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Carers@Work
A Strategy for Securing Sustainable Future Care and Productivity Potentials in an Ageing Society
A European Comparison
Annette Franke Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany &
Monika Reichert, TU Dortmund, Germany
Social policies for working carers in the EU
11th IFA Global Conference on Ageing
Carers@WorkContents
1. Comparing welfare state regimes / care regimes
2. Country specific policy legislation
3. Specific policy measures for working carers
4. Communications and legislation at EU level
5. Conclusions
Carers@Work
1.
Comparing welfare states and care regimes
Carers@Work
Country differences: Care regimes (European Commission, 1999)
Continental Europe Bismarck-oriented: universal insurance schemes, unrelated to income or means;
Northern Europe Beveridge-oriented: Services are funded out of general taxation and though univesally defined, they are to a large extent, means-tested of income related;
Mediterranean: families are still the main source of source of support;
Central-Eastern European: families are still main source of support;
Carers@Work
Country differences: Care regimes (Crompton, 1999; Yeandle, 1999)
Dual-earner/marketized-female-domestic-economy-model
Dual-earner/marketized-female-domestic-economy-model
Male breadwinner/female carer model
Male breadwinner/female carer model
Carers@Work
Country differences: Family care (Mestheneos & Triantafillou, 2005)
high social expectations to provide care, increasing formal recognition, ambivalent
low social expectations to provide care, increasing formal recognition
high social expectations to provide care, increasing formal recognition
high social expectation to provide care, no formal recognition
Carers@Work
Country differences: Care providers
Family and professional care services
Family and professional care services
Family (low level of care infrastructure)
Family (low level of care infrastructure)
Carers@Work
2.
Country specific
social policy legislation
Carers@Work
Country differences: Important Health Care Policy regarding the reconciliation of work and
(elder)care
Long-term Care Insurance; Nursing Care Act;
Family Care Act
Community Care Act
State Care Allowance
Act on Social Care
Carers@Work
Country differences: Important Employment related Policy regarding the reconciliation of
work and (elder)care
- Working time flexibility and working time reduction in
German collective bargaining- Legal framework concerning part-time work and temporary work- General Equal Treatment Act
- Employment Relations Act,
- Work Life Balance in a Changing World,
- Equal Opportunities Act
Carers@Work
Country differences: Important Employment related Policy regarding the reconciliation of
work and (elder)care
- National collective agreement for flexible working time or working accounts,
- Regulation on part-time work according to the EU-Directive,
- Three days paid leave per month (Act 104/1992); in addition: two years of unpaid care leave to assist dependent relatives (Act 53/2000)
- Two weeks leave for family carers (limited to contracted employers – which exclude self-employed);
Carers@Work
Country differences: Company measures regarding the reconciliation of work and
eldercare
Some measures to reconcile work and eldercare
In comparison with other European Countries many measures to reconcile work and eldercare
Very few measures to reconcile work and eldercare
No measures to reconcile work and eldercare
Carers@Work
3.
Specific policy measures
for working carers
Carers@Work
Access to care services (personal care)
Family responsible, but assisted by public provision or private provision publicly paid for through Long-term care insurance - but does not cover all expenses
Individual responsibility; predominantly private care provision + privately paid for; public provision based on means-testing
Family responsible for care management, widely delivered by migrant care worker
Family responsible – only limited formal services (poor quality or expensive)
Carers@Work
Care leave
Up to 10 days unpaid care leave for sorting out crises; otherwise up to 6 months unpaid leave
NEW legislation: reduce working hours to 50% at 75% earnings for 2 years next 2 years work 100% at 75% earnings
Up to 6 months unpaid leave
Paid care leave up to 3 days per month, funded by central government
None
Carers@Work
Cash benefits for working carers
Substantial through LTCI, but not covering all expenses
Available for those most in need, means-tested, modest amounts
Substantial through state care allowance, but not covering all expenses
Very little support for those most in need, means-tested, even more modest amounts
Carers@Work
4.
Communications and legislation at EU level
Carers@Work
Of growing importance on the EU policy agenda.
BUT mostly subsumed under terms of gender equality, working conditions (e.g., part-time, types of leave) or social inclusion.
Special needs of employed caregivers are often overlooked, because informal carers had often been seen as full-time carers, e.g. retired persons.
Activities on the EU-level
Carers@Work
Examples for EU-Legislation
„Treaty of Lisbon“ followed by the „EU 2020“ Strategy
„Action under this priority will require modernising, strengthening our employment education and training policies and social protection systems by increasing labour participation and reducing structural unemployment, as well as raising corporate social responsibility among the business community. Access to childcare facilities and care for other dependents will be important in this respect.“ (European Commission, 2010: 18)
Carers@Work2012 „European Year of Active Ageing and
Solidarity between the Generation“
Carers@Work
Managing demographic challenges through better reconciliation of
work and family life
Conclusions of the Council of the European Union and the representatives of the governments of the Member States
Ministers call on member states to take demographic challenges into account in their national programmes, to promote options that help combine professional and family life.
[…]“development of care systems for dependent persons, including childcare and long-term care, which support women and men at different stages of their lives and in the advancement of their careers (life course approach);
Carers@Work
Examples for EU-Legislation
„Work-life balance policies with the provision of affordable care and innovation in the manner in which work is organised should be geared to raising employment rates, particularly among young people, older workers and women“ (Employment Guidelines, 2010).
Communication “A better work-life balance: stronger support for reconciling professional private and family life (COM(2008)635 final).
Carers@Work
Examples for EU-Legislation European Innovation Partnership on Healthy and Active Ageing, Report from the Social Partners “Reconciliation of professional,
private and family life”, 2008 Ageing Report, 2009 Demography Report, 2008 Communication “Promoting solidarity between the generations”,
2007 European Commission's roadmap for equality between women and
men 2006-2010 (from 2006) followed by the Strategy for equality between women and men 2010-2015
Green Paper "Confronting Demographic Change: a new solidarity between the generations", 2005
Directive on the organisation of working time, 2003
Carers@Work
5.
Conclusions
Carers@Work
The state and it‘s policy is of most importance in determining how individuals reconcile work and eldercare.
Especially the aspect of care responsibilities for older workers has not been given much attention in the past and the special needs of employed caregivers are often overlooked, because informal carers had often been seen as full-time carers, e.g. retired persons.
Working carers are more or less involved as implicit issue, as subsumed under terms of care in general, gender equality, working conditions (e.g., part-time, types of leave) or social inclusion, even when concrete actions are not suitable attended.
Conclusions
Carers@Work
Thank you!
www.carersatwork.tu-dortmund.de