CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Green Fuels The use...
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CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Green Fuels The use of the gas fuels CNG, LNG and LPG as alternative automotive fuels Merkouris Gogos Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki Department of Vehicles Antwerp, October 2009
CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Green Fuels The use of the gas fuels CNG, LNG and LPG as alternative automotive
CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Green Fuels The use of the gas fuels CNG,
LNG and LPG as alternative automotive fuels Merkouris Gogos
Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki Department of
Vehicles Antwerp, October 2009
Slide 2
2 Alternative fuels CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 The term alternative fuel is used to describe any fuel
suggested for use in transportation vehicles other than petrol or
Diesel fuel. The EU has set the objective of a 10% substitution of
traditional fuels in the road transport sector by alternative fuels
before the year 2020. Alternative fuels include biofuels (eg.
bioethanol, biogas, biodiesel), natural gas, hydrogen, methanol,
liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) and gas-to-liquids (GTL). Not to be
confused with renewable sources or biofuels.
Slide 3
3 Consumption of Solid, Liquid and Gas Fuels CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 R.Hefner III Actual and projected consumption
of fuels
Slide 4
4 Gas Fuels CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological
Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Three
alternative gas fuels will be discussed in this lecture: Compressed
Natural Gas (CNG) Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Liquefied Petroleum
Gas (LPG) Although not green, these fuels are certainly greener
than traditional Diesel or petrol.
Slide 5
5 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 History of Gas fuelled
vehicles: The early days World War I A bus powered by coal gas on
Waverley Bridge, Edinburgh, during World War I Petrol shortage
compelled this war- time improvisation - a 'gas-bag' omnibus with
Lothian chassis operated by Scottish Motor Traction Company,
1914-18 www.edinphoto.org.uk
Slide 6
6 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Early Natural Gas
Vehicles used low pressure natural gas stored in bladders Circa
1930 NREL/CD-540-37146 History of Gas fuelled vehicles: The early
days
Slide 7
7 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Tempi s.p.a. Top: This
Citron bus was the first one modified by the Alberto Laviosa
workshop of Piacenza, Italy to run on methane gas. In 1935, it was
test-driven on the line Piacenza - Rivergaro. Bottom: in September
1936, this Alfa Romeo 350 bus, fuelled by methane gas, won the
Italian National race in five stages Tempi s.p.a. History of Gas
fuelled vehicles: The early days
Slide 8
8 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Popular Science
(April, 1940) blog.modernmechanix.com History of Gas fuelled
vehicles: WW II
Slide 9
9 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Traction avant Citron
fonctionnant au gaz de ville*, Paris, Octobre 1941 *Town Gas:
mixture of H 2, CO, CH 4 and impurities (CO 2, N 2 and other) About
half the energy content of methane. LAPI / Roger-Violle History of
Gas fuelled vehicles: WW II
Slide 10
10 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 The energy shortages
during World War II made NGVs popular in Europe. Advancements in
compressor technology allowed the use of higher pressure steel
cylinders on the roof of this Citron sedan. History of Gas fuelled
vehicles: WW II
Slide 11
11 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Le Gazogne
Slide 12
12 Alternative Gas Fuels CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 Today the alternative gas fuelled engines can be modified or
retrofitted engines that were originally designed for petrol or
Diesel fuelling. They are, therefore not the optimum design for the
other fuels. However, various operational requirements for
retrofitted engines need to be taken into account: The different
combustion characteristics of alternative fuels require a change in
the injection and ignition timing. Many alternative fuels,
especially those in gaseous form, have low lubrication, causing
increased wear of fuel components such as fuel injectors and
valves.
Slide 13
13 Energy consumption in road transportation CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 European Communities, 2008 LPG 1.5% CNG 0.2%
(2005 shares)
Slide 14
14 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Natural Gas Natural
gas is found underground where it was formed millions of years ago
from organic matter. Tremendous pressure from the overlying rock,
combined with the earth's heat, converted the matter into a gaseous
fossil fuel trapped under layers of solid rock. It is an organic
compound made up of hydrogen and carbon and is usually referred to
as a hydrocarbon. It is often produced in association with
production of crude oil. However, wells are also drilled for the
express purpose of producing natural gas.
Slide 15
15 Fuel prices in Europe (1/2) CarEcology: New Technological
and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 Gas Vehicles Report, Sep 2009 Data updates Dec 2008 - July
2009 Country Premium Petrol (/litre) Regular Petrol (/litre) Diesel
(/litre) CNG (/Nm) CNG price per litre petrol CNG price per litre
Diesel Armenia0.790.730.710.270.240.28
Austria1.061.051.040.890.800.91 Belarus0.690.55 0.270.240.28
Belgium1.281.260.990.610.550.63
Bosnia-Herzegovina0.810.640.740.250.220.26
Bulgaria0.920.860.870.550.520.59 Croatia0.840.830.860.330.300.34
Czech Republic1.241.280.640.570.66 Finland1.461.421.200.780.700.80
France1.481.371.150.640.570.66 Germany1.421.221.330.700.540.72
Iceland1.471.391.410.900.810.92 Italy1.481.391.340.680.640.71
Latvia0.790.820.230.210.24
Liechtenstein1.081.011.100.530.460.50
Slide 16
16 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Data updates Dec 2008
- July 2009 Country Premium Petrol (/litre) Regular Petrol (/litre)
Diesel (/litre) CNG (/Nm) CNG price per litre petrol CNG price per
litre Diesel Lithuania1.091.070.970.650.580.67
Luxembourg1.081.060.870.530.470.54 Moldova0.500.430.180.160.18
Netherlands1.351.280.990.530.470.54 Norway1.481.431.320.460.410.47
Poland1.081.150.910.510.460.52 Portugal1.131.071.010.550.490.56
Russia0.800.690.700.220.200.23 Serbia0.940.840.660.590.68
Slovakia1.021.011.060.760.680.78 Spain0.970.870.900.570.440.49
Sweden1.011.021.010.800.90 Switzerland0.950.921.090.860.750.82
Turkey1.701.601.260.780.680.76 United
Kingdom1.041.001.160.710.630.73 Fuel prices in Europe (2/2) Gas
Vehicles Report, Sep 2009
Slide 17
17 Transportation of Natural Gas CarEcology: New Technological
and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 Pipelines are convenient and economical for onshore transport
of natural gas. Offshore, as the water depth and distance increase,
pipeline transport of gas becomes difficult. LNG for offshore
transport of gas. LNG is liquid at -162 C and atmospheric pressure,
transported in specially designed ships. 40% of the trade movement
of natural gas in 2008 was as LNG (BP Statistical Review,
2009).
Slide 18
18 LNG Tanker CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological
Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009
Slide 19
19 Projected routes of natural gas pipelines CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 NORTH STREAM: Russia - EU (via Baltic sea)
Capacity: 55 billion m 3 /year Scheduled for operation: First
line:2011 Second line: 2012 SOUTH STREAM: Russia - EU (via Black
sea) Capacity: 63 billion m 3 /year Scheduled for operation: End of
2015 NABUCCO: Caspian region - EU Capacity: 31 billion m 3 /year
Scheduled for operation: End of 2015 www.energy.eu
Slide 20
20 Pipeline Natural Gas composition CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 Methane 85 - 95% In the ground, natural gas
contains a wide range of compounds. During well-head cleaning and
processing, gas quality is improved to pipeline standards. Gas in
the pipeline has a range of acceptable compositions. Typical
pipeline gas would be as shown. NREL/CD-540-37146
Slide 21
21 Natural Gas Properties CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 Main component is methane CH 4 Lighter than air (specific
gravity 0.55 to 0.65) Tasteless and odourless. Odorant is added for
safety Non-toxic Simple asphyxiant gas (ie. displaces oxygen from
the air) Flammable in concentrations of 5% to 15% by volume in air
Not a liquid when compressed (it just becomes very dense) Boiling
point -162 C. Above this temperature it is gaseous
Slide 22
22 Advantages of Natural Gas (1/2) CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 Nearly zero sulphur level and, thus,
negligible sulphate emissions Very low particulate emissions
because of low carbon-to- hydrogen ratio Due to its low
carbon-to-hydrogen ratio, it produces less carbon dioxide than
either gasoline or diesel Low cold start emissions due to its
gaseous state Superior anti-knock properties due to its very high
Octane number, thus allowing higher compression ratios and
operation under turbocharged conditions Very low summer smog
potential Negligible evaporative emissions
Slide 23
23 Advantages of Natural Gas (2/2) CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 Lower adiabatic flame temperature than
conventional fuels, leading to lower NOx emissions Higher calorific
value than petrol on a mass basis Much higher ignition temperature
than petrol and diesel, making it more difficult to auto-ignite,
thus it is safer Does not contain toxic components Much lighter
than air and thus it is safer Methane is not a volatile organic
compound (VOC) Engines fuelled with natural gas in heavy-duty
vehicles offer more quiet operation than equivalent diesel engines,
making them more suitable for use in urban areas Stable combustion
at leaner mixtures due to its extended flammability limits
Slide 24
24 Disadvantages of Natural Gas (1/2) CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 Transportation of natural gas on board a
vehicle is complicated; it can be stored as compressed gas at 200
bar or as a liquid at -162C and 2-6 bar pressure It requires
dedicated catalysts with high loading of active catalytic
components to maximise methane oxidation Its composition varies
widely between countries and between cities, depending on the gas
origin, which affects the stoichiometric air/fuel ratio Limited
driving range because its energy content per unit volume is
relatively low as a result of its gaseous state The energy required
for the compression of natural gas leads to 4% more CO 2 emitted by
the car It requires special refuelling stations
Slide 25
25 Disadvantages of Natural Gas (2/2) CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 Longer refuelling time than petrol or diesel
Increased consumption due to a heavier fuel tank Lower burning rate
compared to petrol due to lower laminar flame speed Injection of
natural gas into the port at low pressure and directly into the
cylinder at high pressure requires modified and special injectors,
respectively Exhaust emissions of methane (GHG) are relatively high
Absorbs water vapour which may freeze under certain conditions;
thus its maximum water content should be limited Approx. 10% lower
power output than equivalent petrol fuelled vehicles
Slide 26
26 Worldwide NGVs CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological
Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009
TotalCars/LDVs MD/HD Buses MD/HD Trucks Others % of total NGVs in
the world 1Pakistan2 191 0002 140 9604050 00020.84% 2Argentina1 786
989 17.00% 3Brazil1 605 041 15.27% 4Iran1 537 7901 532 2685
52214.63% 5India700 000315 20012 000715372.0856.66% 6Italy523
100519 6002 3001 2004.98% 7China400 000231 685112 7551 10054
4603.80% 8Colombia294 615179 33213 8009 66091 8232.80%
9Bangladesh180 000117 2293 2338 35551 1831.71% 10Thailand147 265119
88810.19515 5091 6731.40% 11Ukraine120 0007 00030 50029 50053
0001.14% 12Bolivia116 292 1.11% 91.34% Gas Vehicles Report, Oct
2009 Data updates Dec 2008 - July 2009 ???
Slide 27
27 Worldwide Natural Gas fuelling stations CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 TotalPublicPrivatePlanned % of total fuelling
stations in the world 1 Pakistan2 941 18.47% 2 Argentina1 826
11.47% 3 Brazil1 746 10.97% 4 China1 3369204162308.39% 5
Iran928867616385.83% 6 Italy70063070804.40% 7 India5001813193.14% 8
Colombia458 2.88% 9 Bangladesh425 2.67% 10 Thailand33130625722.08%
11 Ukraine224204201.41% 12 Bolivia128 0.80% 72.5% Data updates Dec
2008 - July 2009 Gas Vehicles Report, Oct 2009
Slide 28
28 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 CNG powered 3-wheelers
in India CSE New Delhi, 2001
Slide 29
29 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 CNG powered 3-wheeler
Rozgar 4-Stroke CNG 200 cc Water Cooled Engine from Pakistan
Slide 30
30 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 The GasHighWay NGVA
Europe, 2009 The long-term objective of this EU- project is to
promote the realisation of a network of filling stations for biogas
and natural gas reaching from the northernmost tip of Europe,
Finland, to the south of Italy, in other words: the
GasHighWay.
Slide 31
31 Methane properties CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 Bechtold, 1997 Fuel PropertyMethanePetrolDiesel FormulaCH 4 C
4 to C 12 C 8 to C 25 Molecular weight16100-105~200 Composition (%
w/w) Carbon7585-8884-87 Hydrogen2512-1513-16 Oxygen00-40 Density
(kg/L) (gases at boiling point)0.420.69-0.790.81-0.89 Freezing
Point (C)-182-40-40 to -1 Boiling Point (C)-16227-225188-343
Autoignition temperature (C)540~ 257~ 316 Latent Heat of
Vaporisation (kJ/kg)510349233 Lower Heating Value
(MJ/kg)5041-4342-44 Flammability limits (%v/v)5-151.4-7.61.0-6.0
Stoichiometric Air-Fuel Ratio17.214.7 Octane Number (RON)120
est.88-100- Octane Number (MON)120 est.80-90- Cetane
Number--40-55
Slide 32
32 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Energy Density:
Natural Gas vs. Diesel 1 m 3 1 bar 20 o C 11000 Natural Gas 10 Wh/L
Diesel 10 kWh/L
Slide 33
33 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 CNG Volume vs. Diesel
Volume 5 CNG 200 bar Diesel 200 bar 1
Slide 34
34 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 LNG Volume vs. Diesel
Volume12 Diesel = 0.83 kg/L LNG -162 C = 0.35 kg/L
Slide 35
35 CNG vs. LNG Comparison CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 CNGLNG Physical stateGasLiquid Temperature in vehicle
tankAmbient-162 C Typical pressures in tank200 or 250 bar5-8 bar
Density175 kg/m 3 @200bar435 kg/m 3 Energy content 27% petrol eq. @
200bar 33% petrol eq. @ 2 50bar 67% petrol eq. Typical
usageCars/BussesTrucks
Slide 36
36 Fuel storage on-board a vehicle CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 Fuel storage system Volume (gal) Weight incl.
fuel (lb) Energy (10 3 BTU) Tank Cost ($ 1993) Range (mi)
Petrol12.487141525332 CNG Steel/Comp 39.633214201545333 CNG
Alum/Comp 40.329314351695337 CNG All Comp 39.614314152050332
LNG18.015714351875337 Ingersoll, 1996
Slide 37
37 Fuel storage: Natural Gas vs. Petrol CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 Fuel storage systemVolume Weight incl. fuel
Tank Cost Petrol111 CNG Steel/Composite3.23.862 CNG
Alum/Composite3.33.468 CNG All Composite3.21.682 LNG1.51.875
Slide 38
38 Catalyst conversion efficiency vs. temperature CarEcology:
New Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive
Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 0 20 40 60 80 100 Conversion
Efficiency (%) 100200300400500 Catalyst Temperature ( o C) Methane
CH 4 Ethane C 2 H 6 Ethylene C 2 H 4 Propylene C 3 H 6 Propane C 3
H 8 Butane C 4 H 10
Slide 39
39 Natural Gas Vehicles CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 Dedicated vehicles Dedicated vehicles are run on natural gas
only. Bi-Fuel vehicles Bi-Fuel vehicles operate on CNG while
retaining the ability to use petrol as a reserve fuel. The engine
can operate on either fuel but not on both simultaneously. The
compression ratio of the engine must remain at a level suitable for
petrol. Currently this type of engine is used almost exclusively on
vehicles below 3500 kg. Dual Fuel vehicles Dual Fuel engines are
derived from diesel engines. A small amount of diesel is retained
as a pilot source of ignition. The primary fuel, Natural Gas, is
mixed with the incoming air as the bulk fuel. Dual Fuel engines are
auto ignited by compression and require no spark plugs.
Slide 40
40 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Compressed Natural
Gas
Slide 41
41 Schematic diagram of a 6 Cylinder MPI system CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 Gas Injectors Pressure Regulator Injector
Supply Manifold (Rail) Electronic Control Unit Coils Spark Plugs
Gas supply (200 bar) Lambda Probe Engine Speed Sensor Phase Sensor
Water Temp Sensor Air Temp Sensor Air Flow Sensor Throttle Position
Sensor
Slide 42
42 Components for natural-gas operation CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 Bosch, 2007
Slide 43
43 Cylinder Properties CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 Four Cylinder Types: Type 1: All metal made of steel with no
covering, other than paint. This is the most common type of
cylinder. Type 2: Metal cylinder (steel or aluminium) with a
partial wrapping made of glass or carbon, contained in an epoxy or
polyester resin. Type 3: Cylinder fully wrapped most often with
carbon fibre. This type has a metal liner (usually aluminium). Type
4: All-composite (non-metallic). Cylinder is fully wrapped with
100% carbon fibre and a plastic or carbon fibre liner. As a safety
factor, all tanks are over-designed in order to withstand a
pressure more than 2.5 times the operational pressure.
Slide 44
44 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Fiat Panda 1.2 CNG
tanks Fiat Marketing, 2007
Slide 45
45 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Opel Zafira 1.6
CNG
Slide 46
46 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Opel factory
www.cng.cz
Slide 47
47 CNG powered urban busses CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009
Slide 48
48 CNG powered urban busses CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 City Total number of busses Natural Gas busses % of Natural
Gas busses Berlin1700100.60% Paris4000531.30% Rome2383401.70%
Madrid1000151.50% Athens203941620.40% New York56753586.30% Los
Angeles263879530.10% Toronto15001258.30% Vancouver1006515.10%
Sydney39002546.50% Perth850526.10% Beijing10000164016.40%
Delhi12000617551.50% Sgourakis, 2008
Slide 49
49 Natural Gas filling station in Athens CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009
Slide 50
50 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 ECE Regulation No.110
(E/ECE/TRANS/505) TNO, 2008 The Economic Commission for Europe
(ECE) has introduced Regulation No. 110 to provide uniform
provisions concerning: I.Approval of specific components of motor
vehicles using CNG in their propulsion system; II.Approval of
vehicles with regard to the installation of specific components of
an approved type for the use of CNG in their propulsion system. To
prevent bursting of a CNG cylinder during accidents involving
fires, automotive CNG cylinders have to be equipped with a Pressure
Relief Device (PRD). The effectiveness of the specified fire
protection system has to be tested in a Bonfire as defined in annex
3 (article 5.3.5 and appendix A.15) of ECE Regulation No. 110
(E/ECE/TRANS/505).
Slide 51
51 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Bonfire test CNG
automotive cylinder TNO, 2008
Slide 52
52 Auto Fire with CNG Fuel Tank Explosion (1/6) CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 Seattle Fire Department Incident #26564,
March 26, 2007 Dispatch 0230 hours for car fire (Engine 10) E10
arrived and requested FIB for multiple vehicles with possible
structural exposures (freeway columns and overpasses) 12 vehicles
damaged or destroyed Firefighter near miss when CNG vehicle
exploded as E10 crew approached with a handline (approximately
15-20 m away) Determined to be arson
Slide 53
53 Auto Fire with CNG Fuel Tank Explosion (2/6) CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 Debris from the explosion was thrown up to 30
m in all directions including on the over-passes above the
incident
Slide 54
54 Auto Fire with CNG Fuel Tank Explosion (3/6) CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 Roof is blown completely off vehicle and
doors blown open
Slide 55
55 Auto Fire with CNG Fuel Tank Explosion (4/6) CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 ++ ++ ++ ++ Backhoe Fuel tank Trunk lid
Bumper frame Roof debris 30 m
Slide 56
56 Auto Fire with CNG Fuel Tank Explosion (5/6) CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009
Slide 57
57 Auto Fire with CNG Fuel Tank Explosion (6/6) CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 Evidence indicates that the fuel tank may
have ricocheted off the underside of a freeway overpass
Slide 58
58 CNG Filling CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological
Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Two
categories: Fast fill (3-5 min) In a fast fill station pressurized
fuel is stored in tanks that are continually refilled by
compressors. Multiple tanks may be configured in a cascading
arrangement, in which tanks come into service as needed. Slow fill
(overnight) In a slow fill facility vehicles are filled directly
from the compressor. Such equipment, which includes compressors but
no storage tanks, typically serves small fleets.
Slide 59
59 CNG Fast Fill CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological
Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 1. Gas
grid 2. Gas dryer 3. Gas compressor 4. Priority panel 5. Storage
cylinders (cascade) 6. Dispenser 1 2 3 456
Slide 60
60 Fast Fill cascade installation CarEcology: New Technological
and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009
Slide 61
61 Fast Fill Nozzles (1/2) CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 OFF When the handle is rotated 180 to the on position, an
arrow visible from the top, points toward vehicle ON
Slide 62
62 Fast Fill Nozzles (2/2) CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 OFF ON OFF ON
Slide 63
63 CNG Slow Fill (Fleet filling) CarEcology: New Technological
and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 1 2 54 3 1. Gas grid 2. Compressor station 3. Buffer 4.
Dispensing posts 5. Connectors
Slide 64
64 CNG Slow Fill (Fleet filling) CarEcology: New Technological
and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009
Slide 65
65 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Slow Fill Nozzles
Slide 66
66 CNG Slow Fill (Home filling) CarEcology: New Technological
and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 1 234 1. Gas grid 2. Gas metre 3. Home refuelling appliance 4.
Connector
Slide 67
67 CNG Residential Refuelling CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009
Slide 68
68 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Liquefied Natural
Gas
Slide 69
69 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 LNG Although natural
gas is a gas at normal temperatures and pressures, it becomes a
liquid when it is cooled to -162C (LNG cannot be converted to a
liquid by pressure alone), at which point the gas condenses into a
liquid. Liquefaction removes oxygen, carbon dioxide, sulphur
compounds, and water. By liquefying natural gas, it is possible to
reduce the bulk or volume of the gas by about a factor of 600 which
facilitates its transport by ship and tanker lorries. It can be
turned back into a gas and delivered into domestic gas
pipelines.
Slide 70
70 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 LNG on board storage
The LNG fuel tank is a cryogenic container that is designed as two
separate pressure vessels, one inside the other. The inner vessel
stores the cold LNG in its liquid form and is wrapped with multiple
layers of non-combustible insulation and reflective foil. It is
then sealed within the outer vessel. The space between the inner
and outer vessels is then evacuated to produce a superior
insulation system.
Slide 71
71 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 LNG: Safety first A
LNG vehicle parked indoors and unmoved for a week or more will vent
a flammable gas mixture that could catch fire in the vicinity of an
ignition source. To address this safety issue, LNG use should be
restricted to frequently driven fleet vehicles or to vehicles
stored outdoors. Only trained personnel should service the
vehicles. EPA420-F-00-038, March 2002, www.epa.gov
Slide 72
72 Dual-Fuel Fundamentals CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 A Dual-Fuel engine is a diesel engine no basic change
Dual-Fuel uses a diesel pilot injection to ignite a lean,
homogeneous mixture of natural gas and air Retains diesel-cycle
performance & efficiency with up to 90% gas substitution Can
use LNG or CNG Delivers lower regulated & carbon emissions than
diesel Returns to 100% diesel operation automatically and
instantaneously when gas supply is terminated
Slide 73
73 LNG Trucks CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological
Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Clean Air
Power, 2008
Slide 74
74 LNG Tanks CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological
Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Clean Air
Power, 2008
Slide 75
75 LNG Filling station CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 Offload Connectors Vaporiser Storage Vessel 5.5 - 7 bar LNG
Cryogenic pump LNG Dispenser NexGen Fuelling
Slide 76
76 LNG/LCNG filling station CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 Worlds largest LNG/LCNG station built by Chart-NexGen in
California. 460.000 litres storage capacity, 6 LNG dispensers and 3
LCNG dispensers. Serving 200 refuse vehicles
(www.chart-ferox.com)
Slide 77
77 LCNG Filling station CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 Offload Connectors Ambient Vaporiser Storage vessel LCNG
Cryogenic pump CNG Dispenser Odouriser CNG storage Cascade system
NexGen Fuelling
Slide 78
78 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Liquefied Petroleum
Gas
Slide 79
79 Liquefied Petroleum Gas CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 LPG consists mainly of propane (C 3 H 8 ) with some butane (C
4 H 10 ). The ratio of carbon to hydrogen is important; the smaller
the ratio of C to H, the better for the environment. It follows
that methane is a better gas in this respect, but only if is fully
burnt! It has been used as a vehicle fuel for at least the past 70
years. Nearly all LPG vehicles are conversions of petrol
vehicles.
Slide 80
80 Production of LPG CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 About half of LPG is produced in association with production
of natural gas and the other half is produced in association with
crude oil refining. Natural gas must be free of those gases that
would liquefy under the modest pressures used in natural gas
pipelines. Such gases are the LP gases propane and butane.
Slide 81
81 Use of LPG CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological
Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 The major
use of LPG is for heating. It is also an important feedstock for
petrochemicals. It can be used to power cars, buses and trucks,
however, it is not really suitable for vehicles above 3.5 t gvw, as
it does not provide the required performance. For various reasons,
one of which being the fact that alternative fuels are available,
LPG is best suited to light vehicles such as cars and small vans
which normally run on petrol.
Slide 82
82 LPG Storage CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological
Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 LPG is
liquefied by moderate compression at normal temperatures (less than
20 bar) and is stored in appropriate tanks and cylinders. The
liquefaction is necessary to provide a reduction in volume and
produce acceptable energy densities. The main application discussed
here is as a fuel for motor vehicles.
Slide 83
83 Propane properties CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 Bechtold, 1997 Fuel PropertyPropanePetrolDiesel
FormulaC3H8C3H8 C 4 to C 12 C 8 to C 25 Molecular
weight44.09100-105~200 Composition (% w/w) Carbon8285-8884-87
Hydrogen1812-1513-16 Oxygen00-40 Density (kg/L) (gases at boiling
point)0.580.69-0.790.81-0.89 Freezing Point (C)-187-40-40 to -1
Boiling Point (C)-4227-225188-343 Autoignition temperature (C)457~
257~ 316 Latent Heat of Vaporisation (kJ/kg)426349233 Lower Heating
Value (MJ/kg)4641-4342-44 Flammability limits
(%v/v)2.1-9.51.4-7.61.0-6.0 Stoichiometric Air-Fuel Ratio15.714.7
Octane Number (RON)11288-100- Octane Number (MON)9780-90- Cetane
Number--40-55
Slide 84
84 Benefits of using LPG CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 The cost per litre is halved compared to petrol. LPG vehicles
are eligible for grants (amongst other low exhaust-polluters). e.g.
LPG vehicles can qualify for 100% exemption from the London
Congestion charge. Burning LPG results in less sulphur deposits on
the engine, while at the exhaust end fewer HC and less CO are
emitted.
Slide 85
85 Disadvantages of LPG CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 The extra volume taken up by the gas tank will reduce the
available load space. The vehicle manufacturers original guarantee
may be invalidated. The insurance premiums may be increased. Low
number of fuel stations. About 5% less power than petrol
Slide 86
86 Schematic diagram of an LPG system CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 Bosch, 2007 1.Gas shut-off valve 2.Evaporator
pressure regulator 3.Throttle device 4.Intake manifold pressure
sensor 5.Injector 6.Ignition coil with spark plug 7.Lambda sensor
8.Control unit 9.Speed sensor 10.Temperature sensor 11.Primary
catalytic converter 12.Lambda sensor 13.CAN interface 14.Diagnosis
lamp 15.Diagnosis interface 16.Ventilation line 17.LPG tank
18.Housing with tank fittings 19.External filler valve 20.Main
catalytic converter
Slide 87
87 LPG Sequential Injection Kit CarEcology: New Technological
and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 LPG tank Multivalve Switch Electronic Control Unit Pressure
sensor Injection Rail LPG filter LPG regulator Emmegas BRC
Slide 88
88 LPG dispenser on a wharf at Constance lake CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 Emission values for new mid-sized vehicle
registrations in the EU in 2002
Slide 89
89 CNG and LNG incentives in Italy (2009) CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009
Slide 90
90 Price List 2008/09 CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 For all engine transformations to LPG or CNG, a price list for
the public has been adopted by all workshops, thereby guaranteeing
a maximum amount which cannot be overridden.
Slide 91
91 LPG/CNG ECU Features CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 Fully Functional OBDII Keeps the original equipment
manufacturer OBDII system completely functional when operating on
Petrol and also when operating on LPG or Natural Gas. Does not
intervene the OEM OBD trouble codes or malfunction indication
lights. The calibration of the Alternative Fuel system must be done
and verified using an OBD scanner. Automatic Change Over Fuels
Petrol to CNG/LPG or CNG/LPG to Petrol automatic change over. The
installer can define and adjust change parameters based on multiple
conditions considering fuel temperature, fuel pressure, RPM, etc.
Calibration The ECU can be calibrated manually at different engine
loads during the calibration process to achieve emission levels
equal to the OEM. Real Engine Mapping The ECU can capture real
engine mapping while the engine run at different power load on the
road or on a dynamometer.
Slide 92
92 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Emissions
Slide 93
93 Pollutant emissions: CO CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 Emission values for new mid-sized vehicle registrations in the
EU in 2002
Slide 94
94 Pollutant emissions: NMHC CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 Emission values for new mid-sized vehicle registrations in the
EU in 2002
Slide 95
95 Pollutant emissions: NOx CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 Emission values for new mid-sized vehicle registrations in the
EU in 2002
Slide 96
96 Pollutant emissions: Particulates CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 Emission values for new mid-sized vehicle
registrations in the EU in 2002
Slide 97
97 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Athens under
photochemical smog Pollutant effects: Summer smog
Slide 98
98 CarEcology: New Technological and Ecological Standards in
Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October 2009 Belgium, December 2007
Pollutant effects: Winter smog
Slide 99
99 Pollutant effects: Acid Formation CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 Emission values for new mid-sized vehicle
registrations in the EU in 2002
Slide 100
100 Pollutant effects: Acid Rain CarEcology: New Technological
and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 Great Smoky Mountains National ParkSacr-Cur Gargoyle
Slide 101
101 Pollutant effects: Greenhouse gas CarEcology: New
Technological and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering
Antwerp, October 2009 Emission values for new mid-sized vehicle
registrations in the EU in 2002
Slide 102
102 BioGAS (BioMethane) CarEcology: New Technological and
Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 Biomethane is a renewable resource and does not compete with
food production. Methanisation is used for producing biogas from
organic matter of plant or animal origin. Biogas is rich in
methane, which is also found in natural gas. Biogas can be
collected directly in landfill waste disposal centres or produced
with the aid of digesters. All kinds of organic matter can be
converted into biogas. Effluents can be methanised in waste
treatment plants. Liquid manure, agricultural waste and energy
crops can be methanised in small biogas units on farms or in
co-digestion units. Solid household waste and green waste can also
be converted into biogas in large plants for methanisation of solid
waste.
Slide 103
103 Hythane = Hydrogen + Methane CarEcology: New Technological
and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009 Hythane is a mixture of natural gas and hydrogen 5-7% by
energy. Benefits include: Extended lean flammability limits,
increased flame speed, easier ignition and more efficient
catalysis.
Slide 104
104 Thanks for your attention! CarEcology: New Technological
and Ecological Standards in Automotive Engineering Antwerp, October
2009