Carissa Sundsmo FCSN 547 Nutrition Update Garlic

Carissa SundsmoCarissa Sundsmo

FCSN 547FCSN 547

Nutrition UpdateNutrition Update

GarlicGarlic

About GarlicAbout Garlic

Allium sativum Allium sativum family Amaryllidaceae family Amaryllidaceae

European origin European origin Cultivated all over the worldCultivated all over the world Popular for use as food flavoring and Popular for use as food flavoring and

medicinemedicine

Eastern and WesternEastern and WesternMedical UsesMedical Uses

TraditionallyTraditionally Antibiotic for colds, sore throat, phlegm in Antibiotic for colds, sore throat, phlegm in

respiratory tract, asthma, bronchitis, respiratory tract, asthma, bronchitis, abscesses and tuberculosisabscesses and tuberculosis

Reduce high blood pressure and Reduce high blood pressure and cholesterolcholesterol Heart diseaseHeart disease

Prevention of certain cancers (stomach Prevention of certain cancers (stomach and colon cancer)and colon cancer)

Ancient uses of GarlicAncient uses of Garlic

Ancient Egyptians used garlic to cureAncient Egyptians used garlic to cure HeadachesHeadaches Tumors Tumors Heart disorders and intestinal wormsHeart disorders and intestinal worms

Ancient Olympic athletes ate garlic to Ancient Olympic athletes ate garlic to increase their energyincrease their energy

First century A.D. it was prescribed to the First century A.D. it was prescribed to the Roman army as an anthelmintic (used to Roman army as an anthelmintic (used to kill intestinal worms)kill intestinal worms)

How Garlic is ConsumedHow Garlic is Consumed

EatenEaten Raw or cookedRaw or cooked

• Chopped, minced, whole, and crushedChopped, minced, whole, and crushed

Dried or powderedDried or powdered TabletsTablets CapsulesCapsules Raw cloves use to make oils and liquid Raw cloves use to make oils and liquid

extractsextracts

Possible Side AffectsPossible Side Affects Bad BreathBad Breath Body OdorBody Odor Heart burn, upset stomach, and allergic reactionHeart burn, upset stomach, and allergic reaction

Most only occur with raw garlicMost only occur with raw garlic Blood thinner (like aspirin)Blood thinner (like aspirin)

Inability to clot, can become a more concern during Inability to clot, can become a more concern during and after surgeryand after surgery

• Avoid for at least 1 week before surgery or dental workAvoid for at least 1 week before surgery or dental work Interferes with the effectiveness of Saquinavir, a Interferes with the effectiveness of Saquinavir, a

drug used to treat HIVdrug used to treat HIV No known effects on other drugsNo known effects on other drugs

Does Garlic do moreDoes Garlic do more than cause bad breath than cause bad breath and keep the Vampires and keep the Vampires

away?away?

Including Garlic in the Diet May Help Lower Including Garlic in the Diet May Help Lower Blood Glucose, Cholesterol, and Blood Glucose, Cholesterol, and

Triglycerides1-3. Journal of Nutrition (2003) Triglycerides1-3. Journal of Nutrition (2003) 136:3S136:3S

The goal was to study the efficiency of an aqueous The goal was to study the efficiency of an aqueous extract of raw garlic in controlling levels of sugar, extract of raw garlic in controlling levels of sugar, cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood of normal rats.cholesterol and triglycerides in the blood of normal rats.

Materials and MethodsMaterials and Methods Female Sprague-Dawley rats weight 200-250gFemale Sprague-Dawley rats weight 200-250g Maintained on a normal diet and tap waterMaintained on a normal diet and tap water Divided into 5 groupsDivided into 5 groups

• Group 1: normal saline (control)Group 1: normal saline (control)• Group 2: orally force-fed garlic by stomach gavages using a ball Group 2: orally force-fed garlic by stomach gavages using a ball

tipped needletipped needle• Group 3: garlic by intrapertioneal injectionGroup 3: garlic by intrapertioneal injection• Group 4: orally forced-fed boiled garlic using the same methods as Group 4: orally forced-fed boiled garlic using the same methods as

group 2group 2• Group 5: intraperitoneal injections of boiled garlicGroup 5: intraperitoneal injections of boiled garlic



Rats given .5mL aqueous extract of garlic Rats given .5mL aqueous extract of garlic every day for 4 weeksevery day for 4 weeks

After the 4 weeks they were killed using After the 4 weeks they were killed using urethan anesthesiaurethan anesthesia

Blood was collected and a cholesterol and Blood was collected and a cholesterol and triglyceride analysis was conductedtriglyceride analysis was conducted

Serum glucose was determined Serum glucose was determined immediatelyimmediately

Including Garlic in the Diet May Help Lower Blood Including Garlic in the Diet May Help Lower Blood Glucose, Cholesterol, and Triglycerides1-3. Journal Glucose, Cholesterol, and Triglycerides1-3. Journal

of Nutrition (2003) 136:3Sof Nutrition (2003) 136:3S

Both oral garlic and garlic IP showed a significant difference from the control group Both oral garlic and garlic IP showed a significant difference from the control group for lowering triglyceridesfor lowering triglycerides

Only raw garlic IP showed a significant difference from the control for lowering Only raw garlic IP showed a significant difference from the control for lowering cholesterolcholesterol

Boiled garlic showed no significant differenceBoiled garlic showed no significant difference



Aqueous extract of raw garlic taken in Aqueous extract of raw garlic taken in small amounts has an effect in lowering small amounts has an effect in lowering cholesterol and triglyceride levelscholesterol and triglyceride levels

““Raw garlic is more beneficial than cooked Raw garlic is more beneficial than cooked in reducing blood lipid and glucose levels in reducing blood lipid and glucose levels

and could potentially play an important and could potentially play an important role in preventing atherosclerosis.”role in preventing atherosclerosis.”

Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets on serum lipids, Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets on serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial stiffness in normo-lipidaemic blood pressure and arterial stiffness in normo-lipidaemic

volunteers: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. volunteers: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition (2004)British Journal of Nutrition (2004)

Objective: to clarify the effect of dried garlic Objective: to clarify the effect of dried garlic powder tablets on blood lipids and blood powder tablets on blood lipids and blood pressure, they also monitored arterial stiffness.pressure, they also monitored arterial stiffness.

SubjectsSubjects Healthy, Healthy, normolipidaemic volunteers, normolipidaemic volunteers, both non smoking and smoking both non smoking and smoking men and women men and women Ages 40-60 years Ages 40-60 years

Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets on serum Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) powder tablets on serum lipids, blood pressure and arterial stiffness in normo-lipids, blood pressure and arterial stiffness in normo-

lipidaemic volunteers: a randomized, double blind, placebo-lipidaemic volunteers: a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition (2004)controlled trial. British Journal of Nutrition (2004)

RestrictionsRestrictions No use of lipid or blood pressure lowering medication, No use of lipid or blood pressure lowering medication,

anticoagulation medication, contraceptivesanticoagulation medication, contraceptives No more than 4 hours of intensive physical activity per No more than 4 hours of intensive physical activity per

weekweek Not allowed to consume other dietary supplements Not allowed to consume other dietary supplements

except for multivitamin tabletsexcept for multivitamin tablets Not allowed to consume more than two cloves of Not allowed to consume more than two cloves of

garlic per weekgarlic per week Were asked to not change their diet, smoking, or Were asked to not change their diet, smoking, or

physical activity habits during the studyphysical activity habits during the study



Participants were stratified into the two groups Participants were stratified into the two groups based on gender and smoking statusbased on gender and smoking status

Garlic powder tablets (230 mg per tablet) or a Garlic powder tablets (230 mg per tablet) or a placebo tablet ( microcrystalline cellulose and placebo tablet ( microcrystalline cellulose and calcium phosphate)calcium phosphate)

Two tablets twice a day with morning and Two tablets twice a day with morning and evening mealsevening meals

Equal to approximately three garlic cloves a dayEqual to approximately three garlic cloves a day



Thirty-eight subjects received garlic Thirty-eight subjects received garlic powder tabletspowder tablets

Thirty-seven received the placeboThirty-seven received the placebo One participant in the placebo group One participant in the placebo group

received the wrong interventionreceived the wrong intervention Thirty-one of the garlic group completed Thirty-one of the garlic group completed

the interventionthe intervention Thirty-two of the placebo group completed Thirty-two of the placebo group completed

the studythe study



Total Cholesterol (mmol/l)

4.6

4.7

4.8

4.9

5

5.1

5.2

5.3

5.4

5.5

Garlic Placebo

mm

ol/

l

Before

After



HDL-C (mmol/l)

1.21

1.22

1.23

1.24

1.25

1.26

1.27

1.28

1.29

1.3

Garlic Placebo

mm

ol/

l

Before

After



LDL-C (mmol/l)

3

3.1

3.2

3.3

3.4

3.5

3.6

3.7

3.8

Garlic Placebo

mm

ol/

l

Before

After



ConclusionConclusion No Significant difference was found in fasting No Significant difference was found in fasting

total cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol, LDL-total cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol, and triacylglycerol Cholesterol, and triacylglycerol concentrations, blood pressure or arterial concentrations, blood pressure or arterial stiffness.stiffness.

Garlic powder has no clinically relevant impact Garlic powder has no clinically relevant impact on fasting serum LDL and HDL concentrations on fasting serum LDL and HDL concentrations and blood pressure.and blood pressure.

Effect of garlic supplementation on oxidized low Effect of garlic supplementation on oxidized low density lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in patients density lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in patients

of essential hypertension. Molecular and Cellular of essential hypertension. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (2004)Biochemistry (2004)

Determine whether garlic supplementation Determine whether garlic supplementation in the diet of human subjects could in the diet of human subjects could modulate the in vivo levels of LDL and the modulate the in vivo levels of LDL and the biomarker of oxidative stressbiomarker of oxidative stress

Second aim determine is garlic Second aim determine is garlic supplementation in the diet could convert supplementation in the diet could convert beneficial effects by decreasing raised beneficial effects by decreasing raised blood pressure levels in subjects with blood pressure levels in subjects with essential hypertension (EH)essential hypertension (EH)

Effect of garlic supplementation on oxidized low Effect of garlic supplementation on oxidized low density lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in density lipoproteins and lipid peroxidation in

patients of essential hypertension. Molecular patients of essential hypertension. Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry (2004)and Cellular Biochemistry (2004)

Randomized double blind studyRandomized double blind study Two groups of human subjectsTwo groups of human subjects

Essential hypertension groupEssential hypertension group Non Hypertension group (control)Non Hypertension group (control)

Garlic SupplementationGarlic Supplementation Given garlic pearls (garlic oil 2.5%)Given garlic pearls (garlic oil 2.5%) Two garlic pearls per a day for 8 weeksTwo garlic pearls per a day for 8 weeks



0

50

100

150

200

250

mg

/dl Hypertensive Baseline

Hypertensive after 8 weeks

Control Baseline

Control after 8 weeks



ResultsResults Three patients from the EH group and two Three patients from the EH group and two

from the control group complained of GI from the control group complained of GI discomfort and increase bowel motility which discomfort and increase bowel motility which decreased after 2-3 daysdecreased after 2-3 days

A significant decline was noted in both mean A significant decline was noted in both mean SBP and DBP in the hypertensive group but SBP and DBP in the hypertensive group but not difference was found in the controlnot difference was found in the control• The blood pressure in the hypertensive group was The blood pressure in the hypertensive group was

still higher than the control groupstill higher than the control group



““Including garlic as a daily supplement in our Including garlic as a daily supplement in our diet is a useful and an attractive diet is a useful and an attractive

proposition for counteracting high blood proposition for counteracting high blood pressure and oxidative stress and various pressure and oxidative stress and various

other factors associated with other factors associated with cardiovascular risk”cardiovascular risk”

Effect of garlic on cardiovascular Effect of garlic on cardiovascular disorders: a review. Nutrition disorders: a review. Nutrition

Journal (2002)Journal (2002) An overall review of the efficiency of garlic in An overall review of the efficiency of garlic in

cardiovascular disease conditions both in cardiovascular disease conditions both in humans and animals.humans and animals.

Reviewed Animal Studies and human studies in Reviewed Animal Studies and human studies in lipid metabolism lipid metabolism Fibrinolytic activityFibrinolytic activity platelet aggregationplatelet aggregation blood pressure lowering effect blood pressure lowering effect Diabetes mellitusDiabetes mellitus other cardio protective properties of garlic other cardio protective properties of garlic adverse effects of garlic.adverse effects of garlic.

Effect of garlic on cardiovascular Effect of garlic on cardiovascular disorders: a review. Nutrition disorders: a review. Nutrition

Journal (2002)Journal (2002) Scientific literature supports the proposal of Scientific literature supports the proposal of

garlic consumption and it’s cardio protective garlic consumption and it’s cardio protective effect.effect.

However, there are still issues on the type of However, there are still issues on the type of garlic preparations that have been used in the garlic preparations that have been used in the studiesstudies

Suggest further research to identify specific Suggest further research to identify specific compounds from garlic and garlic product that compounds from garlic and garlic product that are responsible for the biological effects.are responsible for the biological effects.

ConclusionConclusion

Most studies have shown some improvement of Most studies have shown some improvement of cholesterol levels by using garlic alone.cholesterol levels by using garlic alone.

The types of garlic used can influence the affect The types of garlic used can influence the affect the garlic has on cholesterol.the garlic has on cholesterol. Raw has a higher effect than boiled and tablets.Raw has a higher effect than boiled and tablets.

Those who wish to reduce their cholesterol using Those who wish to reduce their cholesterol using garlic should consult their physician for possible garlic should consult their physician for possible side affects of using garlic and their current side affects of using garlic and their current medications to lower their cholesterol.medications to lower their cholesterol.

Documents

Carissa Sundsmo FCSN 547 Nutrition Update Garlic