carp fish culture: Exploratory Visit to sergithang, · PDF fileCARP FISH CULTURE: EXPLORATORY VISIT TO SERGITHANG, TSIRANG June 4, 2014 Research & Policy Department, BCCI 6 institution

CARP FISH CULTURE: EXPLORATORY VISIT TO SERGITHANG, TSIRANG June 4, 2014

Research & Policy Department, BCCI

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Content:

I Background Page 2 II ODTP for Tsirang Dzongkhag Page 2 III Exploratory Team Page 2 IV Sergithang – Location Page 3 V Consultation

1. The ODTP program and its approaches Page 4 2. Carp Fish Culture & Economic Benefits Page 5 3. Professional back-up & support Page 5 4. Non-Formal Sector Financing Page 7 5. Market-Access Page 7

VI Current Issues & constraints

1. Land conversion Page 8 2. Limited water volume Page 8 3. Poor market access Page 8 4. Shortage of feed supplies Page 8 5. Poor road connectivity Page 8 6. Predation by snakes Page 9 7. Fish Theft by people Page 9

VII Observations & Recommendations

1. Policy support Page 10 2. Land topography Page 10 3. Knowledge-Base Page 10 4. Water supply for aquaculture Page 11 5. Orientation Page 11 6. Land-use conversion Page 11 7. Capacity Page 12 8. Road connectivity Page 13 9. Other infrastructure Page 13

VIII Conclusion Page 13



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I Background

An approach towards balanced development with focus on enhancing the economic livelihood of rural communities, the President of the Bhutan Chamber of Commerce & Industry (BCCI), during series of internal consultations in 2013, emphasized on the significance of linkages between the rural communities and business communities. He believed in the importance of interdependence in promoting economic wellbeing of the citizens. This thought eventually translated in to inception of a development model called ‘one-dzongkhag-three products’ (ODTP) program. The first initiative taken-up by the BCCI under the ODTP program is the Economic Resource Mapping 2013 (ERM 2013), an exercise that attempts to identify three potential economic activities for each of the twenty districts, which would enhance income-earning capacity and improve the livelihood, especially of the rural populace by fostering commercialization of

agriculture produce for sustainable agribusiness enterprises.

II ODTP for Tsirang The ERM 2013 identified production of poultry, avocado and vegetables as potential farming activities under the ODTP program for Tsirang. With the ERM 2013 still to be validated through focused group discussions (FGD) with relevant stakeholders, warm water aquaculture, in the recent, has been seriously recommended by the community leaders as one of the activities that could be promoted under the ODTP program. For this activity, Sergithang (popularly known as Patalay) reportedly provided favorable conditions for this activity.

III Exploratory Mission With the interests to promote warm-water aquaculture pouring in, the BCCI undertook an exploratory visit to Sergithang on 4th June 2014. The objective of this fact-finding mission was to: Consult with farmers on the potential that

Sergithang holds in going for commercial warm-water aquaculture (Carp Fish Aquaculture) for

Tsirang Dzongkhag

A part of the hamlet with meandering Laray-chu at the left



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markets outside the dzongkhag; Educate them about the available support and back-up services (finance, technical, market-

mainstreaming, etc,) that can be accessed for the program; Inform them about the potential for value-addition of fish for distance markets Inform them about the ODTP initiative of the BCCI and its long-term objectives; Discuss and assess the current constraints faced by the farmers in relation to farming of the

carp fish in the geog and Discuss, agree upon and Recommend appropriate interventions This 1Exploratory Mission to Sergithang, Tsirang, as a part of the validation exercise on economic resource mapping under the ODTP initiative of the BCCI, was led by Mr. Chen Chen Dorji, Vice-President, BCCI, Thimphu & comprised of the following officials:

i. Mr. Chandra B. Chhetri, Deputy-Secretary General, Research & Policy Department, BCCI

ii. Mr. Ugyen Chophel, Research Officer, Research & Policy Department, BCCI

iii. Mr. P. M. Rai, Livestock Production Supervisor, National Center for Aquaculture (NCA), Gelephu

iv. Mr. Jiwan N. Siwakoti, Community Member and an Active Volunteer & member of BCCI v. Mr. R. D. Subba, Contractor and community member from Sergithang

IV Sergithang – Location The geog of Sergithang is one of the twelve geogs in Tsirang Dzongkhag with a total population of around 3500 people from a total of 315 gungs. The geog is divided in to five chiwogs among which, Tashithang offers the best conditions for warm water aquaculture. By location, Sergithang is the northern tip of Tsirang Dzongkhag that borders with the dzongkhag of Wangdue. It is connected by a farm road from Chanchey. From Damphu, one needs to drive 11 km of metal-road up to Chanchey and another 37 Km of farm road up to Laray-Chu. As confirmed by the Gup, the government has an immediate plan to connect the geog to the Tsirang-Wangdue National Highway at Burichu confluence which is hardly 10 km from Laray-Chu With this proposed road connectivity, Sirgithang

1 At Sergithang, the team was received at the Outreach Clinic Center (OCC), Tashithang by the Geog-Gup (Mr. D. P. Sanyasi) and members of the local farming community.

Lower valley of Tashithang next to Laray-Chu

The Exploratory Team



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will be the geog in Tsirang Dzongkhag located closest to Wangdue, Punakha and Thimphu dzongkhags for internal markets.

V Consultation The consultation with the farming community of 2Tashithang was held at the Outreach Clinic Hall (OCH) on 4th June 2014. Twenty-eight members of the local farming community participated in the discussion. The session interacted on the entire dimension of the initiative covering in brief: 1. The ODTP program and its approaches: The

Vice-President (VP), BCCI briefed the members about the background, intentions and approaches of the ODTP program. In terms of agro-climatic conditions, Tsirang can grow almost every fruit & vegetable that can be cultivated in a tropical & sub-tropical zone. However, emphasis should be placed to focus into such activity that the dzongkhag enjoys edge over others for larger economic gain. To be able to create economic viability for accessing available markets and persuade the government for its support & intervention in creating better production & trading infrastructures, scale of production of any farm produce needs to be convincing. Similarly, to encourage agribusiness enterprises to come in to agriculture value-chain and invest into value addition activities, sustainable production and supply of farm produce must be ensured. Farmers must therefore align their farming activities to achieve the above for greater gains and enhanced livelihood. The VP emphasized that specialization into certain farming activity as encouraged by the comparative edge needs to be supported and this is what the ODTP program actually attempts to take forward without underminig other traditional farming activities practised by the farmers. He however reminded the farmers that the intention of the team is to inform and

2 Tashithang is the village within Sergithang Geog with backyard carp fish aquaculture currently practiced by around 18 households.

Gup D. P. Sanyasi welcoming the Exploratory Team

VP, BCCI interacting with backyard carp fish farmers



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create awareness among farmers about the potential they hold in enhancing their income for sustainable livellhood. Translation of the potential practically in to gainful economic activity would be left up to their decision.

2. Carp Fish Culture & Economic Benefits: Throughout the centuries fish has been an

important component of the population’s diet in Bhutan. Over 95% of fresh fish for consumption in Bhutan is imported from India. This import basket of table fish mostly comprise of major (Rohu, Catla, Mrigal) and exotic (Silver, Grass, Common) carps. There is thus a huge potential for Bhutan to focus in to Carp Fish Culture for the domestic market and for import substitution.

Warm-water aquaculture is one produce under the ODTP that the BCCI seeks to facilitate and Sergithang, with all its advantages, offers a haven for this activity. Today, around 18 farmers are engaged in rearing backyard carp fish farms in Sergithang geog. The capacity and intention to convert this backyard farming culture in to a geog commercial activity is demonstrated by the interest of

the local farming community should the 3detrimental factors get addressed through intervention support. With the favorable land topography, abundant source of fresh water, suitable agro-ecological

conditions, large & growing domestic market, fish farming

in Sergithang can be combined with agriculture, animal husbandry and irrigation practices, which can lead to better utilisation of local resources and ultimately to higher production and net profits. This practice is called ‘4integrated fish farming’. The team felt that

with certain intervention, the practice of

backyard’ subsistence ponds can be turned in

to small-scale commercial enterprises.

3. Professional back-up & support: The National Center for Aquaculture (NCA), a knowledge

3 Issues detrimental to aquaculture activity observed by the exploratory team is discussed under separate heading ‘Current Issues & Constraints’ 4 Entrepreneurs are experimenting integrating fish farming with other animal husbandry activities like dairy, poultry, piggery or duck rearing to ensure a regular supply of organic manure to the fish pond. According to a research paper published by the Center of Freshwater Aquaculture, India, these measures have often succeeded in increasing productivity by almost 10 tons per hectare per year. They also use aerators to increase oxygen supply in ponds.

Excited farmers from Sergithang appreciating the intervention & confirming their interest to go for carp fish culture. The intention is unanimous &gender-balanced



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institution for warm-water aquaculture located in Gelephu (Sarpang) has the expertise and 5commitment to promote carp fish culture in Sergithang. Farmers need to be guided the on fish farming and pond maintenance that should cover various aspects of setting-up of fish farms such as selection of proper sites, farm type and fish species to be cultured. Technical support and subsidy on fish nutrition, health, reproduction, harvesting and post-harvesting aspects are equally inevitable. While briefing the farmers of Tashithang on 04 June 2014, Mr. P. M. Rai from the NCA informed them about the intention of the NCA to set-up a facility within the geog on the GRF land that should serve not just as a knowledge base for professional support & guidance but also as a community center for provision & supply of essential inputs to backyard farmers. The fishery pond(s) that the NCA intends to build at Sergithang should serve as a demonstration facility to trigger farmer’s interest and knowledge in warm water aquaculture. The continuity of the scheme of providing 6cash incentives at different slabs and feeds, nets & equipment (deep-fridge) to farmers depending on the size of the pond and the category of aquaculture activity has also been reaffirmed by Mr. Rai during the consultation.

The government has set a target of producing 1400 Metric Ton of fresh table fish by 2018 annually. With this annual national target, the NCA earmarked 20 Metric Ton as the annual production target of fresh fish by the same year, for Tsirang. This was confirmed by Mr. Rai during the consultation with the Sergithang farmers. In literal sense, this translates in to a huge scope for Sergithang

farmers to participate in warm water aquaculture within the dzongkhag.

5 Mr. P M Rai from NCA, Gelephu conveyed this commitment of the government to the farmers, during the interactive session with them at Tashithang on 4th June 2014. Mr. Rai was a member in the Exploratory Mission 6 For the pond sizes of 500 – 750 Sqm, 750 – 1000 Sqm & 1000 Sqm plus, the farmers are eligible to receive cash incentive of Nu. 18,000/-, Nu. 30,000/- and Nu 67,000/- respectively. In India, the central government has come up with schemes in association with state governments from time to time to support fish culture. Development of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture was one such scheme launched during the 10th Plan. Under the scheme, whose cost is borne by the central and the state governments in the ratio of 75:25, farmers are given assistance for building ponds. A subsidy of 20% is given assuming cost for constructing a pond in plain areas is Rs 200,000 per hectare and at Rs 300,000 per hectare in hilly regions. If an existing pond is to be renovated, subsidy is given at 20% assuming cost of Rs 60,000 per hectare.



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4. Non-Formal Sector Financing: The Economic Stimulus Package (ESP) is well-aligned to the intention of the government to go for import substitution through promotion of local production capacity – a mechanism to ‘plug-in holes in the leaky bucket’. From the ESP fund, a total budget of Nu 400 Million has been earmarked for the non-formal sector alone. In Bhutanese economic context, this is huge money that is available for the non-formal sector, at comfortable terms and conditions. Besides, the recently established Business Opportunity Information Center (BOIC) has earmarked funds available for cottage and small scale industries that achieve or fulfill the three fundamental elements of the ESP – import substitution, export promotion and employment generation. These funds are available at a very convenient interest rate. The BCCI has been encouraging and helping many potential educated youths in identifying project ideas and facilitating in preparing project reports to channel the same to the BOIC for project finance. All these activities are undertaken by the BCCI within its ODTP initiative. The VP informed the farming community of Sergithang about the finances available for activity like aquaculture and urged them to work closely with their local government office in accessing this finance. He assured that BCCI under its ODTP initiative would be a partner and will be working closely with the consortium of Farmers’ Group (may be represented by LG), NCA (Ministry of Agriculture) in lobbying and facilitating the proposed activity forward.

5. Market-Access: Access to market or the size of available market might be perceived as a restricting factor for the existing backyard farmers to go for expansion of their aquaculture activity and also discouraging others to venture-out in this farming. There is a need to break this perception not by furnishing hypothetical arguments but by concerted & collective actions. Today, the access road is a ‘fair-weather’ link that gets cut-off almost a quarter of a year annually. Coupled with this, is the limited production and supply capacity that the existing farmers hold. Increased scale of production for sustainable supply with preserving facility and improved road connectivity would encourage other players in the agriculture value-chain to join in taking the produce to the larger general & institutional markets. Agribusiness enterprises look for viable scale of production and sustainable supply for any 7value-addition activity. A win-win situation for the farmers and enterprises needs to be supported and groomed. The VP stressed that the production – consumption gap is huge, and if supported by professional expertise, required inputs & infrastructures and commitment of the farmers to

7 The very basic value-addition process that could be adopted without substantial investment is salting and smoking of fish for distance & deferred supply.



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participate, the potential for Sergithang to specialize into farming of warm water fish vis-à-vis the available domestic market alone is vast and encouraging.

VI Current Issues and Constraints The exploratory mission invited the existing backyard farmers to share issues and constraints that could be limiting the growth and expansion of the aquaculture activity in Sergithang. The farmers raised the following issues: 1. Land Conversion: Most part of Sergithang is irrigated with permanent irrigation channel

drawn from Laray-Chu, which means, paddy cultivation is the primary farming activity there. For the farmers to venture into commercial aquaculture at a larger scale, land use pattern would change. Farmers believe that owing to strict restriction on land conversion, expansion of aquaculture activity would happen only if land conversion is permitted by the government.

2. Limited Water Volume: The supply of water for the present backyard fishery farming at Sergithang is drawn from the agriculture irrigation channel. With the primary purpose of this channel to irrigate agricultural farms, only limited volume of water is available for fish farming. This limits the scope of expansion of the aquaculture activity in the geog. Alternate channel or strengthening of the present irrigation channel is therefore an essential element for the geog to go for commercial aquaculture.

3. Poor market access: As described under ‘V: Consultation, Serial No. 5’ above, poor market access in indeed one of the constraints faced by the backyard farmers. The reasons for this are plenty. One could be the unreliable road connectivity, second could be lack of required scale of production and the third is the lack of refrigeration facility in the area.

4. Shortage of feed supplies: Farmers reported to have faced acute shortage of feed supplies. This is also associated to lack of designated feed supplier(s) and also due to occasional road blocks at Chanchey – Laray-Chu road segment.

5. Poor road connectivity: Today, Damphu the administrative headquarter of Tsirang, is the nearest market connected by road for the Sergithang farmers. However, out of the total distance of 49 km, only around 11 km is black-topped road. The rest of the segment from Chanchey to Laray-Chu is a farm road that is often susceptible to blocks due to landslides particularly during summers.

Irrigation channel drawn from Laray-Chu at Sergithang



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6. Predation by snakes: Everyone who loses valuable fish comes to the same conclusion; it is time to pay more attention to predator control. The backyard fish farming community of Sergithang however have not been able to find one to their fish predation by snakes.

Predators arrive at ponds by many routes: through land-access, raccoons, otters, etc.,

attack; through the air, wild birds like herons and kingfishers assault; in the water, large bullfrogs and snakes get in to the ponds to eat fish. There are probably more potential predators about than the farmers think.

7. Fish Theft by people: “Always locate your pond where you can observe it from a window, and have a light ready to illuminate it at the flip of a switch” is a guru mantra often passed down to the farmers. However, deterring the predator – the humans – is the most challenging issue and the greatest threat.

Control of predators is preferable to their eradication. With many effective options available such as netting, alarm, fencing, water deterrents, decoys, alternative food & water, repellents, hiding places, trappings, etc, human thefts are difficult to control. Sergithang farmers have been facing this problem regularly. The 8Periphyton-based fish farming could perhaps rescue the farmers to some extend from this problem. However the application of the periphyton - based fish farming, as a new and promising technology, needs to be researched.

8 To prevent fish theft, locating the pond as close to one’s home as possible is often recommended. Another method to keep

thieves away from the fish pond is to place bamboo poles or branches in the water, which makes netting and rod-and-line fishing

impossible. Apart from theft prevention, the poles and branches provide the fish with extra natural food. This practice is called

periphyton-based fish farming

Fish predation by snake

Assult from air



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I Observation & Recommendation: The exploratory mission, for several reasons summarized below, feels that Sergithang has the required conditions to specialize in to fisheries for commercial supplies. The two rivers – Laraychu in the left and Burichu in the right – endow the place with abundant water source for fishery project. Climatic conditions are absolutely favorable for carp fish farming.

1. Policy Support: Aquaculture is one activity that offers tremendous potential for

enhancing rural livelihood and import substitution. Recognizing this, government has set a target to achieve the annual production level of 1400 metric tons of fresh fish by 2018, with a minimum of 20 metric tons per annum to be produced in Tsirang Dzongkhag. Allocation of Nu: 400 million from the economic stimulus fund package for the non-formal sector should provide the farmers with access to additional financing at favorable terms. At the policy level, the Economic Development Policy 2010 clearly states fishery as an activity for development and growth of the agriculture sector. Schedule 1 of the Foreign Direct Investment Policy 2010 records fisheries under the ‘Priority List of Activities’ within Production & Manufacturing Sector. Fishery is a part of the agriculture-based activity and agriculture is one of the five sectors included in the accelerated economic development plan of the government. All these provide strong policy support for promoting aquaculture activity in the country.

2. Land Topography: Sergithang offers a favorable land gradient for aquaculture. Its gentle slope provides an added scope to take advantage of existing land contours for developing ponds.

3. Knowledge-Base: The National Center for Aquaculture (NCA) at Gelephu is around 140 km away from the proposed site. The center houses required facilities for fish seed production of various cultivable fish species for the promotion of warm-water fish culture in the country by distributing improved fish seed to the farmers in the private sector. Besides serving as a demonstration centre, the NCA has expertise to respond to national warm-water fish fry requirements, aquaculture engineering and fisheries extension services including grass-root level training programs for interested fish-



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farmers. This knowledge institution also delivers incentive packages in cash as well as interms of materials to the fish-farmers in order to encourage them to take up aquaculture as the beneficial agricultural activity.

Added to this advantage already offered, the NCA has a plan to set-up an extended aquaculture demonstration center on a GRF land at Sergithang. This extended activity of the NCA, as the exploratory mission believes, should bring in fisheries extension services right to Sergithang.

4. Water Supply for aquaculture: The 1.5 km irrigation channel built for farm irrigation

supplies water for backyard fish-farming activity at Sergithang today. Expansion and commercialization of carp fish culture would initially require augmentation of the present channel for drawing bigger volume of water and for the long-term sustainability; additional channel might have to be built in order to cover larger number of households interested to venture into aquaculture. The role of the relevant government agency to create this basic infrastructure in critical and, this intervention needs to be undertaken on priority. The geog / dzongkhag administration should possibly consider exploring the possibility of allocating necessary development fund for this essential infrastructure.

5. Orientation: A total of 18 farmers are

already in to backyard fish-farming in Sergithang geog. These farmers have been provided with first-hand training on aquaculture by the NCA, Gelephu. With this engagement, these farmers hold fair level of farming expertise and experience in fish-farming and associated deficiencies that they are exposed to today. Being a closely-knit community, these farmers have potential to trigger interests in others to go for commercialization of fish farming activity in Sergithang. However, to encourage and align farmer’s mindset in to aquaculture, the relevant stakeholders must work together coordinately in addressing the constraints narrated by the farming community during the exploratory visit.

6. Land use conversion: The fear that the farmers brood in their mind is the government restriction of land conversion. The valley suitable for aquaculture at Sergithang in an irrigated one for paddy plantation. The upper-left pat of the valley is reported to be not very fertile for traditional farming. Albeit



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the fear, considering the perceived economic gains, the farmers, with enhanced access to market, finance, and extension services, are excited about expansion of aquaculture activity. Application of wet land (paddy land) in to fish ponds, in real sense, is not a land conversion but change in usage only. If aquaculture activities fail, this land can be applied back for paddy plantation without much restoration works. The farming community met during the exploratory visit appealed that the government should atleast consider the land usage change up to 50 decimal for each household. On this, the BCCI, as assured to the farmers during the exploratory visit, should consult the Ministry of Agriculture first and strongly take up the matter with the National Land Commission for consideration. The BCCI’s dialogue with the government shall be guided by overall objective of the proposed program. For the Ministry of Agriculture to achieve the set target of fishery production, interchangeability of land usage (not necessarily conversion) deserves a thorough relook and consideration.

7. Capacity: Sergithang geog has a total population of around 3500 people. There are 315 households within the geog, among which around 18 households are already in to backyard fish farming. With the modest calculations on certain assumptions, Sergithang has the net capacity of over 40 acres of water-surface for aquaculture. These assumptions are: The present irrigation channel is augmented to draw more volume of water from

Laray-Chu for absorbing interested farmers in to aquaculture activity; A modest number of 100 households opt to go for commercial carp fish culture

within the geog; Each household is granted approval to change the usage of land for up to 50

decimals for aquaculture activity, if constrained by non-availability of dry land; The constraints narrated by the farmers such as lack of access to markets, lack of

inputs, etc., are addressed. Applying the 9Standard Calculation method, the geog would be producing almost 170 metric tons of fresh fish annually. Applying the average farm rate of Nu: 120/- per Kg,

9 The total net water surface of 40 acres is converted in to square meters (Sqm) @ 4046.86 Sqm per acre totaling to 161,874 Sqm for 40 acres. Each Sqm is allotted five fishes from the sum of which, 30% is deducted against fish mortality. On the derived figure (number of fishes), weight factor of 300 grams is assigned that gives the total weight as around 170 metric ton. Rajat Sharma of Haryana Fisheries Department has a simple mathematics for fish farming, which he says is followed by most

fish farmers in the state. He says what is needed to produce for 1 kilogram of fish is 1 cubic meter water, 1 kilogram of organic

manure, 100 grams of inorganic fertilizer, 1 kilogram of supplementary feed and three fish seeds. Farmers, he says, should wait

for one year for the fish to mature. According to his calculation, investment needed for 1 kilogram of fish is anywhere between

Rs 15 and 25. The sale price of 1 kilogram of fish to wholesalers is anywhere between Rs 40 and 50, ensuring more than double

the income.



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the gross value of the same is Nu: 20.40 million, fetching more than an average income of Nu: 0.20 million for each farmer annually from his / her 0.50 acre plot of land. Even if half of this capacity is achieved under given assumption, Sergithang could produce over 80 metric tons for fresh fish annually.

8. Road Connectivity: Lack of access to market, feed supplies and timely extension services

in Sergithang has all emanated from poor road access to the place. The 37-Km farm road that connects Sergithang to Chanchey remains closed for almost a quarter of a year annually. This stretch of road, that already has permanent bridges built, needs to be improved to make the aquaculture activity at Sergithang sustainable. The proposal of the government to connect Sergithang with the Tsirang – Wangdue National Highway at Burichu-confluence is a light of hope for Sergithang farmers. This 9.5 Km stretch of road, as confirmed by the geog-gup would be constructed soon. Once built, this lateral road connectivity would actually connect the Sergithang farmers with larger markets for farm produce in Wangdue, Punakha and Thimphu.

9. Other infrastructure: The warm-water aquaculture initiative at the end will have to be supported by other essential infrastructures such as the outlet for uninterrupted supply of fish feeds, fingerlings, preservation / storage facilities for extended markets, value addition technology, etc. To complete the value-chain, there are two options available, one, the farmers can grow, preserve, value-add and market through cooperative system or, the second, with sustainable supply of fish ensured, agribusiness enterprises can participate in the value-chain for preservation, value addition and market channeling. In the long run, private sector can also participate through an agreed model in operating farms and bringing in management sophistication.

VII Conclusion

The Exploratory Mission is encouraged by the potential offered for warm-water aquaculture by Sergithang. Albeit certain constraints being encountered by the current backyard fish-farmers, the farming community exhibited interests and excitement to go for commercial farming of carp fish. However, for sustainable production and supply of fresh fish, constraints narrated by the existing farmers and as observed by the fact-finding team need to be addressed



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through government intervention and support. With such a support, Sergithang will be synonymous with ‘carp fish hub’ for western dzongkhags. Interestingly, the production target set out by the government confirming the policy & program commitment and the ODTP initiative of the BCCI can supplement each other in taking this activity forward. To take the initiative forward in a consistent manner, it is recommended that a detailed consultation involving community leaders of Sergithang, Dzongkhag Administration, Tsirang, Management of NCA, Department of Livestock and BCCI is crucial. This focused group discussion should be able to chart out activities with suitable timeframe. The Exploratory Mission strongly recommends this consultation as a priority activity that should be undertaken immediately under the ODTP initiative.

Documents

carp fish culture: Exploratory Visit to sergithang, · PDF fileCARP FISH CULTURE: EXPLORATORY VISIT TO SERGITHANG, TSIRANG June 4, 2014 Research & Policy Department, BCCI 6 institution