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Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Components of the Vascular System
Tunics (Layers) Around Blood Vessels
Blood Vessel Types
Movement of Blood Through System
Capillary Beds and Diffusion
Major Arteries and Veins of the Body
Hepatic Portal Circulation
Fetal Circulation
Blood Vessels: The Vascular System Taking blood to the tissues and back
• Arteries
o Arterioles
Capillaries
o Venules
• Veins
The Vascular System
Figure 11.8b
Three layers (tunics)
• Tunic intima
o Endothelium
• Tunic media
o Smooth muscle
o Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
• Tunic externa
o Mostly fibrous connective tissue
Differences Between Blood Vessel Types Walls of arteries are the
thickest
Lumens of veins are larger
Walls of capillaries are only one cell layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue
Movement of Blood Through Vessels Most arterial blood is
pumped by the heart
Veins use the milking action of muscles to help move blood
Expansion of vein walls when lungs inflate pulls pulmonary artery blood in
Figure 11.9
Capillary Beds Capillary beds consist
of two types of vessels
• Vascular shunt – directly connects an arteriole to a venule
• Shunt operates during trauma, cold temps
Figure 11.10
Capillary Beds True capillaries –
exchange vessels
o Oxygen and nutrients cross to cells
o Carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products cross into blood
Figure 11.10
Major Arteries of Systemic Circulation
Internal carotid artery
Common carotid arteries
Subclavian artery
Subclavian artery
Aortic archAscending aortaCoronary arteryThoracic aorta (abovediaphragm)
Renal artery
Superficial palmar arch
Radial arteryUlnar artery
Internal iliac artery
Deep palmar arch
Vertebral artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Axillary artery
Brachial artery
Abdominal aortaSuperior mesenteric artery
Gonadal arteryCommon iliac artery
External iliac artery
Digital arteries
Femoral arteryPopliteal arteryAnterior tibial arteryPosterior tibial artery
Arcuate artery(b) Illustration, anterior view
Inferior mesenteric artery
Celiac trunk
External carotid arteryArteries that supply the upper limb
Arteries that supply the lower limb
The Arm and Thorax
Vertebral artery
Costocervical trunkThoracoacromial arteryAxillary artery
Subscapular artery
Radial arteryUlnar artery
Brachial artery
Suprascapular arteryThyrocervical trunk
Posterior circumflexhumeral arteryAnterior circumflexhumeral artery
Deep artery of armCommoninterosseousartery
Deep palmar archSuperficial palmar archDigital arteries
Common carotidarteries
Right subclavian arteryLeft subclavian artery
Brachiocephalic trunk
Posterior intercostalarteriesAnterior intercostalarteryInternal thoracic artery
Lateral thoracic arteryDescending aorta
Arterial Supply of the Brain
Frontal lobeOptic chiasma
Middlecerebral artery
Internalcarotid arteryMammillarybody
Temporallobe
Occipital lobe
Cerebral arterialcircle (circle of Willis)
• Posterior cerebral arteryBasilar artery
Vertebral artery
Cerebellum
• Posterior communicating artery
(d) Major arteries serving the brain (inferior view, right side of cerebellum and part of right temporal lobe removed)
Pons
• Anterior cerebral artery
• Anterior communicating artery
Posterior
Anterior
Major Veins of Systemic Circulation
Renal vein
Splenic vein
Basilic vein
Brachial vein
Cephalic vein
Dural venous sinuses
External jugular vein
Vertebral vein
Internal jugular vein
Superior vena cava
Right and leftbrachiocephalic veins
Axillary vein
Great cardiac vein
Hepatic veins
Hepatic portal vein
Superior mesentericveinInferior vena cava
Ulnar vein
Radial vein
Common iliac vein
External iliac vein
Internal iliac vein
Digital veins
Femoral vein
Great saphenous vein
Popliteal vein
Posterior tibial vein
Anterior tibial vein
Small saphenous vein
Dorsal venous arch
(b) Illustration, anterior view. The vessels of the pulmonary circulation are not shown. Dorsal metatarsal veins
Inferior mesenteric vein
Median cubital vein
Subclavian vein
Veins that drainthe upper limb
Veins that drainthe lower limb
Hepatic Portal Circulation
Figure 11.14
Pressure/Pulse Points
Figure 19.12
Common carotidartery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Posterior tibialartery
Dorsalis pedisartery
Superficial temporalartery
Facial artery
Circulation to the Fetus
Handling of collapsed lungs
Modif 1
Modif 2
Measuring Arterial Blood Pressure Measurements by health professionals
are made on the pressure in large arteries
• Systolic – pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction
• Diastolic – pressure when ventricles relax
Pressure in blood vessels decreases as the distance away from the heart increases
Blood pressure animation online
Using a cuff online
Normal BP is 120/75-80Listen for the sounds of
Kortokoff
Comparison of Blood Pressures Disease causing blood pressure
change
Arteriosclerosis: Hardening of the artery walls and decrease of elasticity, restricting flow and increasing blood pressure.
Atherosclerosis: A specific type of arterosclerosis where arteries are clogged by an accumulation of plaques: cholesterol particles (lipoproteins), fat, calcium, cellular waste and other substances.
One-way valves in veins prevent backflow where
positive pressure is at a mininum
Blood Pressure: Effects of Factors
Neural factors
• Autonomic nervous system adjustments (sympathetic division): vasoconstriction
Renal factors
• Regulation by altering blood volume: salt and water retention
• Renin – hormonal control
Temperature
• Heat has a vasodilating effect
• Cold has a vasoconstricting effect
Chemicals
• Various substances can cause increases or decreases
Diet
• High salt causes elevated BP
Blood Pressure = Cardiac Output x Total Peripheral Resistance
BP = CO x TPR
Variations in Blood Pressure Human normal range is variable
• Normal
o 140–110 mm Hg systolic
o 80–75 mm Hg diastolic
• Hypotension
o Low systolic (below 110 mm HG)
o Often associated with illness or physical conditioning
• Hypertension
o High systolic (above 140 mm HG)
o Can be dangerous if it is chronic
Developmental Aspects of the Cardiovascular System A simple “tube heart” develops in the embryo and pumps by the fourth week
The heart becomes a four-chambered organ by the end of seven weeks
Few structural changes occur after the seventh week
Congential heart defects sometimes arise
Hypertrophy of the heart occurs through regular aerobic exercise
Varicose veins develop as we age, along with atherosclerosis, & hypertension
Congenital Heart Defects
Varicose Veins
