Fusion crite-ria based on Wheeler & Mujica (1981).

Immature Tuln-52 Tuln-54

< 3.9 years 100,0 100,0< 2.9 years 98,0 98,1< 1.9 years 21,1 73,2< 9 months 11,6 29,1< 3 months 8,2 3,8

(Peters et al. 1999, figs. 7-9), especially in thecase ofthe horse where size decrease and variabi-l ity increase are s imu ltaneous ly observed(Uerpmann 1990, Benecke 1994). Ifthese indi-cators are considered, this could be symptomaticof the camelid domestication at the Late Archaicsites in the western slope ofthe Puna deAtacama.However, camelids show higher levels of variabi-lityin the upper range of measurements.In contrast, small size camelid group show nosignificant difference in the median and variationrange (Fig. 9). In this case, samples come fromsites located in the same area, ideal condition tomeasure palaeoenvironmental induced changes.

A comparison between vicua bone measure-ments (small size camelids) by means of LSImethod did not reveal a major difference in sizebetween the Early, Late Archaic and Ear lyFormative periods. It has to be noted that weassume that for the Early Archaic period smallcamelids correspond to vicuas.These results have remarkable significance since areduction in body size cannot be related to achange in palaeoenvironmetal conditions in thecase ofthe big size camelids, thus the occurrence

ofsignificant changes in body size can be associa-ted to human manipulation.In Tuln-54 site, three incisors were registered

with a similar pattern as proposed by Wheelerfor the alpaca (Wheeler 1984: 78-79, 80: fig. 3).Similar evidences were registered at theTomayoc site (Northwestern Argentina) witha lmost contempo rary dates (Lava l le etal. 1997). However, these indicators should betaken with caut ion (Kent 1986, Mengoni &Yacobaccio 2006). Although osteometric measu-rements for the smaller group of camelids isslightly bigger than those obtained for thearchaic site Tuln- 52, they do not show big

changes in this assemblage related to thepresence ofalpaca.

AGE PROFILE

Age profiles were ca lculated from epiphys alfusion frequency(% MNE) (Fig. 10). Frequencyof juveniles (absence of epiphysal fusion) reachesalmo st 40% in La te Archaic site Tuln-5 2.Tendency observed during the Early Formative

corresponds mostly to adult assemblages, excep-tion made by sites Tuln-54 and Tuln-109. It isimportant to mention that both sites have ritualconnotations; the former for its temple structureand the latter for its association with rock artpanels and for the presence ofan offering compo-sed by bone dart-throwers. These special conno-tations could be acting as selection criteria foryounger specimens and would explain the diffe-rence between these and the other sites located inthe Quebrada Tuln.

T am bi ll o- 1 P ur ip ic a- 1 T ul n -5 2 T ul n -5 4, 8 5 a nd122

-0,40

-0,20

0,00

0,20

0,40

40

1887

93

FIG. 9. LSI boxplots for small size camelids from Early Archaicsite Tambillo-1, Late Archaic sites (Puripica-1 and Tul-52), andEarly Formative sites located at Quebrada Tuln (Tuln-54, 85and 122).


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By analysing Tuln-52 and Tuln-54 (templestructure), despite the similar frequencies of juve-niles in both periods age range distribution variesconsiderably(Table 3). In the former settlement,

juveniles concentrate in the 2.9-1.9 year old agetrend which corresponds to camelid sexual matu-rity, reached at the age of 2 for guanacos. InTuln-54 on the other hand, frequencies concen-trate between 9 months and 1.9 years, yet in nei-ther sites high newborn mortality is observed,

which has been suggested as a domest icationindicator (Wheeler etal. 1977).

PATHOLOGIES

Ca melid rem ain s from La te Archaic sites ofPuripica and Quebrada Tuln show numerouspathologies in contrast to bones from earlier sitesin which are not found. Most pathologies are

related to distal metapodial and phalanx exosto-sis, which possiblydeveloped as a consequence oflong term periosteum irritation that led to boneproliferation (Levine et al. 2000, Fabis 2004)(Fig. 11C and D). Numerous factors can lead tophalanx periostitis consisting in the inflammation

with proliferative growt h of the bon e tiss ue(Fabis 2004). Moreover, this pathology can beseen in metapodial bones ofanimals kept in cap-tivity through strain friction (Benecke 1994: 33).On Figure 11B a camelid metapodial bone fromthe big size group with a strangle mark is shownthat suggests that the animal was kept tied up.Presence of arthropathy (a degenerative articulardisease), which is a marked extension ofthe arti-cular surfac e, also occ ur s (Fig. 11A). The sepathologies are generally related to domesticatedanimals either due to a poor diet, to long periodsof exercise or to movement restrictions, althoughthey have also been reported for wild animals

0

%

MNE20

40

60

80

100

120

Tu-52

(n=1668)

Tu-94

(n=61)

Tu-54 int.

(n=549)

Tu-54 ext.

(n=436)

Tu-122

(n=19)

Tu-55-A

(n=11)

Tu-55

(n=9)

Tu-109

(n=11) Sites

Not fused

Fused

FIG. 10. Age profile. Comparison between fused and non fused epiphysis from Late Archaic sites (Puripica-1 and Tul-52), transi-tional site Tuln-94 and Early Formative sites located at Quebrada Tuln (Tuln-54, 85 and 122).

%

MNE20

Sites


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(Wobeser & Rung 1975). Several factors cancontribute to the development of these patholo-gies, nevertheless their presence in this periodindicates stress conditions which can be conside-red as an indirect evidence of human control overcamelids, as an alternative approach for eviden-cing domestication processes specially in theirfirst stages (Levine etal. 2000). These pathologiesoccur only on big size camelids yet not on thesmall ones (vicuas).

FIBRES

Fibre analysis took into account some macro-scopic featu res such as colour, texture andnature of the identified pieces, and microscopicon es such as the ab sen ce or presen ce of themedullar channel, the nature of medullar struc-ture, average thickness, fiber diameter () andcomparison with current patterns (Benavente etal. 1993).

A B

CD

FIG. 11. Bone pathologies in Late Archaic sites. A. Arthropathy in the articular surface of a third phalanx (Tuln-52). B. Distalmetapodial with a strangle mark suggesting that the animal was t ied up (Puripica-1). C. Metapodial, anterior and posterior v iew, withperiostitis ossificans (Tuln-52). D. Second phalanx with periostitis ossificans at the distal end, anterior and axial view (Tuln-52).Photographer: Patricio Lpez.


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Although the possible presence of domestic ani-mals in Tuln-54 had been suggested in previousanalysis based on fibre colours (Dransart 1991),more recent studies identified domestic animals(llama) atArchaic settlement Tuln-52 and poin-ted out an important occurrence of wild species,especiallyofvicua during LateArchaic as well asin EarlyFormative times with a lowpercentage ofllamas (Benavente 2005-2006) (Table 4) show-ing no selection of domesticated camelids in thisdirection.

TAXONOMIC DIVERSITY

Taxonomic diversity is another common indica-tor, especiallyfor the Central Andes (Mengoni &Yacobaccio 2006). Dur ing the Archaic in thePuna Sa lada, major biomass came from wildcamelids since no other herbivores have beenregistered; exception made at Tuina-5 site wherecervid remains were found associated to EarlyHolocene favourable conditions (Cartajena 2003).In this sense, there is an increasing reduction ofmicrofaunal remains (birds and rodents) startingin the Early Archaic, which in Late Archaic andEarly Formative sites find a very low frequency(Fig. 12).On the other hand, no increase is observed in buf-fer resources which as Hesse (1986) points out,should be present in pastoralist settlements due toa resistance to sacrifice animals from the herd. Inthe settlements of Puripica and Quebrada Tulnan intensive wild animal hunt is observed, whichis maintained all through the EarlyFormative andthat would be fundamental for subsistence and

120

100

80

60

40

20

0

SL-1 EIV-IX Tui-5 EIV Ta-1 Tu-67 EVII Pu-1 Tu-52 Tu-54

Aves

Rodentia

Carnivora

Cervidae

Camelidae

Equidae

Sites

%

NISP

FIG. 12. Taxonomic diversity. Comparison between Early Archaic sites located in the western slope of the Puna de Atacama (SanLorenzo-1 Stratum IV-IX, Tuina-5 Stratum IV, Tambillo-1 and Tuln 67 Stratum VII), Late Archaic sites (Puripica-1 and Tul-52), andEarly Formative site (Tuln-54).

TABLE 4. Fleece identification at Tuln-52 and 54 sites (based

on Benavente 2005-2006)

Taxa Tuln-52 Tuln 54

Vicugna vicugna 37 (52.2%) 61 (48.8%)Lama guanicoe 13 (18.6%) 36 (28.8%)Lama glama 8 (11.4%) 15 (12.0%)Lama pacos 1? ( 0.8%)Chinchilla sp. 12 (17.1%) 7 (5.6%)Lagidium viscacia 5 (4.0%)Total 70 125

%

NISP

Sites


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fleece procurement. Low presence of microfaunalremains could be related to the introduction ofcrops during the Early Formative, which would

allow diet diversification (McRostie 2006). Thepresence of microfaunal remains in lowquantitiesin Archaic and Formative settlements could berelated to raw material procurement, as the highoccurrence of chinchilla fleece i nd icates(Benavente 2005-2006), or to ritual purposes,among others (Labarca 2005).

PALAEOENVIRONMENT INFORMATION

Around 12.000 years BP a rapid change fromextremely arid to a more humid environment, in

which effective moisture increased more thanthree times compared with modern times (~200 mmprecipitation) occurred. This was followed by adramatic shift to arid conditions and a generalpaleolake regression in the highlands above 3.600m around 8.000 BP, prevailing during the mid-Holocene until 3.600 BP, when lakes arose tomodern levels and modern climatic conditions

were established. Despite human dispersal duringthe mid-Holocene , people did not completelydisappear from the area but moved to alternativenewlycreated habitats in wetlands, in step valleyssuch as Quebrada Puripica and Tuln, newlyfor-med in wetlands in the flat bottom areas of for-mer palaeolakes or remained in places with largesprings or regional river systems where resourcesremained stable trough time. The end of favo-rable ecological refuges in wetlands at the quebra-daswas triggered by the onset of modern climaticconditions at about 3.000 years BP This saw the

beginning of river down cutt ing as a result ofmore humid climate, drying out and erosion ofthe wetlands and dry lake basins were floodedagain (Grosjean etal. 2001, 2005b).The presen ce of cop rophilous fungal spo res(Cercophora-type) and m ire and wetlandvegetation pollen in the mid-Holocene sedimentsof Laguna Miscanti (Fig. 1) suggest that withincreasing aridity, the lake evolved into a wetlandthat provided excellent grazing areas for camelidson the newly exposed lake bed (Grosjean et al.

2001, 2005b). Thus regional climatic aridity didnot necessarily turn into local environmentalstress with water, animal and vegetation resources

shortage, creating a positive scenario for cameliddomestication.

CORRALS

Following the Quebrada Tuln stream, largefence structures are found,which might have beenused as big pens that take advantage ofthe maxi-mum foraging space along the ravine (Fig. 13).High and rocky slopes are used as natural bounda-

ries on both borders; on softer slopes big regularboulders have been arranged to enclose pens.Boundary lines that cross the ravine are interrup-ted in the stream part to avoid holding back the

water; palisades or similar solutions were probablyused to bound areas close to the stream, allowingthe enclosure of extended areas with water andforage, in contrast to later periods, with smallerand closed pens. Pen areas are close to Tuln-54site, even though there are also Late Formativeand historic settlements that could be associatedto pen use. Pen dimensions (ca. 300 80 m) sug-gest a considerable amount of labour, consistent

with the complexityobserved in Tuln-54.We have stressed the relationship between theHolocene landscape evolution and stone structures

FIG. 13. Corral structures located over the palaeowetlandssediments a t the va ll ey bott o m o f Que bra da Tu ln.Photographer: L autaro Nez.


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(fences). Mid-Holocene wetland formation in thevalley bottom has started around 7.400 BP andending after ca. 3.140 BP (Rech etal. 2002).After

ca. 3.100 BP a phase of rapid river incision andlinear erosion took place. Following the interpreta-tion byGrosjean (2001) the phase of linear erosion

was due to an increase in river runoff and precipi-tation. Rech etal. (2002) noted in the Tuln rivervalley incision on the order of 10 m, which resul-ted in a local lowering of the groundwater tableand drying ofthe mid-Holocene wetlands. Thestone fence lies on the hard and dry surface, theboulders stickup to 10 cm deep in the sedimentssuggesting that the wetlands were still active and

the sediments were soft at the time when the boul-ders were put in place. Therefore, the maximumage is unknown, yet cert ainly young er than3.100 BP (Grosjean 2006) and maybe as young as

1.600 A.D. It is important to define the relation-ship between pens and Formative settlements inQuebrada Tuln, due to their importance as early

evidences on corral architecture, associated to thecomplexityobserved during the EarlyFormative.In relation to corrals evidences, a fragment ofdung derived soil was found over the occupatio-nal floor of Tuln-55, reinforcing the idea thatcorrals were in use by the EarlyFormative.

ROCK ART

Eight continuous panels totalling a 20 m exten-

sion located on the northern border ofQuebradaTuln compose Tuln-60 site, with large natura-list camelids of Taira-Tuln style (Berenguer1995, 1999; Nez etal. 2006b) (Fig. 14). In the

FIG. 14. Rock art panels (Tuln-60) with big naturalist camelid representations of Taira-Tuln style. Photographer: Ignacio Torres.


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interior of Tuln-54, different rock art represen-tations are found; boulders with inverted camelidheads, a smaller camelid tied down and a dyna-

mic anthropomorphic figure with a dart in itshands, similar to Confluencia style motifs(Gallardo et al. 1999). Additionally, a dart-thro-

wer fragment was registered in the interior ofTuln-54 and also complete as offerings atTuln-109 dated at 2.41070 B.P associated tothe panels (Nez etal. 2006a).Adistinctive gra-phic representation ofwild (Confluencia style) asopposed to domesticated camelids (Taira-Tulnstyle) has been proposed, as well as correspon-dence ofthese representations to different subsis-

tence modes, one of hunters and other ofhusbandry-pastoralist societies which may havecoexisted during the Early Formative (Gallardo& Yacobaccio 2005). Presence of both styles inQuebrada Tuln would represent the coexistenceof hunting and pastoralist practices, which is alsosu pport ed by ost eologic and fleece evidence(Cartajena et al. 2003, 2005; Benavente 2005-2006). In consequence, rockart ofTuln-54 site

would represent a wild camelid hunting scene,while as Taira-Tuln style found all through theravine would represent domesticated camelids(Ga ll ardo & Yacobaccio 20 05, Ne z et al.2006b).

CONCLUSIONS

Different lines of evidence allow us to have a bet-ter comprehension of the domestication processin the western slope ofthe Puna de Atacama.Osteometric results show higher levels of hetero-geneity in measurements from Puripica-1 andTuln-52 compared to those from the early siteof Tambillo-1 (Early Arca ic) and to the laterTuln-54 (Early Formative). However, for theearlier site we onlyhave fewmeasurements whichmay not represent the whole range of variationfrom earlygroups.It has been suggested that possibly during theprocess of domestication, larger camelids thanpresent guanacos (i.e. llamas) appeared in sites ofnorthwestern Argentina and in northern Chile

dated around 4.400 BP, which have been inter-preted as the initial steps of camelid domestica-tion (Mengoni & Yacobaccio 2006 : 238).

Although the existence of size differences bet-ween domestic and wild species is discussed, thepresence of domestic animals of the same size orlarger than their wild ancestor is the result ofconscious breeding process (Uerpmann &Uerpmann 2002: 252), which may not corres-pond to initial stages of domestication. Largerform sizes were already present during the MidHolocene (Mengoni & Yacobaccio 2006: 237,fig. 16.5) showing high variation before the LateArchaic.

On the other hand, although a smallerPatagonian guanaco was used as a standard form,results show that sites medians were larger thanthe standard, suggesting the presence of wild ani-mals in the EarlyArchaic, all ofthem guanacos.Although the observed decrease in size of largeranimals after the Early Holocene may be due toarid conditions, we suggest that major shifts atthe Late Archaic are the consequences of adomestication process. On contrary, small sizecamelids attributable to vicunas during the Early

Archaic, do not present the same shift duringLateArchaic.In general, ungulates tend to decrease in their sizedue to changes imposed by the domesticationprocess (Peters et al. 1999: figs 7-9), includingthe camelid (Uerpmann & Uerpmann 2002).However, studied samples showa great variabilityin the upper size range which is not observed indomesticated animals in the Old World. At thesame time, during the Late Archaic we observehigher variability in the lower size range of larger

camelids. This heterogeneity is later reducedduring the EarlyFormative, suggesting the disap-pearance of smaller animals in this size group.This may reflect more consolidated livestock hus-bandrypractices.The constant presence of small size camelidsbones and vicua fibres during the Late Archaicand Early Formative denotes the importance of

wild animal hunting practices. Despite the factthat vicuas are present in this territory, domesti-cation ofthis specie is not observed. On the other




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hand , we did not identify certainly a lpacacon tr ary to what has been prop osed for theCentral And es (Wheeler 1984). At the same

time, measurements variability inside the groupof large animals could be associated to guanacosand llamas as reflected by the presence of fleeattributable to both species. We proposed thatthe domest ica tion process may have respondmainly to transport and meat motivations.The use ofwild animals for meat and fibre is stillrelevant as a symbolic aspect as well, denoted bythe presence of dart-throwers as offerings andConfluencia style rockart.Size differences between contemporaneous sites

may also be due to distinct populations or slightlydifferent environmental conditions or to site func-tionality. The ritual character of Tuln-54 (tem-ples in terior) may influence the selection ofcamelids similar in size related to ritual practices.When comparing large size camelids measurementsfrom the temples interior with those from othersites at the quebrada, theyappear to be smaller.Other indicators like the presence of pathologiesindirectly suggest human intervention or manipu-lation, especiallycamelid captivityduring the Late

Archaic. The age pattern, similar to that observedin other sites from the Central Andes and theCircumpuna does not show a shift in mortalitypatterns that might markthe onset of domestica-tion (Kent 1982, Cartajena 1995a, Mengoni &Yacobaccio 2006, among others). In this case, agepattern in Formative sites (Tuln-54 and 109)may be related to ritual activities since most ofimmature individuals are concentrated here.On the other hand, environmental conditionsfavour water and feeding resources conforming apropitio us scenario for the domest ica tion ofcamelids despite the general arid conditions. Inthis sense, it is important to define the relation-ship between pen structures and the Ear lyFormative settlements; this byoptimizing feedingand water resources using the natural border ofthe palaeowetlands at bottom ofthe valley.Finally, the process ofcamelid domestication is partofan increasing socio-cultural complexityprocess,possiblyproviding the cultural background against

which camelid domestication took place.We argue

that the location ofArchaic and Formative settle-ments in Quebrada Tuln are explained by favou-rable cultural, social and environmental conditions,

that allowed the transformation from a huntergatherer society to a livestock husbandrybased one(Nez etal. 2006a).

AcknowledgmentsWe acknowledge comments by Prof. Dr. Angelavon den Driesch, to Patricio Lpez and FernandaKalazich for their valuable help in the preparationof this manuscript, and to anonymous refereesfor their comments.

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Submitted on 2January 2007;accepted on 9June2007.


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Cartajena Et Al - Camelid Domestication on the Western Slope of the Puna de Atacama