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LAT CERTIFICATIONCHAPTER 5: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Carrie Freed, MLAS, DVM, [email protected], 292-7319
BODY ORGANIZATION
Cells
Tissue
Organ
http://cmerr.files.wordpress.com/2009/03/cell-structure.jpg
BODY ORGANIZATION
Cells
Tissue
Organ
TYPES OF TISSUE1. Connective Tissue – binds
and supports2. Muscle Tissue- contracts3. Nerve Tissue- conducts4. Epithelial - protects
http://www.examples10.com/uploads/52e662_tendon.jpg
BODY ORGANIZATION
Cells
Tissue
Organ
http://whydetox.net/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/liver.jpg
What is the largest internal organ?
What is the largest organ overall?
INTEGUMENT SYSTEM
Epidermis New cells at the base
cornify as they move towards the surface (non living)
Water insoluble protein Dermis
Connective tissue Nerves, vessels, pigment
cells,etc
Glands Protect, lubricate and
regulate temperature Sebaceous, mucus, sweat
http://firstacnesolution.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/01/34skin-human.jpg
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Exoskeleton: insects, crustaceans, invertebrates
Endoskeleton: vertebratesDetermines shape Protection Facilitates movement
http://www.lakdasun.org/images/sri_lanka_insect_shell_exoskeleton.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Elephant_skeleton.jpg
SKELETAL TISSUES
Bone Longs bones Short bones Flat bones Irregular bones
Cartilage
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0e/Skeleton2.jpg
Humerus
Radius/ulna
PhalangesFemur
Tibia/fibula
Phalanges
Carpals
Tarsals
Cranium
Scapula
Ribs
Mandible
Vertebrae
Pelvis
LONG BONE
Diaphysis Epiphysis
Growth
Medullary CavityRed/yellow marrow
Periosteum Attachments for
tendons and ligaments
http://jakeweekes.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/long_bone_shaft.jpghttp://www.bing.com/images/search?q=epiphysial+plate+and+radiograph&FORM=HDRSC2
SKELETAL SYSTEM
Axial vs. Appendicular Vertebral column: C T L S Cy Pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle # and shape vary (carpals, metacarpals, and
phalanges)
Joints and MovementRotation Flexion/Extension Abduction/Adduction
http://depositphotos.com/3126706/stock-illustration-Atlas-Ancient-God.html
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
Skeletal (Striated) Movement Strong contraction,
fatigue quickly Smooth
Slow contraction Involuntary (vessel,
GI) Cardiac
Rhythmic contraction Continual
http://howtoloosebellyfatfast.net/wp-content/uploads/as.jpg
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Function: move oxygen/nutrients in and waste out of cells
Blood Liquid/Plasma (55%) Cellular elements
Erythrocytes (RBC)Leukocytes (WBC)Thrombocytes (Platelets)
Separated out in hematocrit tube
Whole blood
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Cellular elementsErythrocytes (most)
Hg (combine with O2 and CO2) Red marrow, no nucleus in
mammals
Leukocytes Phagocytosis, motile Granulocytes or PMNS Lymphoid cells
ThrombocytesPlatelets
A. Basophil (PMN) 1. turtle RBCB. Lymphocyte 2. human RBCC. Monocyte D. Neutrophil (PMN)E. Eosinophil (PMN)F. Erythrocytes with thrombocytes
1. 2.
http://www.gwc.maricopa.edu/class/bio202/EndoHemoTutorial/prac1a10.htm
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart 4 chambers in mammals and birds PericardiumMyocardium/epicardium/endocardium
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=84PrHxJri9Q
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart Blood Vessels
Arteries : Away (AORTA) Thicker, higher pressure, from left side to whole body
Veins: Toward (VENA CAVA) Expandable, 60% blood reserve, to right side from whole body
Capillaries: Between Thin, allow for gas exchange
Circulation control
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Heart Blood Vessels Circulation control
Blood flows from high to low pressure Left ventricle = highest pressureDiastole – blood flows in while ventricle is at rest,
aortic valve is closed Systole – mitral valve closes before heart contracts 120/80 Systole/Diastole beat/rest
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
Filter mechanism- protection Components
Lymph: leaks out of plasma (capillaries), return to heart
Lymphatics: vessels in intracellular space, dump into venous system
Lymph nodes: clusters of WBC Mesenteric, popliteal, axillary, cervical, inguinalClean the lymph fluid (phagocytosis) lymphadenopathy
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Exchange of gases = mechanical process Pressure gradients between tissues/blood and
blood/inspired gas Lungs: terrestrial vertebrates
Air sacs: birds
Gills: fish and larval amphibians Skin
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Anatomy Nose: inspired air is filtered, moistened,
warmed Pharynx: air and food passage
Glottis is closed (epiglottis) during swallowing Larynx: box like, cartilage, vocal cords Trachea: C shaped cartilage, smooth muscle Bronchi: primary branches, bronchioles Alveoli: microscopic air sacs, epithelial
tissue and blood capillaries Lungs: visceral pleura, parietal pleura,
pleura fluid Thoracic cavity: diaphragm
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
Exchange of gases and transport by blood Diffusion
O2, CO2 between blood in the capillaries in the alveoli
Mechanism of ventilation Inspiration: increase volume of thoracic cavity,
decreases internal pressure (air flows in) Expiration: relax diaphragm, elastic recoil of lungs
http://www.heritagechristian.ca/science/images/alveoli.jpg
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Carnivores: dogs, cats, ferrets protein
Herbivores: rabbits, guinea pig, horse, cowand
Omnivores: primates, pigs, rodents Roughage (fiber): cellulose Require GI tract modification, storage space for
microorganisms to work Rumen: Goat, cow, sheep Cecum: rabbits, horses, rodents
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Anatomy and Operation Alimentary canal
Stomach, intestine, liver, pancreas
Digestion1st mouth, teeth, tongue and saliva2nd peristalsis in the esophagus moves the food down to
stomach3rd stomach (one / four compartments) enzymes
Rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum (true stomach) HCL + food = chyme or injesta
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Gall Bladder: secretes bile into small intestineBile helps pancreatic enzymes b/d fatNot present: horse, rat, certain birds and fishes
Liver: production and breakdown of chemicals, storage site for glycogen
Pancreas: exocrine and endocrine function
URINARY SYSTEM
Nephron : unit, 1 million, capillary cluster with a long tubule
Plasma filtrate travels through tubuleWaste remains (creatine, urea)Reabsorbed: glucose, water
(99%), electrolytes (80%- Na, Cl, CHO3)
http://becomehealthynow.com/images/organs/urinary/nephron2.jpg
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Nerve impulse travels along axon to a synapse Motor vs. sensory function (connecting) Central vs. peripheral nervous system (voluntary)
Autonomic (involuntary)
Brain Cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem Ventricles (cavities containing CSF)
Neurons Cell body, axon, dendrites
www.wpclipart.com
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Aka internal secretion (hormones)Directly into blood streamDiffusion through capillariesRegulate: digestion, growth, metabolism, puberty
agingWhere???
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Structures Pituitary gland (MASTER gland)
Anterior and posterior lobes, many hormones Adrenal gland
Outer cortex: steroids, corticosterone (cortisol) Inner Medulla: epi/norepi in response to autonomic system
Thyroid gland Two lobes, thryroxine (metabolic rate and calcium utilization)
Parathyroid glands Parathyroid hormone: blood calcium concentration
Pancreas Insulin and glucagon from islets of langerhans (Diabetes)
Gonads Determine secondary physical characteristics
GOOD LUCK ON
YOUR EXAM!!