Carlos R. VillaDirector of K-12 Programs

National High Magnetic Field Laboratory2018 NSTA Distinguished Informal Science Educator

This presentation will be available to download at:https://nationalmaglab.org/education/

FAST Annual ConferenceSt. Augustine, FLOctober 2019

The National High Magnetic Field Laboratory is supported by National Science Foundation through NSF/DMR-1644779 and the State of Florida.

NHMFL Overview

→One of 7 high magnetic field labs in the world→Only one in western hemisphere→Largest and highest powered in the world

NHMFL Overview

• User laboratory• Over 1615 user visits (2016)• NSF & State of Florida funded• Research free to scientist

• Must share research

• Research in many fields (Not • just magnets!!)• Materials – Energy - Life

• Includes materials science, physics, engineering, chemistry, biology, biomedical, geochemistry, microscopy, etc…

Center for Integrating Research & Learning

• Educational component of NHMFL’s grant• RET programs (more on that later…)• K-12 education outreach• 6,000 students visited this school year• Professional development• Workshops and conferences• CIRL on Facebook

Magnet Review

• Gauss• Measurement of magnetic

field• Named for Carl Friedrich

Gauss

• Tesla• Measurement of larger

magnetic fields• Named for Nikola Tesla• 10,000 Gauss = 1 Tesla

Some Magnetic Fields (In Tesla)

• Refrigerator magnet: • Earth’s magnetic field:• Person’s magnetic field:• Junkyard magnet:• MRI magnet:

.03 T

.000045 T3 x10-13 T1 T2-3 T

Some NHMFL Magnetic Fields• ICR magnet:

• Ion Cyclotron Resonance

• 900 Mhz NMR• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance

• Typical resistive magnet• Split cell • World record water cooled DC magnet• Hybrid magnet (33 MW)

• Resistive and superconducting

• Series Connected Hybrid (14 MW)• 1.5 Ghz NMR

• NHMFL pulse magnet• Not continuous field

21 T*

21 T

20-40 T25 T*41.5 T*45 T*

35 T*

100.7 T**World Record

First Discoveries

• In Greece, 2000 BC• Magnes the shepherd

• In China, 400 BC• Feng shui• The south pointer

• In Rome, 50 AD• Pliny the Elder• Naturalist and researcher• “Magic” with healing

properties

1269: Petrus Peregrinus de Maricourt

• Epistola de magnete• Part 1 discusses the physical (not occult) properties of

magnets• Magnetic fields can act at a distance• Magnets can only act on other magnetic materials• Opposite poles attract and like poles repel• When suspended, north poles point North and south

poles point South.

• Part 2 discusses the use of magnets in devices• Wet and dry compass

1600: William Gilbert

• Published De Magnete• Earth is a magnet

• First critical research on magnets• Used lodestone• Dispelled superstitions

and myths

1820: Hans Christian Ørsted

• An electrical current can create a magnetic field

• Oersted set up lecture demonstration• Used battery to supply

current• Showed compass

needle deflecting near the wire

1820: André-Marie Ampère

• Moving electrical charges produce magnetic fields

• Simple experiment• Two straight wires with current passed through• Wires bowed toward or away

• Led to electromagnets

1824: William Sturgeon

• First electromagnet• Curved iron rod• Bare copper wire• Electricity• 18 total turns of wire

• Lifted 9 pounds• Magnet weighed 7

ounces

1827: Joseph Henry• Improved the electromagnet

• Larger iron rod• Copper wire

• Insulated with silk• Electricity

• An electromagnet using two electrodes attached to a battery, best to wind coils of wire in parallel

• But an electromagnet using with multiple batteries, should use only one single coil

1900: SuperconductorsRe

sista

nce

Temperature

Traditional Metal

Superconductor

Tc0 Kelvin

1957: BCS Theory• BCS: Bardeen, Cooper, Schreiffer• At low temperatures, some metals lose

resistance• Atoms nearly stationary

• Superconductivity results from the formation of Cooper pairs• Two electrons partnered• One follows the other

• Results in frictionlessflow of electrons

Resis

tanc

e

Temperature

Traditional Metal

SuperconductorTc0 Kelvin

Magnets

• All magnets have poles• North & South• Opposites attract; Like repels

• But not really: Magnetic monopole• 2014 discovery

• All magnets have magnetic fields• Magnetic field is a vector field

• Has direction and magnitude

Magnetic FieldsMagnets Repel Magnets Attract

Magnetic Fields

• Magnetic fields invisible to humans• Many animals can sense magnetism

• Sea turtles• Migratory birds• Sharks

• Rare animals can see magnetism• Robins• Orangutans• Family Canidae

• Wolves, foxes, coyotes, dogs

Magnetic Materials• 3 metals are naturally magnetic at room

temperature• Iron• Nickel• Cobalt

• Two more are magnetic at lower temperatures• Gadolinium (65 F and below)• Dysprosium (-301 F and below)

• One more magnetic at abnormal conditions• Ruthenium (In unnatural form)

• Many are magnetic as alloys• Rare-Earth

• Magnetite • Iron rich mineral

• Lodestone is magnetized piece of magnetite• Lodestone led to first compass

Permanent & Temporary Magnets• Permanent magnets: Almost always keep their field

• Fields can be lost• Curie point (Heat)• Electric current (Degauss)• Hitting it (Blunt force)

• Temporary magnets: Will keep magnetic field until tampered with• Examples: Paperclips, scissors, staples, thumb tacks, pins,

screwdrivers, refrigerator door, car doors, etc…• Anything that is magnetic, but will not keep its field

Atomic Theory

• Name atom comes from Atomos, Greek for Indestructible• But not really

• The atom is divisibleProtonNeutronElectron

Magnetism• Motion of charged particles creates magnetic fields• In most atoms, disorganized spins cancel out

• Magnetic domains: when electrons line up• Magnetic field is produced when all electrons spin the

same direction:• More electrons lined up: more magnetism N

S

Electricity and Magnetism

• The two are so closely related• Where there is electricity, there is a magnetic field

• When electrons flow, they line up (Ørsted)

• Where there is a magnetic field, electricity can be created (Faraday)• Magnetic flux can create movement of electrons

Creating Magnetism From Electricity

• Electricity is the flow of electrons• Electrons flow in same direction

• This alignment of electrons creates a magnetic field around the conductor• Similar to electrons lining up in a

permanent magnet• So every wire carrying electricity

has a weak magnetic field around it

• Coiling the wire concentrates the magnetic field inside the coil

Bitter Plates

Permanent Magnets

• Magnet Exploration• Self discovery activity• Group Effort• Communicate your

discovery• Share with the class

Cow Magnets

Permanent Magnet Activity

• Money is magnetic• Coins are copper-nickel alloy

(not magnetic)• Pennies are copper-plated

zinc (also not magnetic)• Dollars are printed with iron-

rich ink (magnetic!)

• Foreign Coins• Canadian, British, Brazilian,

Mexican (some)…

Iron in the Food

• Iron in cereal• NIB Magnet is a must• Total brand• Baby cookies (high in

iron)

• The Hook:• Blend a $1• Use a NIB magnet• Pull out the iron

Temporary Magnet Activities

• No rubbing necessary• Magnetism happens

almost instantly• They are magnets

• North and South• Attract and Repel

• Paper Clips remain magnetic• Until something tampers

with their field• Field could last years

Teeny Tiny Beach Magnets

• Hold a strong magnet over beach sand

• Iron will attract to the magnet• Excess sand will cling to

the magnet• Purify by spreading it on

a sheet of paper and passing the magnet over it

• Meteors are high in iron content

• Burn up in atmosphere• Waves wash them

ashore

The Zinging Magnets

• Magnets are magnetized short length

• Made of strong barium ferrite

• They attract but bounce upon impact and separate

• Process repeats with a little energy lost each time

• Pitch changes• Frequency increases• Amplitude decreases

The Magnetic Hedgehog

• Ferrofluids aka liquid magnets• Suspension of iron

nanoparticles

• Fluid adheres to magnetic field lines

• Incredibly attractive (BE CAREFUL)

Electromagnets Extensions:

• Right hand rule• Direction of field

• Poles (Winding direction)• Variables:

• Neatness• Number of winds• Wire gauge• Battery strength• Temperature• Precision

Literature

Stop Faking ItBill Robertson

Driving ForceJames D. Livingston

A Short History of Nearly Everything

Bill Bryson

The Nature of ScienceJames Trefil

Literature

Additional Resources

Research Experience for Teachers 2020

• 6 weeks in the summer

• $3600 stipend

• June 8th – July 17th

• What do you have to do?• Complete online

application• Complete program

surveys and submit all research data

• Send in supporting documents (letter of rec, etc.)

Research Experience for Teachers 2018

What does RET entail? • Real world science:• Superconductivity

materials testing• Electricity & magnetism

research• Designing/constructing

research instruments• Running samples in

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) or Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR)

RET Logistics and Arrangements

• Housing• Stipend• Travel • Program is open to

Elementary, Middle, and High School teachers

• Pre-service teacher positions available

• Focus of the program• Nature of Science• Inquiry• Communicating in

science• Experimental Design

• Topics for research• Superconductivity• Electron Scanning

Microscopy• Condensed Matter

Before I Forget

• Business cards• Please do not hesitate to contact us with

questions, ideas, suggestions, etc…

• RET applications:• https://nationalmaglab.org/education/

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Thank You

Carlos R. VillaDirector of K-12 Programs

villa@magnet.fsu.edu • 850-644-7191