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7/28/2019 Carrie Craven: "Aquaculture vs. other anthropogenic disturbances: The effects on water birds on Carlingford Lough"
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A prfkeot suppfrte` hy tbe Eurfpeai Uimfi's MIPEXXEL MZA ^rflragge gaiale` hy tbe _peomac EU ^rflragges Hf`y
Aquaoucture vs ftber aitbrfpfleimo `msturhaioes; Pbeejjeots fi waterhmr`s fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb
Oarrme Oravei
(Queeis Uimversmty Hecjast)
_upervmsfr@r. @am Xfherts
7/28/2019 Carrie Craven: "Aquaculture vs. other anthropogenic disturbances: The effects on water birds on Carlingford Lough"
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_tategeit fj Ofpyrmlbt
Pbe ofiteit fj tbe MHM_ wehsmte*(miocu`mil, hut ift cmgmte` tf acc text ai` artwfrd tberemi)
ms prfteote` hy ofpyrmlbt. Pbe ofpyrmlbt ms fwie` hy MHM_ fr ms ftberwmse cmoeise` jrfg a
tbmr` party jfr use hy tbe partiers.
]fu gay vmew fr `fwicfa` aiy ofiteit fj tbe _mte jfr prmvate purpfses, hut yfu are iftpergmtte`, wmtbfut fur pergmssmfi, tf;
stfre tbe _mte, fr aiy ofiteit fj tbe _mte, jfr aiy ftber purpfse4
prmit ofpmes fj tbe _mte, fr aiy ofiteit fj tbe _mte, jfr aiy ftber purpfse4 reprf`uoe, ofpy fr traisgmt tbe _mte, fr aiy ofiteit fj tbe _mte, mi aiy way, jfr
aiy ftber purpfse fr mi aiy ftber ge`mug.
Acc ftber rmlbts wbmob are ift speomjmoaccy lraite` are reserve`.
MHM_ gades avamcahce fi mts smtes gatermacs leierate` jfr MHM_ hy aoa`egmo wfrd at tbeUimversmty fj Lcaslfw ai` at Queei's Uimversmty Hecjast, miter acma.
Extraots gust ift he qufte` wmtbfut expcmomt pergmssmfi. ^ergmssmfi gay he sfulbt hy
usmil tbe ofitaot jfrg www.cfulbs-aleioy.frl/mhms/ofitaot/
*_mte - www.cfulbs-aleioy.frl/MHM_
7/28/2019 Carrie Craven: "Aquaculture vs. other anthropogenic disturbances: The effects on water birds on Carlingford Lough"
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Aquaoucture vs Ftber Aitbrfpfleimo
@msturhaioes;
Pbe ejjeots fi waterhmr`s fi Oarcmiljfr`
Cfulb
Oarrme Oravei H_o (Bfis)
_tu`eit Iugher; 0>>>8:1>
_upervmsfr; @r @. Xfherts
G_o _ustamiahce Aquaoucture ai` Misbfre Jmsbermes
_uhgmtte`; Fotfher 8>18
7/28/2019 Carrie Craven: "Aquaculture vs. other anthropogenic disturbances: The effects on water birds on Carlingford Lough"
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Ifi-teobimoac _uggary
AQUAOUCPUXE Z_ FPBEX AIPBXF^FLEIMO @M_PUXHAIOE_; PBE EJJEOP_
FI \APEXHMX@_ FI OAXCMILJFX@ CFULB
Mijfrgatmfi fi tbe miteraotmfis hetweei hmr`s, aquaoucture ai` ftber
aitbrfpfleimo `msturhaioes wmcc mijfrg statutfry hf`mes requmre` tf ui`ertade
apprfprmate assessgeits mi tbe ofitext fj ofggeromac appcmoatmfis jfr
aquaoucture cmoeioes
HAODLXFUI@
Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb ms ai eofifgmoaccy mgpfrtait area jfr tbe ouctmvatmfi fj Hcue Guseecs (Gytmcus
e`ucms) ai` ^aomjmo Fysters (Orassfstrea lmlas) ai` mt ms acsf ai eofcflmoaccy mgpfrtait area jfr gaiy
waterhmr` speomes, espeomaccy wmitermil hmr`s. Pbere ms mioreasmil `egai` tf expai` aquaoucture mi
Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb ai` ecsewbere. Hejfre ai aquaoucture cmoeioe oai he lraite`, ai apprfprmate
assessgeit gust he oarrme` fut, wbmob ms requmre` hy Artmoce : fj tbe EU Bahmtats @mreotmve Gaialmil
ai` prfteotmil Iatura 8>>> smtes (1==8). Pbe ourreit avmai `ata, wbmob exmsts jfr Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb, ms
misujjmomeit jfr use as ai mi`moatfr fj tbe miteraotmfis hetweei aquaoucture aotmvmty ai` waterhmr`s.
Pberejfre, mi fr`er jfr tbe aquaoucture seotfr tf ofgpcy wmtb tbe Bahmtats @mreotmve, jurtber suppfrtmil
`ata ms requmre`. Mijfrgatmfi gust he fhtamie` fi tbe `mstrmhutmfi, ahui`aioe ai` asseghcales fj
waterhmr`s, wmtb partmoucar atteitmfi fi prfteote` speomes, ai` acsf tbe miteraotmfis hetweei waterhmr`s
ai` aquaoucture praotmoes. Pbms researob exagmies tbe ejjeots fj aquaoucture `msturhaioe fi waterhmr`
asseghcales mi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb ofgpare` tf ftber aitbrfpfleimo `msturhaioes suob as reoreatmfiac
aotmvmtmes ai` wmcc acsf mijfrg statutfry hf`mes requmre` tf ui`ertade apprfprmate assessgeits mi tbms
ofitext ai` prfvm`e a hasecmie jfr jurtber stu`mes.
GAMI JMI@MIL_
A stu`y was oarrme` fut fver emlbt gfitbs, tf exagmie wbat ejjeot aquaoucture aotmvmtmes ba` fiwaterhmr` asseghcales ofgpare` tf ftber aitbrfpfleimo `msturhaioes mi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb. Ecevei
smtes were gfimtfre` acfil tbe sbfre fj Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb ai` tbese were `mvm`e` mitf tbree
oatelfrmes (Aquaoucture4 Xeoreatmfiac ai` Ui`msturhe`) `epei`mil fi tbe cevec fj aitbrfpfleimo
`msturhaioe fi tbe jfresbfre. _mtes were surveye` twmoe a gfitb, at bmlb tm`e ai` alami at cfw tm`e.
A tftac fj ?= speomes fj hmr`s were fhserve` fver tbe `uratmfi fj tbe stu`y (Kaiuary-Aulust). Pbe resucts fj tbe stu`y sbfw tbat smlimjmoait `mjjereioes foour mi hmr` asseghcales at `mjjereit smtes
fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb. Bfwever, fvercaps foour hetweei smtes, wbmob gay he `ue tf tbe recatmvecy
sgacc area ofvere` hy tbe cfulb suob tbat hmr`s oai gfve rea`mcy hetweei smtes.
7/28/2019 Carrie Craven: "Aquaculture vs. other anthropogenic disturbances: The effects on water birds on Carlingford Lough"
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!
_tategeit fj Ofpyrmlbt
Pbe ofiteit fj tbe _mte*(miocu`mil, hut ift cmgmte` tf acc text ai` artwfrd) ms prfteote` hy
ofpyrmlbt. Pbe ofpyrmlbt ms fwie` hy tbe MHM_ fr ms ftberwmse cmoeise` jrfg a tbmr` party jfr
use hy tbe partiers.
]fu gay vmew fr `fwicfa` aiy ofiteit fj tbe _mte jfr prmvate purpfses, hut yfu are iftpergmtte`, wmtbfut fur pergmssmfi, tf;
! stfre tbe _mte, fr aiy ofiteit fj tbe _mte, jfr aiy ftber purpfse4
! prmit ofpmes fj tbe _mte, fr aiy ofiteit fj tbe _mte, jfr aiy ftber purpfse4
! reprf`uoe, ofpy fr traisgmt tbe _mte, fr aiy ofiteit fj tbe _mte, mi aiy way, jfr aiyftber purpfse fr mi aiy ftber ge`mug.
Acc ftber rmlbts wbmob are ift speomjmoaccy lraite` are reserve`.
MHM_ gades avamcahce fi mts smtes gatermacs leierate` jfr MHM_ hy aoa`egmo wfrd at tbeUimversmty fj Lcaslfw ai` at Queei's Uimversmty Hecjast, miter acma.
Extraots gust ift he qufte` wmtbfut expcmomt pergmssmfi.
^ergmssmfi gay he sfulbt hy usmil tbe ofitaot jfrg www.cfulbs-aleioy.frl/mhms/ofitaot/
*_mte - www.cfulbs-aleioy.frl/MHM_
7/28/2019 Carrie Craven: "Aquaculture vs. other anthropogenic disturbances: The effects on water birds on Carlingford Lough"
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#
AH_PXAOP
Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb ms ai eofifgmoaccy mgpfrtait area jfr tbe ouctmvatmfi fj Hcue Guseecs (Gytmcus
e`ucms) ai` ^aomjmo Fysters (Orassfstrea lmlas) ai` mt ms acsf ai eofcflmoaccy mgpfrtait area jfr gaiy
waterhmr` speomes, espeomaccy wmitermil hmr`s. A stu`y was oarrme` fut fver emlbt gfitbs, tf exagmiewbat ejjeot aquaoucture aotmvmtmes ba` fi waterhmr` asseghcales ofgpare` tf ftber aitbrfpfleimo
`msturhaioes fi tbe Cfulb. Ecevei smtes were obfsei acfil tbe sbfre fj Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb ai` tbese
were `mvm`e` mitf tbree oatelfrmes (Aquaoucture, Xeoreatmfiac ai` Ui`msturhe`) `epei`mil fi tbe
cevec fj aitbrfpfleimo `msturhaioe fi tbe jfresbfre. _mtes were surveye` twmoe a gfitb, at bmlb tm`e
ai` alami at cfw tm`e. A tftac fj ?= speomes were fhserve` fver tbe `uratmfi fj tbe stu`y (Kaiuary-
Aulust). ^rmger aiacysms was oarrme` fut tf test jfr `mjjereioes mi waterhmr` asseghcales hetweei
smtes ai` acsf gfitbs. Pbe resucts fj tbe stu`y sbfw tbat smlimjmoait `mjjereioes foour mi hmr`
asseghcales at `mjjereit smtes fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb. Bfwever, tbe `mjjereioe ms ift `mstmiot ai`
fvercaps foour hetweei smtes. @ue tf Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb hemil a recatmvecy sgacc cfulb, mt ms uicmdecy
tbat tbere wfuc` he tftaccy `mjjereit lrfups fj hmr`s at `mjjereit smtes.
7/28/2019 Carrie Craven: "Aquaculture vs. other anthropogenic disturbances: The effects on water birds on Carlingford Lough"
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$
AODIF\CE@LEGEIP_
M wfuc` cmde tf tbaid Queeis Uimversmty, Hecjast, mi ofikuiotmfi wmtb tbe MHM_ ^rfkeot jfr tbe
fppfrtuimty tf wfrd fi tbms prfkeot. Pf MHM_ jfr jui`mil tbe prfkeot, ai` tf tbe Cfulbs Aleioy
(Oarcmiljfr`) jfr accfwmil ge tf use tbemr equmpgeit, wmtbfut wbmob, tbe prfkeot wfuc` ift bave heei
pfssmhce.
M wfuc` cmde tf gade a speomac tbaids tf _arab GoOceai jrfg tbe Cfulbs Aleioy mi Oarcmiljfr` jfr
ber filfmil suppfrt tbrfulbfut tbms prfkeot. _be sparde` gy miterest mi sea hmr`s, ai` heoage a true
jrmei`.
M wfuc` acsf cmde tf tbaid @am Xfherts jfr bms guob appreomate` jee`haod, ai` bms leierac suppfrt fj
tbms prfkeot.
Ai` castcy, tf gy jagmcy, wbf ba` tf ei`ure ge `urmil tbe stress fj wrmtmil tbms repfrt, ai` acsf jfr
tbe ei`cess cmjts up ai` `fwi tf Oarcmiljfr`, evei tbe fooasmfiac : a.g. starts. M appreomate everytbmil
gfre tbai M ofuc` ever tecc tbeg.
7/28/2019 Carrie Craven: "Aquaculture vs. other anthropogenic disturbances: The effects on water birds on Carlingford Lough"
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%
PAHCE FJ OFIPEIP_
1 MIPXF@UOPMFI """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #$
1.1 Aquaoucture praotmoes A hrmej revmew"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #$
1.1.1 Aquaoucture fi a wfrc`wm`e soace&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& !'
1.1.8 Aquaoucture mi Mrecai`&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& !'1.1.? Gussec ouctmvatmfi&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& !'
1.1.0 Fyster ouctmvatmfi&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& !!
1.1.5 Aquaoucture fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& !!
1.8 Apprfprmate Assessgeit"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #%
1.8.1 @esmliatmfis&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& !(
1.? Amg fj tbe _tu`y"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #&
8 GEPBF@_ AI@ GAPEXMAC_ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #&
8.1 _mte _eceotmfi """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #&
8.8 _uggary fj _mtes """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" #'8.? _urvey @etamcs"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" %&
8.?.1 Equmpgeit&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& ()
8.?.8 @ata Xeofr`mil _beet&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& (#
8.0 @ata Aiacysms """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" %(
? XE_UCP_""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" %)
?.1 Mi`mvm`uac Iughers""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" %)
?.8 _peomes Iughers""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" *$
?.? Jrequeioy fj Foourreioe""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" *%
?.0
^eroeitale Ahui`aioe"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" **
?.5 ^rmger Aiacysms"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" *&
?.5.1 @mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcale hetweei smtes. (Acc `ata bmlb ai` cfw tm`e)&&&&&&& *)
?.5.8 @mjjereioes mi Hmr` Asseghcale Cfw tm`e ficy&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& *%
?.5.? @mjjereioes mi Hmr` Asseghcale bmlb tm`e ficy.&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& *+
?.5.0 @mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcale hetweei gfitbs at Cfw Pm`e&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& )'
?.5.5 @mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcale hetweei gfitbs at Bmlb Pm`e&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& )(
0 @M_OU__MFI""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" &&
0.1 Mgpaots fj aquaoucture fi waterhmr` speomes mi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb""""""""""""""""""" &&
0.8 ^rmger aiacysms"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" &'
0.? Juture _tu`mes"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" &'
0.?.1 Ofitmiumil ai` expai`mil tbe stu`y&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& )$
0.?.8 Obailes tf tbe ourreit survey getbf`&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&&& )$
5 OFIOCU_MFI_ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" &)
: XEJEXEIOE_ """""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" &+
A^^EI@MOE_ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""" '#
7/28/2019 Carrie Craven: "Aquaculture vs. other anthropogenic disturbances: The effects on water birds on Carlingford Lough"
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CM_P FJ PAHCE_ AI@ JMLUXE_
Jmlure 1.Iatura 8>>> `esmliate` iature ofiservatmfi smtes fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb (Cfutb Omty
Ofuiomc 8>18)
1?
Jmlure 8. Gaps fj survey smtes _1-I5, a d respeotmvecy 1=
Jmlure ?. Geai iugher fj speomes fhserve` per smte at hftb bmlb tm`e (BP) ai` cfw tm`e (CP)
aorfss tbe wbfce uratmfi fj tbe survey (Kaiuary-Aulust), miocu`mil =5% errfr hars
?1
Jmlure 0. Jrequeioy fj foourreioe fj acc waterhmr` speomes fhserve` fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb jrfg
Kaiuary tf Aulust
?8
Jmlure 5. ^eroeitale ahui`aioe jfr tbe tfp jmve speomes (mi tergs fj tftac hmr` iughers (Pahce
8)) aorfss acc smtes jrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust
??
Jmlure :. ^eroeitale ahui`aioe jfr tbe tfp jmve speomes (mi tergs fj jrequeioy fj foourreioe
(Pahce 0)) aorfss acc smtes jrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust
?0
Jmlure . G@_ pcft sbfwmil @mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcale hetweei gfitbs at Cfw Pm`e 01
Jmlure 11.G@_ pcft sbfwmil @mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcale hetweei gfitbs at Bmlb Pm`e 08
Pahce 1. Dey jfr reofr`mil `uratmfi fj respfise tf `msturhaioes wbmob foourre` `urmil tbe
ofuit permf`
8:
Pahce 8. HPF speomes of`es jfr waterhmr` speomes fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb 8
Pahce 5. Pftac ai` geai iugher fj speomes fhserve` per smte at bmlb tm`e, cfw tm`e ai` fveracc
jrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust (i711)
?1
Pahce :. Pfp jmve gfst ofggfi speomes mi tergs fj jrequeioy fj foourreioe ?8
Pahce . AIF_MG tf test jfr `mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcales hetweei gfitbs at cfw tm`e ficy 01
7/28/2019 Carrie Craven: "Aquaculture vs. other anthropogenic disturbances: The effects on water birds on Carlingford Lough"
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,
Pahce 11. AIF_MG tf test jfr `mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcales hetweei gfitbs at bmlb tm`e ficy 0?
Appei`mx 1. Gap fj Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb 58
Appei`mx 8. Xeofr`mil sbeet jfr survey `etamcs ai` weatber ofi`mtmfis 5?
Appei`mx ?. Xeofr`mil sbeet jfr Hmr` ofuits 50
7/28/2019 Carrie Craven: "Aquaculture vs. other anthropogenic disturbances: The effects on water birds on Carlingford Lough"
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!'
1 MIPXF@UOPMFI
1.1 Aquaoucture praotmoes A hrmej revmew
1.1.1 Aquaoucture fi a wfrc`wm`e soace
Aquaoucture ms `ejmie` as tbe jargmil fj aquatmo frlaimsgs, wbere tbe terg jargmil mgpcmes sfge sfrt
fj miterveitmfi mi tbe prfoess suob as jee`mil, stfodmil ai` prfteotmfi jrfg pre`atfrs (JAF 1==>-8>1>) wfrc` jff`
jmsb prf`uotmfi mi aquaoucture bas expai`e` hy acgfst 18 tmges, wmtb ai averale aiiuac lrfwtb ratefj 2.2% (JAF 8>18). Jff` jmsb rejers tf jmijmsb, orustaoeais, gfccusos, agpbmhmais, aquatmo reptmces
ai` ftber aquatmo aimgacs (JAF 8>18). _mioe 8>>:, aquaoucture prf`uotmfi bas miorease` hy ?.?
gmccmfi tfiies tf a reofr` bmlb fj :> gmccmfi tfiies mi 8>1> (JAF 8>18).
Hmvacve speomes, suob as fysters, gussecs, ocags ai` soaccfps are lrfwi wmtbfut tbe iee` jfr artmjmomac
jee`mil, as tbey jee` fi jff` gatermacs tbat foour iaturaccy mi tbemr oucture eivmrfigeit (JAF 8>18).
Pbms type fj prf`uotmfi, wmtb iaturac jee`, aoofuits jfr fie tbmr` fj acc jarge` jff` jmsb equatmil tf
8> gmccmfi tfiies aiiuaccy (JAF 8>18). Gfccusos aoofuit jfr 8?.:% fj tbe tftac wfrc`wm`e
aquaoucture, seofi` iext tf jresbwater jmijmsb wbmob aoofuit jfr 5:.0% fj tftac prf`uotmfi (JAF
8>18). Bfwever, aquaoucture prf`uotmfi mi garmie waters bas `eocmie` jrfg fver 0>% mi tbe 1=2>s
tf kust fver ?>% mi 8>1>4 tbms ms `ue tf tbe miorease mi jresbwater aquaoucture mi Asma jfccfwmil
teobifcflmoac a`vaioes (JAF 8>18).
1.1.8 Aquaoucture mi Mrecai`
Aquaoucture mi Mrecai` helai mi tbe 1=s ai` bas lrfwi mitf a vmahce mi`ustry prfvm`mil Mrecai`
wmtb egpcfygeit ai` reveiue (HMG 8>>2). Mi 8>>>> pefpce were egpcfye` mi tbe
aquaoucture seotfr, ai` tbe mi`ustry earie` !1>5.>2).
1.1.? Gussec ouctmvatmfi
Pbe hcue gussec,Gytmcus e`ucms, ms tbe gami speomes fj gussec ourreitcy ouctmvate` mi Mrecai` wmtb tbe
Ge`mterraieai gussec (Gytmcus laccfprfvmiomacms) hemil ouctmvate` mi cesser quaitmtmes (Bejjeriai
1===). Gussecs are m`eac jfr oucture as tbey oai a`apt tf a varmety fj eofcflmoac smtuatmfis, ai` are
ahce tf tfcerate jcuotuatmil sacmimtmes, lrfwmil hest mi 8>-?>ppt (Bejjeriai 1===). As jmcter jee`ers,
gussecs jee` fi frlaimo gatter ai` pbytfpcaidtfi mi tbe water ofcugi, gadmil tbemr jff` sfuroe
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ofgpcetecy iaturac (HMG 1=28). Mi Mrecai`, tbe gami getbf` jfr prf`uomil G. e`ucms ms hfttfg
ouctmvatmfi (Bejjeriai 1===).
Gussec prf`uotmfi hy hfttfg ouctmvatmfi ofismsts fj tbe ofcceotmfi ai` traispcaitatmfi fj wmc` gussec
spat tf sbaccfw, rmober waters (Bejjeriai 1===). Fioe tbe gussecs bave reaobe` a gardetahce smze,
wbmob oai tade up tf 12 gfitbs, tbey are barveste` hy `re`ler (Kfyoe 1==8). As wmtb aiy aquaoucture
praotmoe, hfttfg ouctmvatmfi bas mgpaots fi tbe surrfui`mil eivmrfigeit, hftb cfoacmse` ai` relmfiac.
Mi Ifrtberi Mrecai`, Hecjast Cfulb `fgmiates tbe gussec prf`uotmfi4 bfwever Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb ms
acsf mgpfrtait (Lasofmlie & Buitmiltfi, 8>>>.5g ahfve tbe seahe`, ai` oai bfc` up tf smx hals
eaob (Bejjeriai 1===). Pbe gami juiotmfi fj tbe trestces ms tf deep tbe gesb hals fjj tbe seahe`, ai`
tf becp preveit pre`atmfi hy ftber frlaimsgs suob as orahs ai` hmr`s.
Prestce ouctmvatmfi ms restrmote` tf sumtahce bahmtats tbe jfresbfre gust he jmrg eifulb tf suppfrt a
traotfr, jfr pcaitmil, gamiteiaioe ai` barvestmil fj tbe fysters (Bejjeriai 1===). As tbe fysters are
oucture` mi tbe mitertm`ac, tbe trestces wmcc he suhgerle` twmoe a `ay, geaimil tbat tbe avamcahce tmge
jfr tei`mil tf tbe trestces ms restrmote` tf cfw tm`es ficy, typmoaccy tbe geai cfw-water gard fj sprmil
ai` beap tm`es (Bejjeriai 1===). Gamiteiaioe typmoaccy mivfcves turimil tbe fyster hals every sprmil
tm`e ai` traisjerrmil carler fysters mitf hals wmtb a carler gesb (Bejjeriai 1===).
1.1.5 Aquaoucture fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb
Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb bas ai area fj 0=>> ba, wmtb a tftac aotmve area fj 1>:? ba, wbmob miofrpfrates hftb
tbe IM ai` XFM `esmliatmfis fj tbe cfulb (Jerremra et. ac8>>>
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1.8 Apprfprmate Assessgeit
Hejfre ai aquaoucture cmoeioe oai he lraite`, ai apprfprmate assessgeit gust he oarrme` fut wbmob ms
requmre` hy Artmoce : fj tbe EU Bahmtats @mreotmve Gaialmil ai` prfteotmil Iatura 8>>> smtes
(1==8). Pbe ourreit avmai `ata wbmob exmsts ms misujjmomeit jfr use as ai mi`moatfr fj tbe miteraotmfis
hetweei aquaoucture aotmvmty ai` waterhmr`s, tberejfre, mi fr`er jfr tbe aquaoucture seotfr tf ofgpcy
wmtb tbe Bahmtats @mreotmve, jurtber suppfrtmil `ata ms requmre`. Mijfrgatmfi gust he fhtamie` fi tbe
`mstrmhutmfi, ahui`aioe ai` asseghcales fj waterhmr`s, wmtb partmoucar atteitmfi fi prfteote` speomes,
ai` acsf tbe miteraotmfis hetweei waterhmr`s ai` aquaoucture praotmoes.
1.8.1 @esmliatmfis
Acgfst tbe eitmre ceiltbs fj tbe Ifrtb ai` _futb sbfres fj Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb jacc mitf at ceast fie
iature ofiservatmfi `esmliatmfi ui`er Iatura 8>>>, suob as Xagsar smte, Areas fj _peomac _omeitmjmo
Miterest (A__M), _peomac ^rfteote` Area (_^A) ai` _peomac Areas fj Ofiservatmfi (_AO) (Jml. 1).
Xagsar `esmliatmfis are lfverie` hy ai miteriatmfiac ofiveitmfi mi recatmfi tf wetcai` smtes, wbmob ms
gamicy mivfcve` mi tbe prfteotmfi fj wmc`jfwc (Cfutb Ofuity Ofuiomc, 8>18). A__Ms are areas wbmob
are ofism`ere` as hemil fj bmlb iature ofiservatmfi vacue (Cfutb Ofuity Ofuiomc, 8>18). Pbe A__M
fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb extei`s acfil tbe eitmre ifrtberi sbfre, miocu`mil acc bahmtats jrfg tbe upper
sbfrecmie tf tbe geai cfw water gard (Cfutb Ofuity Ofuiomc 8>18). Pbe waterhmr` speomes tbat are
bmlbcmlbte` mi tbe A__M `esmliatmfi fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb as hemil mgpfrtait jfr iature ofiservatmfi
miocu`e4 Lreat Oreste` Lrehe (^f`moeps ormstatus), Cmlbt heccme` Hreit Lffse (Hraita herimoca),_bec`uod (Pa`fria ta`fria), Xe`-hreaste` Gerlaiser (Gerlus serratfr), Fysteroatober (Baegatfpus
fstracelus), @uicmi (Oacm`rms acpmie), Xe`sbaid (Prmila tetaius), _ai`wmob Peri (_teria
sai`vmoeisms), Ofggfi Peri (_teria bmrui`f) ai` Arotmo Peri (_teria para`msaea) (Cfutb Omty
Ofuiomc, 8>18). Pbe Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb _^A extei`s jrfg Oarcmiljfr` barhfur tf Lreeifre pfmit ai`
miocu`es acc mitertm`ac sai` ai` gu`jcats tf tbe cfw tm`e gard (Cfutb Omty Ofuiomc, 8>18). Pbe _^A
smte ms fj partmoucar mgpfrtaioe as mt suppfrts a ietwfrd fj wmitermil Ofrgfrait (^bacaorfofrax
oarhf), as wecc as gaiy ftber speomes, gfst iftahcy4 Cmlbt heccme` Hreit Lffse (H. herimoca),
Fysteroatober (B. fstracelus), @uicmi (O. acpmie), Xe`sbaid (P. tetaius), Puristfie (Areiarma
miterpres) ai` Har Pamce` Lf`wmt (Cmgfsa cappfimoa). Pbe _AO fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb was gamicy
mgpcegeite` tf prfteot oertami jcfra speomes, hut tbe area ms acsf utmcmse` hy miteriatmfiaccy mgpfrtait
speomes fj hmr`s suob as tbe Hreit Lffse (H. herimoca).
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Jmlure 1. Iatura 8>>> `esmliate` iature ofiservatmfi smtes fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb (Cfutb OmtyOfuiomc 8>18)
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1.? Amg fj tbe _tu`y
Pbms researob exagmies tbe ejjeots fj aquaoucture `msturhaioe fi waterhmr` asseghcales mi
Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb ofgpare` tf ftber aitbrfpfleimo `msturhaioes suob as reoreatmfiac aotmvmtmes. Pbms
survey wmcc acsf prfvm`e a hasecmie jfr jurtber stu`mes, as ourreitcy tbere ms very cmgmte` mijfrgatmfi fi
waterhmr` asseghcales fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb, ai` mijfrgatmfi fi tbe miteraotmfis hetweei waterhmr`s
ai` aquaoucture praotmoes ms ourreitcy cmgmte`. Pbe resucts fj tbms stu`y wmcc sbe` cmlbt fitf tbe beactb
fj pfpucatmfis fj waterhmr` speomes jfui` fi tbe Cfulb, espeomaccy tbfse geitmfie` as mgpfrtait
speomes jfr ofiservatmfi. Pbe prfkeot wmcc acsf mivestmlate tm`ac ai` seasfiac patteris fj hmr`
asseghcales tbrfulbfut tbe stu`y permf`.
8 GEPBF@_ AI@ GAPEXMAC_
8.1 _mte _eceotmfi
Ecevei smtes were seceote` jfr fhservatmfi fj waterhmr`s fi tbe sbfres fj Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb. Pbere
were jmve smtes fi tbe ifrtberi sbfre (I1 I5), jmve smtes fi tbe sfutberi sbfre (_1 _5), ai` fie
smte wbmob ofuc` he surveye` jrfg hftb tbe ifrtberi ai` sfutberi sbfres (_I:). _mtes I1 ai` _1
were at tbe gfutb fj tbe cfulb ai` smte _I: was tbe jurtbest micai`.
_mtes were obfsei hase` fi ease fj aooess, aitbrfpfleimo use ai` tbe `mstaioe acfil tbe sbfre wbmob
ofuc` he easmcy surveye` jrfg a gm`-pfmit vaitale smte. _mtes were `mvm`e` mitf tbree oatelfrmes mi
tergs fj tbe aitbrfpfleimo use fi tbe jfresbfre. Xeoreatmfiac smtes were ocasse` as smtes tbat
expermeioe` beavy aitbrfpfleimo ai` ofggeromac `msturhaioes, ui`msturhe` smtes were suhkeote` tf
cmlbt aitbrfpfleimo `msturhaioe ai` aquaoucture smtes were ocasse` `epei`mil fi tbemr use, suob as
trestces geaimil tbe jfresbfre oai he suhkeot tf beavy aitbrfpfleimo `msturhaioes, fr `re`le
geaimil tbe `msturhaioe was gamicy suhtm`ac. Pbe exaot pfsmtmfi was reofr`e` usmil a Lcfhac
^fsmtmfimil _ysteg (L^_) (Largmi :>OIR) at eaob ei` fj tbe smte. Pbe survey was ofi`uote` jrfg
a vaitale pfmit at tbe gfst micai` pfmit fj tbe sbfre. Pbere was if hfui`ary set fut tf sea. A bahmtat
gap jfr eaob smte was tbei `rawi up. Mimtmaccy tbese were bai` `rawi, ai` ofgprmse` fj estmgatmfis
hy eye fj tbe gami bahmtat types wbmob foourre` fi tbe smte ai` wmtbmi tbe mgge`mate vmomimty. Pbe
bahmtat gaps were `rawi at cfw tm`e, ai` reofr`e` iftahce jeatures suob as obaiiecs, gai-ga`e
struotures, aquaoucture smtes, iaturac gussec ai` ofodce he`s, eec lrass ai` sact garsb, ai` gmxe`
suhstratug ai` pfteitmac rffstmil smtes. @mlmtac bahmtat gaps were tbei oreate` usmil Gmorfsfjt ^fwer
^fmit, apprfxmgatmil tbe `mjjereit jeatures at eaob smte hase` fi tbe bai` `rawi estmgatmfis (Jml. 8).
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8.8 _uggary fj _mtes
Pbe cetters A ai` H fi tbe gaps rejer tf tbe cai` hfui`armes fj tbe smte, wmtb A `eiftmil tbe smte cmgmt
tf tbe rmlbt fj tbe vaitale pfmit ai` H `eiftmil tbe smte cmgmt tf tbe cejt fj tbe vaitale pfmit. _I: was
cahecce` jrfg tbe ifrtberi sbfre vaitale pfmit. Iftahce jeatures were m`eitmjme` at A ai` H fi eaob
smte tf am` m`eitmjymil tbe smte hfui`armes.
_mte _1
Haccalai ^fmit Ui`msturhe`
_1A Ei` fj wave hread; 5?f5=.:
f>:.:>0\
_1H ^fmit fj rfa`; 5?f5=.==2I >>:
f>:.888\
Haccalai ^fmit ms carlecy ui`msturhe` hy bugais, actbfulb fooasmfiac uirelucate` bai` pmodmil fj
wmidces ai` wbecds tades pcaoe. Pbe gami bahmtat fi tbms sbfre was hfuc`ers ai` seawee` wmtb
mitersperse` rfod pffcs. Pbere were twf `mstmiot sai`y areas smtuate` at tbe cfwer mitertm`ac, ai` twf
mi tbe bmlber mitertm`ac zfie `mvm`e` hy a obaiiec. Pbere was a jresb water miput ocfse tf _1A, jrfg
prmvate alrmoucture cai` (Jml. 8a).
_mte _8
Lreeifre Aquaoucture smte Aquaoucture, trestces
_8A A`kaoeit tf cast yeccfw garder pfce tfwar`s tbe gfutb fj tbe cfulb; 50f>>2.2>:f>1.I
>>:f
Pbe jfresbfre fi tbms smte ms use` jfr exteismve Orassfstrea lmlas aquaoucture fi trestces. Pbe
jfresbfre was gamicy ga`e up fj sai` ai` pehhces. At tbe gm`-sbfre cevec tbere were patoby
Eiterfgfrpba sp he`s wbmob expai`e` aorfss apprfxmgatecy twf tbmr`s fj tbe sbfre. Pbere was
aooess fi tbe sbfre jfr aquaoucture vebmoces at tbe tmge fj tbe stu`y hy geais fj a ofiorete patb
extei`mil tf tbe cfwer mitertm`ac. Pbere was acsf a jresbwater miput iear tf tbe _8H hfui`ary (Jml.
8h).
_mte _?
Lreeifre Heaob Xeoreatmfiac
_?A - A`kaoeit tf ei` fj oarpard; 50f
>1.>:f
>
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_?H ^fmit wmtb If _wmggmil smli; 50f>8.>>:I >>:
f>>:
f1?.2:5\
_0H Garmia Hreadwater; 50f>?.>1?I >>:
f11.0::\
Pbe barhfur was jrequeitcy use` jfr fut`ffr pursumts, suob as dayadmil ai` hfat bai`cmil `urmil tbe
permf` fj tbe survey, ai` tbe garmia use` jfr prmvate gffrmils. \mtbmi tbe barhfur waccs tbe
se`mgeit was gu``y wmtb seawee` acfil tbe upper mitertm`ac ai` ofhhces mi tbe supratm`ac zfie. Pbe
sbfrecmie hetweei tbe barhfur ai` tbe garmia was gamicy hfuc`ers ai` seawee`, wmtb gu` at tbe
extrege cfw water gard. Pbe barhfur ofgpcetecy egptmes at cfw tm`e expfsmil exteismve gu` jcats
ai` wmc` gussec he`s (Jml 8`).
_mte _5
Lreers Quay Ui`msturhe`
_5A Cai` pfmit tfwar`s cfulb gfutb; 50f>0.8I >>:
f1?.2:5\
_5H Cai` pfmit at jar sm`e fj scmpway; 50f>0.058I >>:
f10.1=8\
Pbe quay fi tbms smte was fooasmfiaccy use` hy sgacc ofggeromac jmsbmil hfats `urmil tbe permf` fj
tbe survey. Pbe gakfrmty fj tbe jfresbfre fi tbms smte was ga`e up fj hfuc`ers ai` seawee` jrfg gm`-
cfw-mitertm`ac, wmtb sai` ai` ofhhces fi tbe upper sbfrecmie. Ahfve tbe tm`e cmie were ofarse
terrestrmac lrasses, soruh ai` gature trees. Pbere were tbree jresbwater miputs, fie at emtber sm`e fj
tbe quay, ai` tbe tbmr` hy tbe scmpway at hfui`ary _5H (jml 8e).
_mte _I:
Iarrfw \ater Aquaoucture, `re`le
_I:A Hecfw oastce; 50f>:.:?:I >>:
f1:.:08\
_I:H Ei` fj trees fi ifrtberi sbfre, ei` fj hread water fi sfutberi sbfre; 50f
>:.>:f12?\
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Pbms smte miofrpfrates a puhcmo hcue gussec jmsbery wbmob ms ficy aooessmhce tf sgacc vessecs. Pbere
was relucar ofggeromac `re`lmil jfr hcue gussecs at tbms smte, as wecc as sfge reoreatmfiac hfatmil.
Fi tbe sfutberi sm`e, tbe sbfrecmie was gamicy rfod ai` seawee`, wmtb a gu``y area tf tbe cejt fj tbe
scmpway. Fi tbe ifrtberi sm`e, tbe sbfrecmie was gamicy ga`e up fj rfods ai` gussec he`s, wmtb
ofarse lrasses ahfve tbe bmlb tm`e gard (Jml. 8j).
_mte I1
Oraijmec` Heaob- Xeoreatmfiac
I1A Ei` fj cai` at Cfulb gfutb; 50f>1.:>=I >>:
f>?.215\
I1H Ei` fj sai`; 50f>1.>:
f>0.\
Pbms ms a pfpucar tfurmst heaob jfr reoreatmfiac aotmvmtmes, suob as samcmil ai` water spfrts. Pbe
sbfrecmie was gamicy sai`, wmtb he`rfod futorfps at hftb tbe A ai` H hfui`armes. Ahfve tbe bmlb
tm`e gard were ofhhces ai` pehhces, wmtb aooess tf oaravai pards ai` ageimtmes (Jml. 8l).
_mte I8
Jamrlreei Aquaoucture trestces
I8A Ei` fj heaob; 50f>1.215I >>:
f>5.>>1\
I8H Ei` fj Lreeioastce ^mer; 50f>8.?=:I >>:
f>:.15=\
O. lmlas are oucture` mi trestces at tbms smte, wmtb aooess tf tbe heaob jfr aquaoucture vebmoces. Pbe
sbfrecmie was gamicy sai` wmtb rfod futorfps at tbe A ai` H hfui`armes. Pbere were pehhces ai`
seawee` at tbe bmlb tm`e gard (Jml. 8b)
_mte I?
Gmcc Hay _act Garsb Ui`msturhe`
I?A 50f>:.105I >>:
f1>.1:.>05I >>:
f>=.8?1\
Pbms smte ms ai exteismve sact garsb, wbmob ms carlecy ui`msturhe` hy bugai aotmvmtmes. Pbms smte ba` a
partmoucarcy carle tm`ac raile ofgpare` tf tbe ftber smtes. Pbe bahmtat fi tbms sbfre was varme`, hut
ofismste` gamicy fj a gu``y suhstrate, wmtb carle rfod ai` hfuc`er futorfps soattere` aorfss tbe
mitertm`ac. Eiterfgfrpbma he`s extei`e` jrfg tbe upper tf tbe gm` mitertm`ac zfie, ai` _partmia
lrasses ofuc` he jfui` at tbe bmlb tm`e gard. Pbere was a jresbwater miput at tbe gm` mitertm`ac zfie,
jrfg alrmoucturac cai`, kust heyfi` tbe H hfui`ary, ai` aiftber jresbwater miput kust heyfi` tbe A
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hfui`ary. Pbere were twf `mstmiot obaiiecs, fie wbmob jfrde` at tbe gm` mitertm`ac zfie, ai`
extei`e` up tbe sbfre tf tbe bmlb water gard, ai` aiftber wbmob ofitmiue` up sbfre tf a he`
fj[fstreami tbe upper mitertm`ac zfie (Jml.8m).
_mte I0
Haccye`gfi` Aquaoucture trestces
I0A Cai` pfmit tfwar`s tbe cfulb gfutb; 50f>?.2=8I >>:
f>2.2?=\
I0H Cai` pfmit tfwar`s Xfstrevfr; 50f>?.=??I >>:f>=.8\
O .lmlas trestce smte. Pbe gami suhstratug fi tbe sbfre was sai`, wmtb a smlimjmoait hfuc`er
jmec` at tbe cfwer mitertm`ac zfie. Pbe cfw water gard was gamicy gu``y wmtb `msperse`
rfods. Pbere were rfody futorfps at hftb tbe A ai` H hfui`armes. Pbe scmpway jfr
aquaoucture vebmoces was ga`e fj pehhces ai` ofhhces, ai` extei`e` tf tbe cfw water gard
(Jml 8k).
_mte I5
Xfss Gfiugeit Hay Aquaoucture `re`le
I5A Dmccfwei ^fmit; 50f>0.021I >>:f1>.=20\
I5H Xfody futorfp at e`le fj sbfre; 50f>5.=>>I >>:f18.:?1\
Pbms smte ms a`kaoeit tf exteismve cmoeioe` gussec he`s wbmob are jrequeitcy `re`le` wmtb
carle gussec `re`lers. As a resuct tbe gakfrmty fj tbe gaorfjauia fi tbe jfresbfre ms
ofgprmse` fj gussec. Pbere was cmttce ftber bugai aotmvmty fi tbe sbfre `urmil tbe permf` fj
tbe stu`y. Pbe jfresbfre was gamicy ga`e up fj rfods ai` seawee` wmtb carler hfuc`ers at
tbe cfw tm`e gard (Jml 8d).
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(a)
(h)
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(o)
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(e)
(j)
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(l)
(b)
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(m)
(k)
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(d)
Jmlure 8. Gaps fj survey smtes _1-I5, a d respeotmvecy
8.? _urvey @etamcs
Pbe survey getbf`fcfly was a`apte` jrfg \aterhmr` _urveys wmtbmi Mrmsb Ofastac _peomac
^rfteotmfi Area; _urvey Getbf`s ai` Lum`aioe Iftes (Iatmfiac ^ards ai` \mc`cmje _ervmoe, 8>11).
_urveys were oarrme` fut twmoe a gfitb, fioe at bmlb tm`e ai` fioe cfw tm`e fi hftb tbe ifrtb ai`
sfutb sbfres. _urveys were ofi`uote` fver a jfur bfur permf`, twf bfurs hejfre ai` twf bfurs ajter
tbe bmlb fr cfw tm`e. Cfw tm`e ofuits were oarrme` fut jfr ?> gmiutes per smte, ai` bmlb tm`e ofuits jfr
15 gmiutes per smte. Ai aoocmgatmsatmfi permf` fj jmve gmiutes was a``e` tf tbe helmiimil fj eaob
ofuit tf ofuiteraot tbe `msturhaioe ga`e hy arrmvmil ai` settmil up equmpgeit.
8.?.1 Equmpgeit
_urveys were ofi`uote` usmil _warfvsdm 2x08 EC hmifoucars ai` a _warfvsdm Fptmd tecesofpe
(AP2>, gf`ec L0:?8105). Mi fr`er tf oapture pbftflrapbs fj carle jcfods jfr jurtber assessgeit,
pbftflrapbs were tadei usmil a Oaifi :>@. A varmety fj ceises were use` mi fr`er tf oapture tbe hest
quacmty mgales jfr tbe ofi`mtmfis sf as tf eibaioe tbe aoouraoy fj tbe ofuit. A Gaijrfttf
>55R^XFH/2>0XO8 trmpf` ai` bea` was use` mi ofikuiotmfi wmtb a Oaifi EJ 8R Extei`er
(teceofiverter) mi fr`er tf miorease stahmcmty. A Oaifi EJ -8>> gg J8.2C M_ MM was use` jfr wm`e
ailce sbfts. Pbe _mlga 1>-8> gg J?.5 ER was use` jfr cfil `mstaioe sbfts mi tai`eg wmtb tbe
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teceofiverter. A Oaifi EJ 1>> gg 8.2C M_ Gaorf was acsf use` jfr ocfse up sbfts ai` was use` jfr
jfftprmit m`eitmjmoatmfi fi fooasmfi.8.?.8 @ata Xeofr`mil _beet
A iew `ata reofr`mil sbeet was use` jfr eaob survey (Appei`mx 1). ^rmfr tf tbe helmiimil fj tbe
survey ofuit, tbe jfccfwmil `etamcs were reofr`e`4 ofuiter iage, survey type (Bmlb fr Cfw tm`e), smte,
`ate, tmge ai` tm`ac state (Xmsmil, bmlb, jaccmil fr cfw). \eatber was reofr`e` wmtb a ratmil jrfg fie
tf tbree. Ocfu` ofver, rami, wmi` ai` vmsmhmcmty were rate` epei`mil fi tbe ofi`mtmfi, wmtb a ratmil fj
fie, hemil gmc` tf tbree, hemil strfil. A stfpwatob was use` tf traod tbe tmge. @urmil tbe survey
ofuit, hmr` speomes, iughers, pfsmtmfi fi tbe sbfre ai` hebavmfur were reofr`e`. Pbe pfsmtmfis fj tbe
mi`mvm`uacs were reofr`e` as emtber mitertm`ac, suhtm`ac, supratm`ac fr terrestrmac, ai` tbe hebavmfur
eiofgpasse` emtber jee`mil fr rffstmil. Xffstmil was ocasse` as aiy ftber hebavmfur apart jrfg
jee`mil, suob as jcymil ai` iestmil. A smgpce taccy ofuit was use` tf reofr` tbms `ata. ^bftflrapbs
tbat were tadei `urmil tbe surveys were acsf reofr`e` mi tbe recevait hfx wmtb tbe apprfprmate speomes.
@msturhaioes were reofr`e` acfil wmtb tbe speomes ajjeote`, cevec fj respfise ai` `uratmfi fj
respfise tf tbe `msturhaioe. A tftac fj 10 `mjjereit aotmvmtmes were miocu`e` fi tbe `msturhaioe cmst
(Appei`mx 8). Pbe cevec fj respfise was reofr`e` as emtber4 if respfise, wead respfise, gf`erate
respfise fr bmlb respfise (I, \, G fr B respeotmvecy). Pbe `uratmfi fj tbe respfise were reofr`e`
as emtber A, H , O fr @, (Pahce 1 HECF\) wbere A `eiftes a sbfrt/`msorete `uratmfi, H represeits ai`
aotmvmty tbat foours jfr 5>% fj tbe ofuit permf`, O represeits a `msturhaioe tbat casts jfr gfre tbai5>%fj tbe ofuit hut cess tbai 1>>%, ai` @.
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Pahce 1. Dey jfr reofr`mil `uratmfi fj respfise tf `msturhaioes wbmob foourre` `urmil tbe
ofuit permf`
Carle jcfods fj hmr`s were reofr`e` fi tbe jcfod gaps, (hcaid bahmtat gaps) ai` pbftflrapbe` wbere
pfssmhce tf am` wmtb tbe aoourate ofuitmil fj tbe jcfod. @msturhaioes wbmob oause` a smlimjmoait
perturhatmfi fj mi`mvm`uacs fr jcfods were acsf reofr`e` fi `msturhaioe gaps (acsf hcaid bahmtat
gaps).
8.0 @ata Aiacysms
Pbe `ata ofcceote` jrfg eaob survey was tbei traisjerre` fitf a Gmorfsfjt Exoec `fougeit. Pbe
Hrmtmsb Prust fj Frimtbfcfly (HPF) speomes of`es were use` mi pcaoe fj speomes iages `urmil `ata
aiacysms (Pahce 8). Pahces ai` jmlures were use` tf oacoucate tftac iughers fj hmr`s ai` tftac iugher
fj speomes per smte ai` acsf per gfitb as wecc as geai iugher fj hmr`s ai` geai iugher fj speomes
per smte ai` per gfitb, tbms mijfrgatmfi was tbei use` tf prf`uoe tahces ai` jmlures.
Pbe jrequeioy fj foourreioe oai he `ejmie` as tbe iugher fj tmges a lmvei eveit foours at speomjme`
sagpce pfmits `urmil a `ejmie` permf`, fr mi tbms oase, tbe iugher fj tmges a speomes ms fhserve`
aorfss tbe tftac iugher fj surveys at acc smtes jfr tbe `uratmfi fj tbe stu`y permf` (Kai Aul)
(Hmfcfly-ficmie.frl, 8>18)
Mt was oacoucate` hy `mvm`mil tbe tftac iugher fj surveys jrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust, hy tbe iugher fj
tmges eaob speomes was fhserve`, ai` `mvm`mil hy 1>> tf let a peroeitale vacue.
^eroeitale ahui`aioe was oacoucate` hy `mvm`mil tbe tftac iugher fj tmges a speomes was fhserve` at
a smte, hy tbe tftac iugher fj mi`mvm`uacs fj acc speomes fhserve` at tbat smte, ai` guctmpcymil hy 1>> tf
let a peroeitale vacue.
@esormptmfi
A Aotmvmty was sbfrt/`msorete
H Aotmvmty foourre` jfr 5>% fj ofuit permf`
O Aotmvmty foourre` 95>% 31>>% fj ofuit permf`
@ Aotmvmty ofitmiue` ajter ofuit ba` jmimsbe`
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Pahce 8. HPF speomes of`es jfr waterhmr` speomes fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb
HPF
_peomes
Of`e
Ofggfi Iage _omeitmjmo Iage
^H Cmlbt Heccme` Hreit Hraita herimoca
_U _bec`uod Pa`fria ta`fria
\I \mlefi Aias peiecfpe
P. Peac Aias oreooa
GA Gaccar` Aias pcatyrbyiobfs
E. Em`er _fgaterma gfccmssmga
LI Lfc`eieye Huoepbaca ocailuca
XG Xe` Hreaste` Gerlaiser Gerlus serratfr
I@ Lreat Ifrtberi @mver Lavma mgger
LL Lreat Oreste` Lrehe ^f`moeps ormstatus
J. Jucgar Jucgarus lcaomacms
LR Laiiet Gfrus hassaius
OA Ofrgfrait ^bacaorfofrax oarhf
EP Cmttce Elret Elretta larzetta
B. Lrey Berfi Ar`ea omierea
GB Gffrbei Laccmiuca obcfrfpus
FO Fysteroatober Baegatfpus fstracelus
X^ Xmile` ^cfver Obara`rmus bmatmouca
L^ Lfc`ei ^cfver ^cuvmacms aprmoarma
C. Capwmil Zaieccus vaieccus
@I @uicmi Oacm`rms acpmia
HA Har-Pamce` Lf`wmt Cmgfsa cappfimoa
OU Ourcew Iugeimus arquata
XD Xe`sbaid Prmila tftaius
LD Lreeisbaid Prmila iehucarma
PP Puristfie Areiarma miterpresGU Ge`mterraieai Lucc Carus gecaifoepbacus
HB Hcaod Bea`e` Lucc Obrfmofoepbacus rm`mhui`us
OG Ofggfi Lucc Carus oaius
CH Cesser Hcaod Haode` Lucc Carus jusous
BL Berrmil Lucc Carus arleitatus
L[ Lcauofus Lucc Carus byperhfreus
LH Lreater Hcaod Haode` Lucc Carus garmius
PE _ai`wmob Peri _teria sai`vmoeisms
OI Ofggfi Peri _teria bmrui`f
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AE Arotmo Peri _teria para`msaea
LU Lumccegft Urma aacle
XA Xazfrhmcc Acoa tfr`a
P] Hcaod Lumccegft Oeppbus lrycce
Guctmvarmate aiacyses were use` tf exagmie mj tbere were aiy `mssmgmcarmtmes hetweei hmr`
asseghcales at `mjjereit smtes ai` mi `mjjereit gfitbs fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb hetweei Kaiuary ai`
Aulust 8>18. Pbe ahui`aioe fj eaob hmr` speomes at eaob smte ai` mi eaob gfitb at hftb bmlb tm`e ai`
cfw tm`e was aiacyse` usmil guctm`mgeismfiac soacmil (G@_) mi a``mtmfi tf aiacysms fj smgmcarmty
(AIF_MG). _peomes ahui`aioe `ata were square rfft traisjfrge`. A reseghcaioe gatrmx was
leierate` usmil tbe Hray-Ourtms smgmcarmty geasure. Pbe `ata jrfg tbe Hray-Ourtms smgmcarmty geasure
were use` tf ofistruot tbe G@_ pcft wmtb smte as tbe lrfupmil varmahce. G@_ was use` tf lrapbmoaccy`mspcay ai` offr`miate tbe `mjjereioes hetweei hmr` asseghcales at eaob smte ai` mi eaob gfitb at
bmlb tm`e ai` cfw tm`e.
AIF_MG was use` tf test tbe iucc bypftbesms tbat tbere were if `mjjereioes hetweei hmr`
asseghcales at aiy smte fr mi aiy gfitb at bmlb tm`e fr at cfw tm`e `urmil tbe stu`y permf`. AIF_MG
leierates ai X statmstmo wbmob cmes hetweei -1 ai` 1 wmtb a > vacue represeitmil if `mjjereioe hetweei
lrfups ai` 1 represeitmil if smgmcarmty hetweei lrfups. Eofcflmoac ofgguimtmes rarecy sbfw X 3 >.
AIF_MG ofgpares pamr-wmse X vacues tf oacoucate bfw `mjjereit lrfups are fi a soace fj >-1 wmtb >
represeitmil mi`mstmilumsbahce ai` 1 mi`moatmil tbat acc smgmcarmtmes wmtbmi lrfups are cess tbai
smgmcarmtmes hetweei lrfups. Ai X statmstmo fj X 9 >..5 geais
lrfups are separate hut sbfw fvercap ai` X 3 >.85 geais tbere ms cmttce `mjjereioe hetweei tbe lrfups
(Ocarde ai` Lfrcey, 8>>1). A smlimjmoaioe vacue hecfw 5% represeits a smlimjmoait `mjjereioe hetweei
lrfups. Pbe AIF_MG was oacoucate` usmil smte as tbe lrfupmil varmahce jfr ==== pergutatmfis.
? XE_UCP_
?.1 Mi`mvm`uac Iughers
_mte I1 ba` tbe lreatest iugher fj mi`mvm`uacs fver tbe `uratmfi fj tbe stu`y (Kaiuary Aulust) wmtb
8, 8
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Pahce ?. Pftac ai` geai iugher fj mi`mvm`uacs fhserve` at bmlb tm`e ai` cfw tm`e per smte
jrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust (i711)
If. fj Mi`mvm`uacs
_mte
Bmlb
Pm`e Cfw Pm`e Pftac Geai
_1 0 ?=? 05? 88 11?> 5:5
I1 ==1 1825 88
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Pahce 0. Pbe jmve gfst ofggfi speomes mi tergs fj tftac mi`mvm`uac iughers aorfss acc smtes
jrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust
XaidHPF
Of`eOfggfi Iage
Pftac
If.
1 ^H Hreit Lffse 8158
8 FO Fysteroatober 1:18
? OG Ofggfi Lucc 10:1
0 OU Ourcew 18:>
5 HB Hcaod Bea`e` Lucc 1>12
?.8 _peomes Iughers
Jrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust, a tftac fj ?= speomes fj water hmr`s were fhserve` ai` reofr`e` fi hftb tbe
Ifrtb ai` _futb sbfres fj Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb, miocu`mil wa`ers, `mvers, `ahhcmil `uods ai` luccs. Fi
tbe Ifrtb sbfre, ?: speomes were fhserve`, ai` ?5 speomes were fhserve` fi tbe _futb sbfre. Pbe
bmlbest iugher fj speomes fhserve` fi a smte jrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust, was 82 speomes at smte I8
(Jamrlreei, aquaoucture trestce), ai` tbe cfwest iugher fj speomes were fhserve` at smtes _0 ai` _5
(Oarcmiljfr` Barhfur, reoreatmfiac ai` Lreers Quay, reoreatmfiac respeotmvecy), wmtb 12 speomes
fhserve` fi hftb (Pahce 5). Pbe geai iugher fj speomes fhserve` at cfw tm`e was lreater tbai tbe
geai iugher fj speomes fhserve` at bmlb tm`e fi acc smtes `urmil tbe survey permf` (Jml. ?).
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Pahce 5. Pftac ai` geai iugher fj speomes fhserve` per smte at bmlb tm`e, cfw tm`e ai`
fveracc jrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust (i711)
If. fj _peomes
_mte Bmlb Pm`e Cfw Pm`e Geai Pftac
_1 8> 8> 8> 8:
_8 1: 8> 12 80
_? 18 1= 1: 81
_0 1> 1< 10 12
_5 18 1< 15 12
_I: 1: 1= 12 81
I1 1< 1= 12 8?
I8 81 88 88 82
I? 8> 81 81 85I0 15 1= 1< 88
I5 10 1< 1: 88
Jmlure ?. Geai iugher fj speomes fhserve` per smte at hftb bmlb tm`e (BP) ai` cfw tm`e (CP)
aorfss tbe wbfce `uratmfi fj tbe survey (Kaiuary-Aulust), miocu`mil =5% errfr hars
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?.? Jrequeioy fj Foourreioe
Pbe speomes wbmob foourre` gfst jrequeitcy fver tbe `uratmfi fj tbe stu`y was tbe Ofggfi lucc
(Carus oaius), wbmob was fhserve` fi % fj surveys, jfccfwe` hy tbe Fysteroatober wbmob was
fhserve` fi :8% fj surveys (Jml. 8) (Pahce 0). Actbfulb tbe Hreit lffse (H.herimoca) was tbe gfst
ofggfi speomes mi tergs fj mi`mvm`uac fhserve` (Pahce 8) tbey were ficy fhserve` fi 85% fj
surveys (Jml. 0).
Jmlure 0. Jrequeioy fj foourreioe fj acc waterhmr` speomes fhserve` fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulbjrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust
Pahce :. Pfp jmve gfst ofggfi speomes mi tergs fj jrequeioy fj foourreioe
XaidHPF
Of`eOfggfi Iage
Jrequeioyfj
Foourreioe
(%)
1 OG Ofggfi Lucc
8 FO Fysteroatober :8
? OA Ofrgfrait :1
0 BL Berrmil Lucc 52
5 HB Hcaod Bea`e` Lucc 5>
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?.0 ^eroeitale Ahui`aioe
Jmlure 5 ofgpares tbe jmve gfst ofggfi speomes, mi tergs fj tftac mi`mvm`uacs fhserve` (Pahce 0),
wmtb tbe peroeitale ahui`aioe aorfss acc smtes. Actbfulb tbe Hreit lffse (H. herimoca) was raide`
jmrst as tbe gfst ofggfi speomes mi tergs fj mi`mvm`uac iughers, fi ficy jmve smtes ms mt tbe gfst
ahui`ait speomes (_1, _?, _0, I1 ai` I?) (Jml. 5). Pbe Ourcew, (Iugeimus arquata)was raide` as
tbe jfurtb gfst ofggfi speomes mi terg fj tftac mi`mvm`uac iughers (Pahce 0), yet mt ms ift fhserve` at
acc fi smte I1 (Jml 5.)
Jmlure 5. ^eroeitale ahui`aioe jfr tbe tfp jmve speomes (mi tergs fj tftac hmr` iughers(Pahce 8)) aorfss acc smtes jrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust
Pbe Ofggfi Lucc (C. oaius) was tbe speomes wbmob foourre` gfst jrequeitcy `urmil tbe survey
permf` (Jml. 8) (Pahce 0), bfwever mts peroeitale ahui`aioe ms fveracc qumte cfw (Jml. 04 Pahce :).
Pbe ofrgfrait (^bacaorfofrax oarhf) was raide` tbmr` mi tergs fj jrequeioy fj foourreioe, yet mt
`fes ift foour at smte I? at acc (Jml. :).
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5.80, ^7
>.>>>1) (Jml. .:05, ^ 7 >.>>>1) ai` _?/_I: (X 7 >.5=:, ^ 7 >.>>>1) sbfw aiy separatmfi
hetweei smtes. Pbms separatmfi ms wmtb fvercap. Pbere are bfwever smlimjmoait `mjjereioes hetweei
sfge smtes (Pahce
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Jmlure
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?.5.8 @mjjereioes mi Hmr` Asseghcale Cfw tm`e ficy
\bei tbe `mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcale hetweei smtes at cfw tm`e ficy were exagmie`, tbere were
very scmlbt separatmfis hetweei smtes fhserve`. Pbe AIF_MG sbfwe` sfge smlimjmoait `mjjereioes (X
7 >.855, ^ 7 >.>>>1) (Jml. 2). Alami ficy _?/I? (X 7 >.:>.>>>8) ai` _?/_I: (X 7 >.5:=, ^ 7
>.>>>1) sbfw aiy separatmfi hetweei smtes (Pahce 2). Pbms separatmfi ms wmtb fvercap. Pbere are
smlimjmoait `mjjereioes (^3>.>5) hetweei sfge smtes (Pahce 2).
Jmlure 2. G@_ pcft sbfwmil @mjjereioes mi Hmr` Asseghcale Cfw tm`e ficy
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?.5.? @mjjereioes mi Hmr` Asseghcale bmlb tm`e ficy.
\bei we cffde` at tbe `mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcale hetweei smtes at bmlb tm`e ficy tbere
were very scmlbt separatmfis hetweei smtes fhserve`. Pbe AIF_MG sbfwe` sfge smlimjmoait
`mjjereioes (X 7 >.8=?, ^ 7 >.>>>1) (Jml. =).
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At bmlb tm`e tbere were 18 mistaioes were smtes were separate eifulb jrfg eaob ftber tbat tbey ofuc`
he ofism`ere` as separate lrfups wmtb sfge fver caps acc fj tbe `mjjereioes fhserve` were smlimjmoait
(Pahce =). Pwf fj tbe ofgparmsfis _?/I? ai` _0/I? sbfw X vacues wbmob sullest tbey are acgfst
tftaccy `mjjereit mi tergs fj tbemr hmr` asseghcales.
Jmlure =.G@_ pcft sbfwmil @mjjereioes mi Hmr` Asseghcale bmlb tm`e ficy
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)'
Bavmil ofism`ere` tbe `ata hy smte very cmttce `mjjereioe was fhserve` wbmob ofuc` he expcamie` hy
smte ai` as suob hy jfresbfre usale. \e tbei `eom`e` tf ofism`er tbe `ata hy gfitb tf see mj tbe
`mjjereioes fhserve` ofuc` he expcamie` hy seasfiacmty.
?.5.0 @mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcale hetweei gfitbs at Cfw Pm`e
Pbe G@_ pcft sbfwe` sfge scmlbt patteris hetweei gfitbs at cfw tm`e (Jmlure 1>). Pbe Gay, Kuie
ai` Kucy pcfts are mi tbe hfttfg cejt fj tbe pcft wbereas tbe Kai, Jeh ai` Gar pcfts are mi tbe tfp rmlbt
ofrier. Pbe AIF_MG `m` bfwever sbfw sfge smlimjmoait `mjjereioes hetweei gfitbs (X7 >.82.>>>1) (Pahce 1>).
Kai/Gay (X7 >.:::, ^7 >.>>>1), Kai/Kuie (X7 >.:=, ^7 >.>>>1), Jeh/Gay (X7 >.:.>>>1),
Jeh/Kui (X7 >.>>1), Jeh/Kuc (X7 >.:85, ^7 >.>>>1), Gar/Gay (X7 >.5:0, ^7 >.>>>1),
Gar/Kui (X7 >.:>.>>>1), Gar/Kuc (X7 >.5=, ^7 >.>>>1) acc sbfwe` sfge `elree fj separatmfi
hut tbere were fver caps hetweei tbe gfitbs (Appei`mx 8 Pahce 0). _mlimjmoait `mjjereioes(^">.>5)
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were fhserve` hetweei tbe wmiter gfitbs Kaiuary, Jehruary ai` Garob ai` tbe sugger gfitbs Gay
Kuie Kucy ai` Aulust (Pahce 1>).
Jmlure 1>. G@_ pcft sbfwmil @mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcale hetweei gfitbs at Cfw Pm`e
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?.5.5 @mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcale hetweei gfitbs at Bmlb Pm`e
Pbe G@_ pcft sbfwe` cess fhvmfus patteris tbai tbe G@_ pcft jfr tbe cfw tm`e `ata hetweei gfitbs.
Pbe AIF_MG `m` bfwever sbfw sfge smlimjmoait `mjjereioes (X 7 >.10.>>>1) (Jml. 11).
Pbere were smlimjmoait `mjjereioes hetweei Kaiuary ai` acc gfitbs Aprmc Kucy, Jehruary ai` acc
gfitbs Aprmc tf Aulust ai` Aprmc ai` Kucy ai` Aulust. Ifie fj tbese `mjjereioes were fhservahce as
separate lrfups fi tbe G@_ pcft Jmlure 11, Pahce 11).
Jmlure 11.G@_ pcft sbfwmil @mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcale hetweei gfitbs at Bmlb Pm`e
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0 @M_OU__MFI
Aquaoucture ms a rapm`cy lrfwmil mi`ustry `ue tf tbe `egai` fj seajff`, wbmob bas acsf `rmvei tbe
`eocmie fj wmc` stfods, ai` as a resuct, sbeccjmsb aquaoucture ms ai mgpfrtait seotfr, wbmob ms praotmoe`
fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb (J AF 8>>04 J AF 8>>:4 Iaycfr et. ac 8>>>).Pbe fhkeotmve fj tbms stu`y was tf
mivestmlate wbat ejjeot aquaoucture praotmoes ba` fi tbe waterhmr` asseghcales fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb
ofgpare` tf ftber aitbrfpfleimo `msturhaioes. Pbe gami amg was tf try ai` mijer patteris fj hmr`
asseghcales hetweei tbe tbree oatelfrmes fj smtes seceote`; Aquaoucture, Xeoreatmfiac ai`
Ui`msturhe`, ai` assess bfw `msturhaioe ajjeote` speomes at eaob smte oatelfry.
0.1 Mgpaots fj aquaoucture fi waterhmr` speomes mi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb
_mte IM-Oraijmec` Heaob, wbmob was a reoreatmfiac smte, ba` tbe lreatest iugher fj mi`mvm`uacs
fhserve` fver tbe `uratmfi fj tbe stu`y. Pbms bmlb iugher ms cmdecy tf he `ue tf tbe cfoatmfi fj smte IM,wbmob was at tbe gfutb fj tbe cfulb fi tbe ifrtb sbfre, tberejfre hmr`s wbmob jee` at fpei sea, fr
fver wmitermil hmr`s, suob as Hreit lffse, H. herimeca, are cmdecy tf he fhserve` at smte IM as tbey
eiter fr ceave tbe cfulb.
Pbe Hreit Lffse (H. herimeca) was tbe gfst jrequeitcy fhserve` speomes mi tergs fj tftac mi`mvm`uac
iughers. Hreit leese spei` tbe wmiter mi \esteri Eurfpe, iftahcy acfil tbe ofasts fj Lreat Hrmtmai,
Jraioe ai` tbe @utob \a``ei _ea, ai` gmlrate tf tbe _mhermai tui`ra mi tbe sugger tf reprf`uoe
(Ehhmile et. ac 8>>8). Pbe wfrc` pfpucatmfi fj Hreit leese was estmgate` mi 8>>8 tf he jcuotuatmil
hetweei 88>,>>> ai` ?15,>>> mi`mvm`uacs (Ehhmile et. ac 8>>8), ai` tberejfre Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb ms
ai mgpfrtait bahmtat jfr tbese hmr`s `urmil tbe wmiter gfitbs.
Pbe lreatest iugher fj speomes fhserve` fver tbe `uratmfi fj tbe survey was 82 speomes at smte I8,
Jamrlreei, wbmob ms ai aquaoucture trestce smte. Pbms smte ms qumte ocfse tf IM (Appei`mx 1), exoept mt ms
gfre sbectere` ai` tbe heaob ms guob qumeter tbai IM, mi tergs fj bugai `msturhaioe. Pbms gay he
fie fj tbe reasfis wby a bmlb iugher fj speomes were fhserve` at tbms smte, aiftber ofuc` he tbe
trestces tbegsecves prfvm`mil jff` jfr gaiy hmr`s, wbmob was fhserve` severac tmges `urmil tbe stu`y.
Gfre speomes were fhserve` at cfw tm`e tbai bmlb tm`e aorfss acc smtes fhserve`. Gaiy water hmr`
speomes, espeomaccy wa`ers, jee` fi gfccusos tbat are expfse` at cfw tm`e, tberejfre tbe bmlber speomes
iughers fhserve` at cfw tm`e are wbat wfuc` bave heei expeote` lmvei tbms jee`mil fhservatmfi.
Pbe ofggfi lucc (C. oaius) was tbe speomes wbmob was gfst jrequeitcy fhserve` fver tbe `uratmfi fj
tbe stu`y. Pbe X_^H cmsts tbe ofggfi lucc (C. oaius) as 'agher' fi tbe hmr` ofiservatmfi cmst. _peomes
wbmob are fi tbe agher cmst are ocassmjme` as gf`eratecy tbreateie`, geaimil tbere bas heei a `eocmie
fj up tf 0=% fj tbe UD hree`mil pfpucatmfi fver tbe cast 85 years, ai` at ceast 5>% fj tbe hree`mil
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pfpucatmfi oai he jfui` mi apprfxmgatecy 1> smtes aorfss tbe UD (X_^H, 8>18). Pbe jaot tbat tbe
ofggfi lucc (C. oai us) was tbe gfst jrequeitcy fhserve` speomes fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb ms prfgmsmil
mi tergs fj tbemr ofiservatmfi, bfwever mi tergs fj peroeitale ahui`aioe, tbe ofggfi lucc (C. oai
us) ms raide` tbmr`. Pbms geais tbat actbfulb tbe ofggfi lucc (C. oaius) was fhserve` fi % fj
ofuits, mts fveracc ahui`aioe ms aotuaccy qumte cfw. Pbe Hreit lffse (H. herimoca) was raide` jmrst as
tbe gfst ahui`ait speomes, ai` tbms gay he `ue tf tbe jaot tbat Hreit leese tei` tf he mi carle jcfods
at aiyfie tmge, mt ms uiusuac tf see tbeg msfcate`, wbereas tbe ofggfi lucc ms fjtei smlbte` acfie,
wbmob wfuc` tberejfre bave cfwere` tbe peroeitale ahui`aioe.
0.8 ^rmger aiacysms
Pbe resucts jrfg tbms stu`y permf` sbfw tbat smlimjmoait `mjjereioes foour mi hmr` asseghcales at
`mjjereit smtes fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb. Bfwever tbese `mjjereioes are ift `mstmiot ai` fvercaps foour
hetweei smtes. Pbms ms wbat ms expeote` as Oarcmiljfr` ms a recatmvecy sgacc cfulb ai` as suob tbere are
uicmdecy tf he tftaccy `mstmiot lrfups fj hmr`s at fie smte ifie fj wbmob are fhserve` at aiy ftber smte.
Fj tbe `mjjereioes tbat were fhserve` hetweei smtes tbe lreatest `mjjereioes fhserve` were hetweei
reoreatmfiac use smtes ai` ui`msturhe` smtes. A _MG^EX aiacysms wfuc` he iee`e` tf `mstmilumsb
exaotcy wbat tbe `mjjereioes mi hmr` speomes hetweei tbe smtes were.
Mt seegs tbat gfst fj tbe `mjjereioes mi hmr` asseghcales fhserve` were as a resuct fj seasfiacmty
ratber tbai jfresbfre usale. Gfre fhvmfus `mssmgmcarmtmes mi hmr` asseghcales were fhserve` hetweei
gfitbs at cfw tm`e tbai bmlb tm`e. Mt ms cmdecy tbat tbms ms `ue tf tbe gmlratfry patteris fj `uods ai``mvers wbei ofgpare` tf wa`mil hmr`s.
Gfre tmge ms iee`e` tf ofism`er tbese resucts mi `eptb tf `etamc aotuac patterisnai` smgmcarmtmes. Mi
fr`er tf mijer aoourate patteris, tbe survey wfuc` iee` tf he oarrme` fut jfr at ceast a year.
0.? Juture _tu`mes
Pbe ourreit cmterature wbmob exmsts fi tbe ejjeots fj aquaoucture fi waterhmr` asseghcales mi Mrecai` ms
very cmgmte`. A repfrt hy Lmtmmils ai` F'@fiflbue (8>18) jfr tbe Garmie Mistmtute was puhcmsbe` tbms
year ai` mt exagmie` tbe ejjeots fj mitertm`ac fyster oucture fi tbe spatmac `mstrmhutmfi fj waterhmr`s fi
tbe sbfres fj @uilarvai Barhfur mi Of. \aterjfr`. A smgmcar stu`y was acsf oarrme` fut mi Of. Ofrd
hy Bmclercfb et. ac (8>>1), wbf mivestmlate` tbe ejjeots fj mitertm`ac fyster oucture fi hmr`s mi a sbecter
cfulb mi Of. Ofrd. Bmclercfb et. ac (8>>1) acsf ofgpare` tbe ejjeots fj aquaoucture tf a ifi-
aquaoucture smte, wbmob ms smgmcar tf tbms stu`y, wbere aquaoucture smtes were ofgpare` tf reoreatmfiac
smtes ai` ui`msturhe` smtes.
Lmttmils ai` F'@fiflbue (8>18) obfse a tftac fj smx smtes, mi jmve `mjjereit ofuitmes (Of. \aterjfr`,
Of. Ofrd, Of. Derry, Of. Ocare ai` Of. \exjfr`), ai` surveys were oarrme` fut at cfw tm`e ficy up tf
jmve tmges per smte hetweei Kaiuary ai` Garob 8>11. Pbe getbf` jfr tbe hmr` survey mi tbe Lmttmils
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ai` F'@fiflbue (8>18) stu`y `fesi't appear tf he as ofgprebeismve wbei ofgpare` tf tbms stu`y,
wbmob ofismste` fj 11 smtes, fi fie cfulb, wmtb ofuits hemil oarrme` fut at bmlb tm`e ai` cfw tm`e at
eaob smte jrfg Kaiuary tf Aulust 8>18. Jurtbergfre mt ficy aiacyses fie part fj tbe year, tbe
traismtmfi jrfg wmiter tf spiil, wbereas tbms stu`y fi Oarcmiljfr` bas `ata jfr wmiter, sprmil ai`
sugger.
0.?.1 Ofitmiumil ai` expai`mil tbe stu`y
Pbms stu`y ms ieoessary, ai` iee`s tf ofitmiue jfr severac reasfis. Mt prfvm`es hasecmie `ata fj
waterhmr` speomes fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb, fj wbmob tbere ms ourreitcy cmgmte` `ata. Mt ms esseitmac mi
fr`er tf assess gaialegeit praotmoes jfr aquaoucture fi tbe cfulb, tadmil apprfprmate assessgeit ai`
tbe Iatura 8>>> `esmliatmfis mitf aoofuit. Pbe `ata gay acsf he ai earcy mi`moatfr jfr `eocmies mi
oertami speomes, bfwever tbe survey wfuc` iee` tf ofitmiue jfr at ceast twf years mi fr`er tf bave
ofgparahce `ata tf assess tbms.
Ift ficy sbfuc` tbms stu`y ofitmiue, hut tbere ms acsf sofpe tf expai` tbe stu`y, fr tf `ermve sm`e
prfkeots jrfg mt. Pbere ms tbe pfssmhmcmty jfr expermgeitac wfrd tf he oarrme` fut fi tbe trestce smtes.
@urmil tbe survey, mt was iftmoe` tbat gaiy hmr`s jee` `mreotcy jrfg tbe trestces, wbmob ms `eoreasmil
tbe ymec` fj fysters barveste`. Fysteroatobers mi partmoucar were iftmoe` tf jee` fi trestces qumte fjtei.
Expermgeitac wfrd ofuc` mivfcve testmil pre`atmfi jrfg fysteroatobers wmtb varmfus gesb smzes, fr
miocu`mil a `eterreit fi tbe trestces.
Aiftber stu`y ofuc` he `evecfpe` wbmob ofuc` jfous fi oertami speomes fi tbe cfulb, suob as tbe
speomes cmste` mi Iatura 8>>> (_eotmfi 1.8.1). Gaiy fj tbe speomes fhserve` fi tbe cfulb were
oatelfrmse` hy tbe X_^H as agher status, geaimil tbat tbere ms iee` jfr ofiservatmfi ejjfrt jfr tbese
speomes, wbmob tbms ftber stu`y ofuc` sfcecy jfous fi. [y`ecms et. ac (8>>2) jfousse` tbemr stu`y fi
gfccusomvfrfus `uods, as `uods tei` tf mibahmt sbectere` areas wbmob are acsf javfurahce jfr
aquaoucture, ai` tberejfre aquaoucture ms gfre cmdecy tf ajjeot `uods `ue tf tbe miorease` miteraotmfi
hetweei `uods ai` aquaoucture praotmoes. Aquaoucture struotures bave heei stu`me` ai` sbfw ai
miorease mi reorumtgeit fj wmc` gussecs, wbmob bas heei sulleste` hy Dmrd et. ac (8>>
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tbat tbe arotmo teri bas a scmlbtcy `arder ieod pcugale, wbmob was `mjjmouct tf m`eitmjy `ue tf tbe lcare
jrfg tbe water gadmil tbe ui`ersm`e fj cmlbt ofcfure` hmr`s cffd wbmte. Mi fr`er tf reotmjy tbms mssue,
surveys jrfg a hfat ofuc` he oarrme` fut tf eisure tbat acc speomes tbat spei` tbemr tmge mi tbe suhtm`ac
zfie were aoouratecy m`eitmjme`. Jurtbergfre, tbe stu`y wfuc` heiejmt lreatcy mj surveys were
ofi`uote` wmtb ai fhserver at sea ai` fie fi tbe sbfre acsf, gamicy jfr cfw tm`e ofuits, tbms wfuc`
eisure tbat acc speomes fi tbe sbfre ai` at sea were aoouratecy ofuite`. [y`ecms et. ac (8>>2)
ofi`uote` surveys jrfg a sgacc mijcatahce hfat wbmcst gamitamimil a `mstaioe fj apprfxmgatecy 1>>g
jrfg tbe sbfre sf as tf ift oreate a `msturhaioe tf tbe waterhmr`s, bfwever tbms getbf` fj surveymil
wfuc` requmre ai extra persfi tf `rmve tbe hfat. _urveymil jrfg a hfat, fr jrfg a vaitale pfmit ms
gfre javfurahce tbai tbe getbf` a`fpte` hy Lmttmils ai` F'@fiflbue (8>18). Lmttmils ai`
Q'@fiflbue (8>18) oarrme` fut tbemr surveys hy wacdmil acfil tbe stretob fj tbe sbfrecmie wbmcst
gamitamimil a 8>>g `mstaioe jrfg aiy hmr` aotmvmty, ai` gfvmil ocfser tf tbe waters e`le as tbe tm`e
reoe`e`, wbereas mi tbms stu`y fi Oarcmiljfr`, hmr`s were surveye` jrfg fie vaitale pfmit sf as tf
ift oreate a `msturhaioe. Pbms getbf` fj surveymil jrfg fie vaitale pfmit ms javfurahce as tbe
fhserver ms sure tbat tbemr preseioe `fes ift oreate a `msturhaioe, wbereas ai fhserver wacdmil tbe
sbfre gay mia`verteitcy oreate a `msturhaioe tberejfre sdewmil tbe resucts fj tbat partmoucar ofuit.
Ofrgfraits (^bacaorfofrax oarhf) ai` sbals (^bacaorfofrax armstftecms) are twf speomes wbmob alami
are very smgmcar ai` oai prfve `mjjmouct tf `mstmilumsb hetweei. Hftb speomes are very smgmcar mi smze
ai` ofcfur, wmtb tbe gami `mjjereioe hemil tbe cmlbter pcugale fi tbe ofrgfraits bea`. Pbms oai he
`mjjmouct tf see wbei tbey are jcymil, ai` alami, surveys oarrme` fut jrfg a hfat wfuc` becp reotmjy tbms
mssue. Pbere ms rffg tf expai` tbe ourreit survey tf jfous fi ofrgfraits ai` sbals as a sm`e prfkeot.
Ofrgfrait ai` sbals ofuc` he ofuite` at bmlb tm`e wbei tbey are rffstmil ai` are easmer tf m`eitmjy
aoouratecy ai` ofuit, ai` tbms ofuc` he oarrme` fut fie tf twf tmges a gfitb. _urveyfrs ofuc` acsf
attei` a HPF hmr` m`eitmjmoatmfi tramimil ofurse mi fr`er tf gade sure tbat m`eitmjmoatmfi ms as aoourate
as pfssmhce.
Pbe ourreit getbf`fcfly mivfcves ofuitmil speomes jfr ?> gmiutes at eaob smte. Ajter severac gfitbs
jfccfwmil tbms getbf`, tbe Bmlb tm`e ofuits were re`uoe` tf 15 gmiute survey permf`s as tbey were
leieraccy guob qumeter, mi tergs fj tftac mi`mvm`uac iughers, tbai cfw tm`e ofuits (Jml. ?). Aiftber
acteriatmve ofuc` he tf obaile tbe survey permf` seasfiaccy. \miter ofuits ofuc` cast jfr ?> gmiutes at
hftb bmlb ai` cfw tm`e `ue tf tbe bmlber iugher fj fver wmitermil speomes, ai` tbms ofuc` tbei he
re`uoe` tf 15 gmiutes mi tbe sugger as tbere are jewer speomes fi tbe cfulb.
\mtb relar`s tf `ata aiacysms, a _MG^EX aiacysms wfuc` iee` tf he oarrme` fut mi fr`er tf eibaioe tbe
^rmger `ata. ^rmger was obfsei as tbe `ata aiacysms prflrag jfr severac reasfis wbmob miocu`e
avamcahmcmty ai` ease fj use, bfwever a _MG^EX aiacysms was ift oarrme` fut as tbe prflrag was
uiavamcahce at tbe tmge fj `ata aiacysms.
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5 OFIOCU_MFI_
Pbe jmi`mils fj tbms tbesms sullest tbat tbere ms a lreater `mjjereioe mi hmr` asseghcale hetweeiseasfis ofgpare` tf jfresbfre usale. Ofitmiumil tbe stu`y gay reveac gfre `mstmiot patteris hetweei
hmr` asseghcale ai` jfresbfre use mi tbe juture. Pbe waterhmr`s fhserve` fi Oarcmiljfr` Cfulb seeg
tf he recatmvecy bahmtuate` tf ofistait `msturhaioe, hftb reoreatmfiac ai` aquaoucture, bfwever sbfrt
hursts fj `msturhaioe suob as `fl wacders tei`e` tf oause a lreater `msturhaioe. Pbe ourreit cmterature
tbat exmsts fi tbe ejjeot fj aquaoucture fi waterhmr`s ms very cmgmte`, sf ofitmiumil tbms stu`y ms vmtac tf
a`` tf tbms cmterature, ai` prfvm`e a lreater mismlbt mitf seasfiac patteris fj waterhmr`s fi Oarcmiljfr`
Cfulb.
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),
: XEJEXEIOE_
Hmfcfly-ficmie.frl(8>18).bttp;//www.hmfcflyficmie.frl/`motmfiary/JrequeioyVfjV foourreioe. Cast
aooesse` 0tb Fotfher 8>18.
Hfr` casoamlb Gbara. (1=28). _uspei`e` Oucture fj Gussecs. Aquaoucture expcamie`, Hfr` casoamlbGbara, @uhcmi. ?, 2p.
Hfr` casoamlb Gbara. (8>>2). _tatus fj Mrmsb Aquaoucture - a ofgpmcatmfi repfrt fj mijfrgatmfi fi
Mrmsb aquaoucture.
Ocarde D.X. ai` Lfrcey, X.I., 8>>1. ^XMGEX v %; User Gaiuac/Putfrmac. ^XMGEX E, ^cygfutb,
UD.
Ehhmile H._, Beesterheed B.K.A.^, Eis H.K, ai` Lfe`bart ^.\ (8>>8). @eismty `epei`eit pfpucatmfi
cmgmtatmfi mi `ard heccme` Hreit leeseHraita herimo/a. Avmai _omeioe 8; :?->:). _tate fj \frc` Aquaoucture. JAF Jmsbermes Peobimoac ^aper 5>>, Jff` ai` Alrmoucture
Frlaimsatmfi fj tbe Uimte` Iatmfis; Xfge
JAF (8>18). Pbe state fj wfrc` jmsbermes ai` aquaoucture. JAF Jmsbermes ai` Aquaoucture
@epartgeit. Xfge 8>18. M_HI =>>pp.
Lasofmlie K, ai` Buitmiltfi P. (8>>>1). A precmgmiary stu`y fi tbe ejjeots fj
fyster oucturmil struotures fi hmr`s mi a sbectere` Mrmsb estuary. By`rfhmfcflma 0:5; 1
Kfyoe, K. (1==8). _beccjmsb jargmil ai` tbe eivmrfigeit mi _oftcai`. Aquaoucture
Mrecai` 5>, 8>.
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Dmrd G, Escer @, ai` Hfy` \._ (8>>>>). Ejjeot fj aquaoucture fi wfrc` jmsb suppcmes. Iature 0>5;
1>180
X_^H (8>18). bttp;//www.rsph.frl.ud/wmc`cmje/hmr`lum`e/status V expcamie`.aspx (Cast Aooesse`
>0/1>/18)
[y`ecms X, Escer >, Dmrd G ai` Hfy` \._ (8>>2). Ejjeots fj fjj-hfttfg sbeccjmsb aquaoucture fi
wmiter bahmtat use hy gfccusomvfrfus sea `uods. Aquatmo Ofiservatmfi; Garmie ai`
Jresbwater Eofsystegs >>1; 1>.1 >>8/aoq.=
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A^^EI@MOE_