GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SCIENCE & SYSTEMSSCIENCE & SYSTEMS

GIS is a relatively broad term, that can GIS is a relatively broad term, that can refer to a number of technologies, refer to a number of technologies, processes, etc.processes, etc.

It is attached to many operations, in It is attached to many operations, in mapping, engineering, planning, mapping, engineering, planning, management, transport/logistics and management, transport/logistics and analysis. analysis.

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EARLY APPLICATIONEARLY APPLICATION

1832 - French geographer Charles 1832 - French geographer Charles Picquet represented the 48 districts of Picquet represented the 48 districts of the city of Paris by a color gradient that the city of Paris by a color gradient that changed according to the percentage changed according to the percentage of death by cholera per 1,000 of death by cholera per 1,000 inhabitants.inhabitants.

First known use of mapping techniques First known use of mapping techniques to track diseases.to track diseases.

EARLY APPLICATION (cont.)EARLY APPLICATION (cont.)

1854 – John Snow depicted a cholera 1854 – John Snow depicted a cholera outbreak in London using points to outbreak in London using points to represent the locations of some represent the locations of some individual cases.individual cases.

His study of the distribution of His study of the distribution of cholera led to the source of the cholera led to the source of the disease, a contaminated public water disease, a contaminated public water pump. pump.

ExampleExampleofof

Snow’sSnow’sCholeraCholeraoutbreakoutbreak

mapmap

EachEachpointpoint

indicatesindicatesa casea caseof theof the

diseasedisease

ADVANCEMENTSADVANCEMENTS Early 20th century - development of Early 20th century - development of

photozincography.photozincography. Method for the accurate reproduction of Method for the accurate reproduction of

images, manuscript text and outline images, manuscript text and outline engravings. engravings.

Allowed maps to be split into layers and Allowed maps to be split into layers and stacked accurately.stacked accurately.For example:For example:

Layer 1 Layer 1 - social factors- social factorsLayer 2Layer 2 - biodiversity - biodiversity

LAYERED MULTI-INFORMATION MAPLAYERED MULTI-INFORMATION MAP

PHOTOZINCOGRAPHIC PLATE PHOTOZINCOGRAPHIC PLATE

CONTOUR LINES IN MAPSCONTOUR LINES IN MAPS

START OF GISSTART OF GIS

1960 - Development of the world's first true 1960 - Development of the world's first true operational GIS in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.operational GIS in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Federal Department of Forestry and Rural Federal Department of Forestry and Rural Development developed the Canada Geographic Development developed the Canada Geographic Information System (CGIS).Information System (CGIS).

Used to store, analyze, and manipulate data Used to store, analyze, and manipulate data collected for the Canada Land Inventory.collected for the Canada Land Inventory.

Purpose - determine the land capability for rural Purpose - determine the land capability for rural Canada.Canada.

Map information about soils, agriculture, Map information about soils, agriculture, recreation, wildlife, waterfowl, forestry, and land recreation, wildlife, waterfowl, forestry, and land use at a scale of 1:50,000. A rating classification use at a scale of 1:50,000. A rating classification factor was also added to permit analysis. factor was also added to permit analysis.

CANADIAN CLASSIFICATION OF LANDCANADIAN CLASSIFICATION OF LAND

CANADIAN SOIL CLASSESCANADIAN SOIL CLASSES

11 No significant limitations in use for crops. No significant limitations in use for crops. 22 Moderate limitations that restrict the range of crops or require Moderate limitations that restrict the range of crops or require moderate conservation practices.moderate conservation practices. 33 Moderately severe limitations that restrict the range of crops Moderately severe limitations that restrict the range of crops or require special conservation practices.or require special conservation practices. 44 Severe limitations that restrict the range of crops or Severe limitations that restrict the range of crops or require special conservation practices.require special conservation practices. 55 Severe limitations that restrict capability in producing Severe limitations that restrict capability in producing perennial forage crops, and improvement practices are feasible.perennial forage crops, and improvement practices are feasible. 66 Capable only of producing perennial forage crops, and Capable only of producing perennial forage crops, and improvement practices are not feasible.improvement practices are not feasible. 77 No capacity for arable culture or permanent pasture. No capacity for arable culture or permanent pasture. 00 Organic Soils (not placed in capability classes). Organic Soils (not placed in capability classes).

START OF GIS (cont.)START OF GIS (cont.)

CGIS -provided capabilities for:CGIS -provided capabilities for:• OverlayOverlay• MeasurementMeasurement• DigitalizingDigitalizing• ScanningScanning• Supported a national coordinate system.Supported a national coordinate system.• Coded lines (arcs) with true embedded Coded lines (arcs) with true embedded

topology.topology.• Stored attribute and location information Stored attribute and location information

in separate files. in separate files.

START OF GIS (cont.)START OF GIS (cont.)

1964 – Formation of the Laboratory for 1964 – Formation of the Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis at Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis at Harvard Graduate School of Design.Harvard Graduate School of Design.

Development of important theoretical concepts Development of important theoretical concepts in spatial data handling.in spatial data handling.

1970’s – distribution of software code and 1970’s – distribution of software code and systems, such as SYMAP, GRID, and ODYSSEY to systems, such as SYMAP, GRID, and ODYSSEY to universities, research centers.universities, research centers.

Basis of subsequent commercial development. Basis of subsequent commercial development.

START OF GIS (cont.)START OF GIS (cont.) End 20th cent. – Various systems consolidated End 20th cent. – Various systems consolidated

and standardized.and standardized. Some users beginning to explore viewing Some users beginning to explore viewing

GIS data over the Internet.GIS data over the Internet. Need for standards in data format and transfer Need for standards in data format and transfer

standards.standards. Growing number of free, open-source GIS Growing number of free, open-source GIS

packages that run in many operating systems.packages that run in many operating systems. Can be customized to perform specific tasks.Can be customized to perform specific tasks. Geospatial data and mapping applications are Geospatial data and mapping applications are

available via the WWW. available via the WWW.

DATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSINGDATA ACQUISITION AND PROCESSING

MAP MAKING TODAYMAP MAKING TODAY

Geographical Information SystemsGeographical Information Systems Designed to:Designed to:

• CaptureCapture• StoreStore• ManipulateManipulate• AnalyzeAnalyze• ManageManage• PresentPresent

All types of geographical data. All types of geographical data.

GEOSPATIAL INFORMATION STUDIESGEOSPATIAL INFORMATION STUDIES

Academic discipline or career of Academic discipline or career of working with geographic information working with geographic information systems.systems.

Merging of cartography, statistical Merging of cartography, statistical analysis and database technology.analysis and database technology.

Graduate school:Graduate school:• Technician certificationTechnician certification• Masters degree Masters degree

Show EarthData videoShow EarthData video

CAREERSCAREERSCommercialCommercial PilotPilot Aerial Photographer/Data AcquisitionAerial Photographer/Data Acquisition Software Developer/ManagerSoftware Developer/Manager Custom GIS DesignerCustom GIS Designer Project Developer/ManagerProject Developer/Manager GIS TechnicianGIS Technician Data AnalyzerData Analyzer SurveyorSurveyor Draftsman (CAD, GIS)Draftsman (CAD, GIS) Imaging/Visualization Designer/EngineerImaging/Visualization Designer/Engineer

CAREERSCAREERS

MilitaryMilitary SurveillanceSurveillance Intelligence/CounterintelligenceIntelligence/Counterintelligence Target AcquisitionTarget Acquisition Resources DeploymentResources Deployment Campaign Planner/Developer/ManagerCampaign Planner/Developer/Manager SecuritySecurity Mission MonitoringMission Monitoring

CAREERSCAREERSGovernment & AcademiaGovernment & Academia ArcheologistArcheologist Natural Resources ManagementNatural Resources Management Flood Prevention and ControlFlood Prevention and Control City & Suburbs Development City & Suburbs Development Transportation PlannerTransportation Planner Infrastructure Planning and Monitoring Infrastructure Planning and Monitoring Public Safety (CERT, FEMA)Public Safety (CERT, FEMA) OceanographerOceanographer Law EnforcementLaw Enforcement Crime Prevention & ForecastingCrime Prevention & Forecasting

GIS PRODUCTS COMPANIESGIS PRODUCTS COMPANIES

ESRI ESRI – – Environmental Systems Research InstituteEnvironmental Systems Research Institute

GIS software developer and distributorGIS software developer and distributor Fugro EarthData – Collect, process, interpret Earth resources. Fugro EarthData – Collect, process, interpret Earth resources.

Broadmap – Custom made, GIS products.Broadmap – Custom made, GIS products. Geo Smartz – digital mapping.Geo Smartz – digital mapping. DeLorme – consumer map and mapping products.DeLorme – consumer map and mapping products. Navteg – electronic navigation maps.Navteg – electronic navigation maps. Leica Geosystems – surveying and geographicalLeica Geosystems – surveying and geographical

measurement products.measurement products.

AND MANY, MANY MORE AND MANY, MANY MORE

GEOCATCHINGGEOCATCHING